pooriarm

1.0 Introduction

I have been prepared this report to enhance an in depth knowledge and understanding of different points of “ Challenges & best approach in adopting biomass technology in Indonesia “

This report also involve some questions about theories & models, global scenario ,nature and characteristics of biomass Indonesia, challenges ,Innovation and policies and best approach and way in adoption of biomass in Indonesia.to improve this proposal into final thesis, and I will presenting a different look through the utilization of biomass technology from the top leaders in the whole world and considerable of this subject in term of the collaboration to the next generation business in Indonesia.

Complication of the biomass potentials in Indonesia will goes to appropriate possibility to demonstrate this technology ,and in next part research problems and objectives to be emerge for more discussion and also it must be research proposition as well in this assignment.

1.1 Background of the study

First let me explain about biomass ,biomass is a stored source of solar energy initially collected by plant and includes variant organic materials produced from plants and animals.

(kajakawa & takeda 2008,p.1349). Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. In the context of biomass for energy this is often used to mean plant based material, but biomass can equally apply to both animal and vegetable derived

material(biomassenergycentre.org.uk).

In my research we have 2 biomass science definitions ,

1. The total amount of living material in a given habitat, population, or sample. Specific measures of biomass are generally expressed in dry weight (after removal of all water from the sample) per unit area of land or unit volume of water.

2. Renewable organic materials, such as wood, agricultural crops or wastes, and municipal wastes, especially when used as a source of fuel or energy. Biomass can be burned directly

or processed into biofuels such as ethanol and methane. (science.yourdictionary.com/biomass)

Biomass do not produce carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as it absorbs the equal amount of carbon in growing as it release when used as fuel.this technology has some advantage which are ,can be used to generate electricity with the same equipment or power plants that are now using fossil feuls,biomass is one of the most significant source of energy and fuel in world wide after coal,oil and gas, but the different is in biomass there is no carbon dioxide producing .

Biomass technology country leaders has already adopted and commercialize this renewable energy and they are doing pretty well at the moment because they made use of the biomass resources which are available at their own countries which is going to become a profitable business for them for years to come. (Akash 2008).

70% of all biomass in the world is used in theresidential sector, while 14% is used in industry and 11% is transformed into electricity, heat, or another energy carrier such as liquid fuel or biogas. (Euan Blauvelt 2007) Due to these resources available, that’s the reason biomass technologies were introduced worldwide(Euan Blauvelt (2007).

Biomass burning is widespread, especially in the tropics. It serves to clear land for shifting cultivation, to convert forests to agricultural and pastoral lands, and to remove dry vegetation in order to promote agricultural productivity and the growth of higher yield grasses(Crutzen PJ 2010)

Malaysia belongs to gifted country which has large untapped biomass resources across whole Malaysia but the adoption and commercialization of biomass technology in here is still on the surface level in terms of awareness, knowledge ,skills …etc. in my idea it can be good and appropriate proposal to government.

1.2 Research problem

Research must start with a research problem. The problem is usually presented by a management question (Cooper & Schindler, 2003). Accordingly, the research problem is stated as : "How the Challenges andDevelopment Progress in adoption of Biomass Technology in Indonesia”

2.0 Parent discipline

2.1 theories and models

2.1.0 Biomass

Biofuels, such as biodiesel and bioethanol, are widely derived from biomass (plants and other organic waste) and provide an attractive alternative to fossil fuels.

These fuels have many different applications. In rural areas they can power mechanised milling or small scale electrification systems. In the cities, biofuels are especially used in the transport sector adding to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.GVEP(global village energy partnership) is supporting many forms of biofuel initiatives in Africa and Latin America.in isolated communities in Colombia and in the Brazilian rainforest we are funding projects which will produce fuel from jatropha to power a town generator and motor boats.In St.Lucia, a small enterprise is receiving funding to set up a power plant, which will use banana waste to produce methane via biodigesters. The methane will power the plant itself and also be used to produce ethanol. In addition, the ethanol will be sold to the transport industry and blended with the petrol imported to the island thereby increasing the island’s energy security.

Biomass, as a renewable energy source, is biological material from living, or recently living organisms ( Biomass Energy Center). As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly, or converted into other energy products such as bio fuel.

Figure 1 : biomass energy

2.1.1 Biomass sources

Biomass is carbon, hydrogen and oxygen based.

Figure 2 : biomass loop

2.1.2 Biomass energy is derived from five

Distinct energy sources: garbage, wood, waste, landfill gases, and alcohol. Wood energy is derived by using lignocelluloses biomass (second generation bio fuels) as fuel. This is either using harvested wood directly as a fuel, or collecting from wood waste streams. The largest source of energy from wood is pulping liquor or “black liquor,” a waste product from processes of the pulp, paper and paperboard industry .Waste energy is the second-largest source of biomass energy. The main contributors of waste energy are municipal solid waste (MSW), manufacturing waste, and landfill.

Figure 3 : biomass sources

Biomass can be converted to other usable forms of energy like methane gas or transportation fuels like ethanol and biodiesel. Rotting garbage, and agricultural and human waste, all release methane gas—also called "landfill gas" or "biogas."

2.1.3 Biomass conversion process

Three different biomass conversion processes, thermochemical, chemical and biochemical, are reviewed based on the results of some investigations. The important parameters for thermochemical processes are temperature, pressure, time at reaction conditions and added reactants or catalysts, for chemical processes are acid concentration, prehydrolysis, temperature, time at reaction conditions and kind and moisture of used material and for biochemical processes are reaction temperature, pH, moisture and time at reaction conditions

There are a number of technological options available to make useof biomass types as a renewable energy source. Conversion technologies may release the energy directly, in the form of heat or electricity, or may convert it to another form, such as liquid bio fuel or combustible biogas. While for someuse of the biomass resource there may be a number of usage options, for others there may be only one appropriate technology.The definition of biochemical conversion is using living organisms or their products to convert organic material into fuel.

2.1.4 Benefits of Biomass Energy

As our society experiences high and volatile energy prices as well as issues of national security, power generated from biomass material is becoming increasingly important.

Biomass power facilities benefit:

-local communities

-the national economy and

-the environment, including significant climate change benefits.

2.2 Economic Benefits of Biomass Energy

Biomass energy plants make a substantial, positive impact on local and regional economies by generating well-paying jobs in:

-construction and operation of the plant and

-collection and transportation of biomass material.

Biomass energy plants support local industry and businesses and encourage new investment in rural communities. Biomass energy facilities can help stabilize the local timber and forestry industry by providing stable demand for biomass material, which allows loggers, harvesters, processors and transporters to make capital investments.

Biomass facilities also increase the local tax base without requiring substantial services from the local community. Unlike many other energy fuels, the dollars spent on biomass material stay in the local, state and regional economies since biomass plants primarily use fuel sources that are within 75 miles of the plant.

2.3 Social Benefits of Biomass Energy

As demand for power increases, many regions of the country face potential supply shortfalls. These shortfalls could result in significantly higher electric prices and potential blackouts. Biomass power generation can help address this issue by providing a source of electricity that is:

-reliable,

-domestically-produced,

-dispatchable,

-economically-competitive and

-environmentally sustainable.

Unlike other forms of renewable energy such as wind and solar energy, biomass energy plants are able to provide crucial, reliable baseload generation. In addition to providing baseload generation, biomass plants provide fuel diversity, which protects communities from volatile fossil fuels. Since biomass energy uses domestically-produced fuels, biomass power greatly reduces our dependence on foreign energy sources and increases our national security.

Besides these economic development benefits, biomass plants help ensure a sustainable market for forest products. The jobs created as a result of these facilities help to protect and preserve the unique culture of many rural communities.

2.4 Environmental Benefits of Biomass Energy

Biomass power facilities have numerous attributes, which benefit the environment and world climate change.

Environmental benefits include:

-cleaner air and

-better forestry management.

Biomass plants produce far less particulate matter than the alternative method of open burning wood wastes.

3.0 Global Scenario on Biomass

Biomass remains the primary energy source in the developing countries in Asia. Share of biomass in energy varies - from a very high over three quarters in percent in Nepal ,Laos, Bhutan, Cambodia, Sri Lanka and Myanmar; nearly half in Vietnam, Pakistan and Philippines; nearly a third in India and Indonesia, to a low 10 percent in china.

3.1.1 China

In early 1980’s, initiated a nationwide programmes to disseminate improved cook stove and biogas technologies. The programme led to raising energy efficiency of cook stoves to 20 percent, saving nearly a ton of wood fuel per household (Shuhua et al, 1997).

In 1995, nearly 6 million biogas digesters produced 1.5 billion m3 gas annually (Baofen and Xiangjun, 1997). Another 24,000 biogas purification digesters, with a capacity of 1 million m3, were in use for treating waste water for 2 million urban population (Keyun, 1995). Research and development (R&D) in China has focused on

a process for converting a high quality Chinese sorghum breed into liquid fuel, pyrolysis technology and gasification of agriculture residue and wood. Biomass based electricity generation technologies have penetrated the Chinese market lately, with a penetration of 483 MW and 323 MW respectively in sugar industry in two major sugar cane producing provinces Guandong and Guangxi (Baofen and Xiangjun,1997). The policy support points to a promising future for modern biomass in China.

3.1.2 India

Biomass contributes over a third of primary energy in India. Biomass fuels are predominantly used in rural households for cooking and water heating, as well as by traditional and artisan industries. Biomass delivers most energy for the domestic use (rural - 90% and urban - 40%) in India (NCAER, 1992). Wood fuels contribute 56 percent of total biomass energy (Sinha et. al, 1994). Consumption of wood has grown annually at 2 percent rate over past two decades (FAO, 1981; FAO, 1986; FAO, 1996). Estimates of biomass consumption remain highly variable (Ravindranath and Hall, 1995; Joshi et. al., 1992) since most biomass is not transacted on the market. Supplyside estimates (Ravindranath and Hall, 1995) of biomass energy are reported as:

fuelwood for domestic sector- 218.5 million tons (dry), crop residue- 96 million tons (estimate for 1985), and cattle dung cake- 37 million tons. A recent study (Rai and Chakrabarti, 1996) estimates demand in India for fuelwood at 201 million tons (Table

1). Supply of biomass is primarily from fuels that are home grown or collected by households for own needs. The Government sponsored social forestry programme has added to fuel-wood supply to the tune of 40 million tons annually (Ravindranath and Hall, 1995).

3.1.3 United States

In the USA, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 requires blending of 7.5 billion gallons of alternative fuels by 2012, and the US president, in his State of the Union address, set the goal of replacing more than 75% of imported oil with alternative fuels by the year 2025. (Kajikawa & Takeda 2008, p.1349) Woody biomass could be one of the fastest growing markets in the U.S. as competition for the resource heats up between pulp and paper mills and renewable energy plants. (Rona, n.d.) (APEC, 2008, p.126) Figure 3 illustrates the resources availability which could meet the goal of biomass technologies implementation. This shows that United States can be consider as one of the high potentials biomass technologies adoption and commercialization in the world.

3.1.4 Thailand

Thailand is a large user of biomass energy, which contributes a quarter of total energy. A third of biomass energy is consumed in industry. Bagasse is used in sugar mills as a boiler feedstock (Panyatanya, 1997). The policy of purchase of power from Small Power Producers - SSP announced in 1992 by Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) can be favourble to biomass electricity producers (Verapong, 1997). The response on the SSP policy is still slow. A cogeneration potential of 3100 MW biomass based power is identified in chemical, agro processing and textile industries (Verapong, 1997).

4.0 Immediate Discipline

4.0.1 Indonesia economy

Indonesia has immense biomass resource endowment, with 109 million hectares forest area covering sixty percent of land mass. Besides, 9 million hectares of land is under wood plantation. Biomass contributes over a third of energy. The wood waste from over a hundred plywood plants has potential to fuel 200 MW power. The saw mill waste is adequate to support another 800 MW. The recent policy of facilitating the small scale private producers (30 MW) is expected to be beneficial for biomass electricity applications. Although a large potential exists, cost of biomass energy is not yet competitive (Martosudirjo, 1997) and penetration has remained marginal.

Economy of Indonesia

Indonesia is the largest economy in Southeast Asia and is one of the emerging market economies of the world. The country is also a member of G-20 major economies.[10] It has a market economy in which the government plays a significant role through ownership of state-owned enterprises (the central government owns more than 160 enterprises) and the administration of prices of a range of basic goods including fuel, rice, and electricity. In the

aftermath of the financial and economic crisis that began in mid-1997 the government took custody of a significant portion of private sector assets through acquisition of nonperforming bank loans and corporate assets through the debt restructuring process. Since 2004 the economy has recovered and growth has accelerated to over 6% in recent years(Wikipedia)

4.0.2 Structure of the economy

Structure of the Indonesian economy, 2006 data

Sector SubsectorOutput 2006

(Rp trillion)

Increase since 2003

(%)

Agriculture, etc.

Food crops 213 35

Estate crops 63 34

Livestock, etc. 51 27

Forestry 30 63

Fisheries 73 60

Mining

Oil and gas 188 97

Non oil and gas 131 145

Quarrying 36 87

Manufacturing

Oil and gas manufacturing

Petroleum refining 120 139

Natural gas 54 94

Quarrying 213 35

Non oil and gas

Food, tobacco, beverages 213 38

Textiles, footwear, etc. 91 34

Wood, wood products 44 48

Paper, printing 40 43

Fertilisers, chemicals, rubber 96 68

Cement, non-metallic quarry 29 50

Iron, steel, basic metals 20 52

Transport equipment, machinery 222 87

Other manufacturing 7 67

Electricity, gas, water

Electricity 21 51

Gas 5 119

Water supply 4 43

Construction

Construction, building 249 98

Trade, hotels, restaurants

Trade, wholesale and retail 387 48

Hotels 17 52

Restaurants 92 45

Transport, communication

Transport

Road 81 106

Sea 16 43

Rivers, ferries 5 54

Source: Indonesian Statistics Bureau (Biro Pusat Statistik), annual production data

4.0.3 Macro-economic trend

This is a chart of trend of gross domestic product of Indonesia at market prices by the IMF with figures in millions of rupiah.

Year GDPUSD exchange

(rupiah)

Inflation index

(2007=100)

Nominal Per Capita GDP

(as % of USA)

PPP Per Capita GDP

(as % of USA)

1980 60,143.191 627 10 5.25 5.93

1985 112,969.792 1,111 11 3.47 5.98

1990 233,013.290 1,843 16 3.01 6.63

1995 502,249.558 2,249 24 4.11 8.14

2000 1,389,769.700 8,396 53 2.32 6.92

2005 2,678,664.096 9,705 83 3.10 7.51

2010 6,422,918.230 8,555 121 6.38 9.05

For purchasing power parity comparisons, the US dollar is exchanged at 3,094.57 rupiah only.

Mean wages were $2.32 per man hour in 2009.

4.1 Nature & Characteristics of Biomass in Indonesia

Nature & Characteristics of Biomass

Biomass is probably the oldest and most well-known renewable source of energy,

especially in rural areas of developing and under-developed countries. Biomass in

simple terms is the biological waste or material from living organisms or recently

alive organisms. Biomass is mainly constituted of carbon and is composed of a

mixture or organic molecules containing hydrogen, usually including other inorganic

atoms of oxygen and nitrogen. Biomass feedstock such as crops, trees, and food waste can be converted into more convenient energy carriers such as solid fuels (e.g., wood chips, pellets, briquettes), liquid fuels (e.g., methanol, ethanol, bio-diesel, bio-oil), or gaseous fuels (synthesis gas, biogas, hydrogen).

4.2 Challenges of Adopting Biomass in Indonesia

While it goes without saying the biomass industry in Indonesia has enormous untapped potentials for commercialization given the minimum biomass production of 168 million tones a year as -well hundred types of biomass-related research and development (R&D) activities undertaken by local research institutions and universities, the full utilization of biomass in the market is yet to be achieved. (Biomass-SP 2011) Among the barriers faced are: For any green technology industry to succeed, the right support mechanisms must be in place to create the market. One of the key stumbling blocks is the prohibitive price of RE that gives households and businesses little incentive to adopt the technology.

An additional problem with the traditional biomass use is the social costs associated with excessive pollution. The incomplete combustion of biomass in traditional stoves releases pollutants like carbon monoxide, methane, nitrogen oxides, benzene, formaldehyde, benzo(a)pyrene, aromatics and respirable particulate matter. These pollutants cause considerable damage to health, especially of women and children who are exposed to indoor pollution for long duration (Smith, 1987; Smith, 1993, Patel and Raiyani, 1997). The twin problems of traditional biomass use are the energy inefficiency and excessive pollution. Exploitation of abundant biomass resources from common lands sustained traditional biomass consumption since millennia. Three main problems associated with the traditional biomass are - inefficient combustion technologies, environmental hazards from indoor pollution and unsustainable harvesting practices. The aim of modern biomass programmes are to overcome these problems.

4.3 Initiatives & Policies

Biomass provides about 14% of the world's energy, about 25 million barrels of oil equivalent per day (mboe/day) (=55EJ). It is the most important (35%) source of energy in developing countries but also plays a significant role in a number of industrial countries, eg the USA obtains 4% () of its energy from biomass, and Sweden about 14%; both countries have plans to increase bioenergy production and use. Annual resources of biomass are eight times the

world's energy-use but the problem is getting the energy to those who need it in an environmentally sustainable manner, and which is also economic when all internal and external costs are accounted for. There is considerable scope to modernize biomass energy production delivery systems to provide varied energy carriers such as electricity, liquid fuels and gases. Successful case studies for traditional and modern biofuels in a number of countries are presented. Economic, social and environmental issues are examined over the whole biomass energy spectrum.

National Energy Policy is the one of the top Indonesia’s energy policy emphasizing on oil and gas resources to serve the need of energy in Indonesia. The main purpose of the policy is to ensure the availability of the energy supply and that the supplies are reasonable in price to support the nation’s economy developments. Under this policy, the Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water (KeTTHA) has identified three principal energy objectives that would be instrumental in guiding the development of its energy sector.

4.4 Best Approaches in Adopting of Biomass Technology in Indonesia

As you can see and you know it is not easy way to do it and it can not implemented simply. It carries out a lot of research, research development, deployment which is a process of planning, analysis, implementing and reviewing.

It is most important to look into structure of the policy and their performances before adopting the policy framework. The first and foremost thing on adopting the Biomass Technology in Indonesia is get approval from the Green Technology in Malaysia, Ministry of Energy in formulating all the policies and legal frameworks to protect the natural environment of the country alongside industry development. In 2010, Indonesia introduced National Renewable Energy Policy 2010, which is brought with the aims to increase the level of exploitation of local renewable energy resources such as Palm Oil and contribute to national energy security and its sustainable socio-economic development. The process starts from arranging an local team to form a R&D team to share the knowledge of the technology and the concepts of know-how, case studies , previous research work as well as the practices, which helps the local team to get an depth knowledge on the installation as well as the job basis. The diverse application of all the biomass technology have developed and investigated for the conversion of "wastes" into "value added products". By going through the Research, we could know that a development of a renewable sector in Asia is in a very high level. Most of the countries are performing it well through the high level technology. Today, the most developed technologies for biomass conversion into green products come from outside of Asia. And, there is no any reason that why those technologies have not been brought to Indonesia, when a less developed country than Indonesia while performing, where Indonesia is improving in the renewable market place.

5.0 Research Questions

When you go for Identifying good questions for the research then it will encourages the researcher to stay focus and enables the researcher to conduct the research in a process which is more in depth and accurate. (Punch 1998) There are three research questions being developed in order to narrow down the gaps from the existing researches being done: ‘

1) What is the awareness & acceptance level of biomass technology in Indonesia?

2) What are the challenges if biomass technology to be adopted in Indonesia?

3) What are the best approaches to implement biomass technology in Indonesia?

6.0 The Research Propositions

The above mentioned three research questions were translated to three Research Propositions for empirical testing. There are:

Research Proposition 1: The awareness and acceptance level of biomass technology in Indonesia.

Research Proposition 2: The challenges of biomass technology adoption in Indonesia.

Research Proposition 3: The best implementation methods of biomass technology in Indonesia.

7.0 The Research Objectives

Based on the research questions and research propositions, three research objectives had been developed:

1) To identify the Indonesian awareness and acceptance level of biomass technology in the country.

2) To determine the challenges of adopting biomass technology in Indonesia.

3) To find out the best approaches to adopt biomass technology in Indonesia.

7.1 Justification for the Research and Contributions

In Indonesia, the energy production are mainly rely on oil and natural gas. (Salsuwanda & Zulzikrami n.d.) According to the Department of Electricity Supply Regulation, Energy Commision 2007, the generation fuel mix is 62.6% gas, 20.9% coal, 9.5% hydro and 7% from other forms of fuel. In 2007, the country as a whole consumes 514 thousand barrels (23.6 million tonnes) of oil daily against a production of 755 thousand barrels (34.2 million tonnes) per day.

Graph of Final Energy Demand by Fuel Type

However, with its gas reserves estimated to last for another 33 years and oil reserves another 19 years, theIndonesian government is strengthening the role of renewable energy (RE) as the fifth cornerstone of energy generation. ( Salsuwanda & Zulzikrami n.d . ) The increased use of energy raised serious concerns in the Indonesian government about the need to overcome heightened energy expenditure by promoting the end-use energy efficiency. (Ong et al 2011)

At present, biomass technology is still fresh in Indonesia. Indonesia, as asecond major exporter of palm oil (after Malaysia), has made significant inroads into downstream palm oil processing capabilities but its waste/biomass energy industry is still largely underdeveloped. (Webmaster 2012) Although the government had already started to introduce this RE production in the country, business players are still doubtful on its consistency and the sustainability of the technology. There are huge untapped potential biomass resources available in Indonesia which is still many of them never fully utilized it. Statistics show that Indonesia has an abundance of these sources, with more than 70 million tonnes collected yearly. The main contributor of biomass is the palm oil industry from which 85% of total biomass comes. (The Star 2011).

This research brought up is to determine the level of awareness and acceptance from the public and business players in Indonesia. The findings of this research will extend the current knowledge of significant issues.

Besides, regarding the challenges ahead into adopting biomass technology, there are still plenty to be discuss and this research will bring up those challenges facing in Indonesia. Hence, experts and government bodies are keen to solve and overcoming these challenges

in order to adopt this renewable Energy. Lastly, this research will provide the findings on the best practices or approaches in adopting biomass technology.

8.0 Research Paradigms

The word paradigm comes from the Greek language „paradeigma’ meaning model, pattern or example (Barker, 1992). The word connotes the ideas of a mental picture or pattern of thought. Paradigm is defined as “a theory or hypothesis”, a paradigm is rather a framework within which theories are built, that fundamentally influences how you see the world, determines your perspective, and shapes your understanding of how things are connected (Henning , Van Rensburg and Smit, 2004). Guba (1990), Denzin and Lincoln (2001) mentioned that paradigm is an interpretative framework, which is guided by "a set of beliefs and feelings about the world and how it should be understood and studied." There are three categories of those beliefs:

1) Ontology: The reality of form and nature.

2) Epistemology: what is the relationship between the inquirer and the known: "epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of knowledge and the process by which knowledge is acquired and validated" (Gall, Borg, & Gall, 1996)

3) Methodology: how do we know the world, or gain knowledge of it?

During the research a master plan will be developed to input all factors which are relevant. Figure 7 will illustrates on the direction of theorizing, research paradigm, research design, data collection instruments, data analysis procedures and the research output. Elaboration to be mentioned in the thesis report.

Figure 4 : Bisiness research

Figure 5 :Source: Adapted from Dahlan (2009)

8.1 Primary Data Collection

There are three instruments to be shown in below which are Focus Group, Case Studies and a Questionnaire Survey. The first collection will be qualitative data to reconfirm on the research problems then follow by second approach data collection which is quantitative data in order to prove the findings.

Qualitative collection methods, including interviews, focus groups, participant observation, and open-ended survey items have great potential for exploring new topics, assisting theory building, and providing context for quantitative data.

Qualitative survey responses are often elicited in organizational research to collect information about an experience or topic, to explain or clarify quantitative findings, and to explore different dimensions of respondents’ experiences.

In quantitative and qualitative way which is mix we have some advantages and disadvantage which are :

Advantage :

1.Trainculation : which means using different sources and various knowledges

2.Facilitation : which means working together and helping each other or This

Approach arises when one research strategy is employed in order to aid research using the other research strategy(DR Abang )

3. Complimentality : which means covering weaknesses of qualitative and quantitative methods.

And disadvantage for mix method is just increasing time period of research because you have to use both ways and in different ways you should do survey and questioning ,interviews ,statistical and thematic all together.

8.2 Data Analysis

The purpose to have data analysis is to show the process of editing, coding, analysis and interpretation of the data. In order to test the research propositions, the data analysis need to be conducted. The data will be analyzed by using (SPSS) for quantitative paradigm and (Nvivo) for qualitative paradigm.

9.0 Ethical Considerations

Ethical conduct in research concerning issues relating to different stakeholders should be prioritised (Kumar, 2005) In the process to conduct this research, ethical issues will concerned three parties including the researcher, SEGI University College and the respondents (companies, government, professionals and consultants). Four ethical issues should put into considerations by the researcher. Before conducting interviews or distribution of questionnaire survey, researcher should get the consent from the respondents. The relevance needs to be justified as well as clear communication when conducting research to the respondents. The names of participants or respondents and companies will not be disclosed to other parties or stated in the thesis. The researcher will report correct information based on collected data and analyse the data using appropriate methods.

9.1 Ethics Dimensions

9.1.0-procedural ethics : in this dimension you need approval to collect data to protect

ourselves .

9.1.1-Ethics in practice : which encompass six different parts

1. Voluntary participation(you can not force anyone to collaboration )

2. Informed consent (tell everyone what you want to do )

3. No harm anyone

4. Confidential

5. Anonymity(no name)

6. Deception(be yourself and do not use your reputation ).

10.0 Conclusion

in conclusion we have done research and finding and analysis on best approach to adoption biomass technology in Indonesia .

We could say that we can make Biomass in Indonesia in best way with facing few challenges and filling up the Gaps found in topic. This Research Proposal gives as the strong basics on how to start an Research Work and it shows the overview on how the research will be conducted and helps the Researcher in preparing a high quality thesis, through this work schedule. Hope It was useful and I did it in right way.

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Table of contents

1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background of the Study 1.2 Research Problem2.0 Parent Discipline 2.1 Theories & Models 2.1.0 Biomass 2.1.1 Biomass sources 2.1.3 Biomass energy 2.1.4 Biomass conversion process 2.2 Economic benefits of biomass 2.3 Social benefits 2.4 Environment benefits3.0 Global Scenario on Biomass Technology 3.1.1 China 3.1.2 India 3.1.3 United States 3.1.4 Thailand4.0 Immediate Discipline 4.0.1 Indonesia's Economy 4.0.2 Structure of economic 4.0.4 Micro economic 4.1 Nature & Characteristics of Biomass in Indonesia 4.2 Challenges in Adopting Biomass in Indonesia 4.3 Initiatives and Policies 4.4 Best Approach in Adopting Biomass Technology in Indonesia5.0 Research Questions 5.1 Research propositions 5.2 Research objectives6.0 Research paradigm 6.1 Primary data collection 6.2 Data analysis7.0 Ethics consideration 7.1 Ethics dimensions 7.1.0 Procedural ethics 7.1.1 Ethic in practice8.0 Conclusion

9.0 References

FigureFigure 1 : Biomass energy

Figure 2 : Biomass loop

Figure 3 : Biomass sources

Figure 4: Biomass research

Figure 5 :: Research method

Research Methodology

Challenges & best approach in adopting biomass technology

In

Indonesia

Assignment 1

Lecturer: Dr Abang Nawawi Dahlan

Submitted by

Pooria Bateni …… ( SGN-01780)

2013