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PERCENTAGE OF AIR IN ATMOSPHERE :-
NITROGEN-78.08%,OXYGEN-20.95% & others -0.97%
AIR POLLUTION- THE PRESENCE OF CHEMICALS IN THE AIR IN
QUANTITIES HARMFULL TO HUMAN HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH
THEY LIVE IS KNOWN AS AIR- POLLUTION. NOW WE MOVE ONTO THE COMMON
AIR-POLLUTANTS AND THEIR MAJOR SOURCES ON THE NEXT SLIDE COMING
UP:- -PARTICULATE MATTER -OXIDES OF SULPHUR AND NITROGEN
-CLOROFLUROCARBONS -CO2&CARBON MON OXIDE
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AN INCREASE IN THE AMOUNT OF CO2 AND CERTAIN OTHER GASES IS
RESPONSIBLE FOR A PHENOMENON KNOWN AS GLOBAL WARMING. GREEN
HOUSE-EFFECT IS THE PHENOMENONWHEREBY THE EARTHS ATMOSPHERE TRAPS
THE SOLAR RADIA TION BECAUSE OF THE PRESCENCE OF GASES SUCH AS
CO2,WATER VAPOUR, METHANE ETC.
2.THE EARTHS SURFACE RADIATES HEAT TO THE ATMOSPHERE SOME OF
WHICH ESCAPES INTO THE SPACE.GREENHOUSE GASES SUCH AS CO2 &
METHANE ABSORB SOME OF THE HEAT & SEND IT BACK TO EARTH.
1.SUNLIGHT PENET - RATES THE ATMOS PHERE & WARMS THE EARTHS
SURFACE. 3.WHEN THE CONCENTRATION OF GREEN HOUSES INCREASES IN THE
ATMOSPHERE ,MORE HEAT IS TRAPPED NEAR THE EARTHS SURFACE.THIS
RESULTS IN A RISE IN THE EARTHS SURFACE TEMPERATURE.
CAUSES POSSIBLE EFFECTS *DEFORESTATION. *INCREASE IN EARTHS
SURFACE TEMPERATURE *BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS. *MELTING OF POLAR ICE
CAPS *RELEASE OF METHANE DUE TO THE BREAK DOWN OF ORGANIC MATTER.
*RISE IN GLOBAL SEA-LEVEL RESULTING IN THE FLOODING OF LOW LYING
COASTAL REGIONS
AIR POLLUTANTS SUCH AS OXIDS OF SULPHUR & NITROGEN REACT
WITH O2 & WATER VAPOUR OF THE ATMOSPHERE ,THEY EVANTUALLY FORM
DILUTE SOLUTIONS OF H2SO4, &HNO3.THESE ACIDS MIX WITH RAIN
WATER & COME DOWN IN THE FORM OF RAIN WATER .
-PHOTOCHEMCALSMOG IS SAID TO HAVE AN ADVERSE IMPACTON PLANT
GROWTH BECAUSE IT FORMS A LAYER ON LEAVES &,ALONG WITH DUST
,BLOCKS SUNLIGHT FROM BEING ABSORBED BY THR LEAF SURFACE.THIS LAYER
BLOCKS THE ABSORPTION OF CO2 BY THE LEAVES AND ALSO AFFECTS THE
FUNCTIONING OF THE STOMATA ,THEREBY REDUCING THE RATE OF
PHOTSYNTHESIS. -ACID RAIN DAMAGES PLANTS AND CAN ALSO CAUSE
PREMATURE LEAF FALL.
-CARBON MONOXIDE IN THE AIR EASILY COMBINES WITH THE
HAEMOGOBLIN IN THE BLOOD AND HAMPERS THE TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN WITHIN
OUR BODY,WHICH CAN LEAD TO DROWSINESS,HEADACHE,DIZZINESS &
NAUSEA. -EXPOSURE TO HIGH LEVELS OF SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER
,SULPHUR DIOXDE,OXIDES OF N2O,AND OTHER AIR POLLUTANTS IRRITATES
THE EYES ,NOSE ,THROAT & LUNGS.YEARS OF EXPOSURE TO THESE
CHEMICALS CAN LEAD TO RESPIRATORY DISEASES SUCH AS LUNG CANCER
,ASTHMA & BRONCHITES.
-USE OF UNLEADED PETROL SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED -THE EXHAUST GASES
IN VEHICLES SHOULD MADE TO PASS THROUGH THE CATALYTIC CONVERTER
WHICH CON VERTS HARMFULL CARBON MONOXIDE & NITROGEN OXIDES TO
HARMLESS CO2,NITROGEN OXIDE & H2O,BEFORE RELEASING THE EXHAUST
INTO THE AIR.
-LESS POLLUTING SUBSTANCE SUCH AS CNG SHOULD BE USED -REGULAR
POLLUTION CHECK SHOULD BE MADE MANDATORY FOR ALL VEHICLES -COAL
SHOULD BE MADE FREE OF SULPHUR BEFORE BEING BURNT IN POWER
PLANTS.ONLY LOW-SULPHUR COAL SHOULD BE USED FOR BURNING.
-LESS POLLUTING ENERGY RESOURCES SUCH AS
HYDROELECTRICITY,NUCLEAR ENREGY SHOULD BE USED. -USE OF PUBLIC
TRANSPORT SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED
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-INDUSTRIAL WASTES DISCHARGED INTO THE WATERS CONTAIN A LOT OF
TOXIC SUBSTANCES THAT MAKE WATER UNFIT FOR DRINKING & BATHING.
-UNTREATED DOMESTIC SEWAGE WHEN DISCHARGED INTO WATER BODIES
,BECOMES A BREEDING GROUND FOR A NO. ORGANISMS THAT CAUSE WATER
BORNE DSEASES.
-OIL SPILLS ARE VERY HARMFUL TO AQUATIC ANIMALS , WHICH LEAD TO
DESTRUCTION OF MARINE LIFE. MOREOVER, THE CLEANING UP PROCESS ALSO
TAKE A LOT OF DAMAGE TO THE MARINE LIFE. -IGNITION OF ARMS AND
MERCURY RELEASE A LARGE AMOUNT OF MERCURY.WHEN WATER CONTAMINATED
WITH MERCURY IS USED FOR DRINKING BY ANIMALS AND HUMAN BEINGS IT
CAN CAUSE NUMBNESS TO LIMBS,LIPS & TONGUE. IT CAN ALSO LEAD TO
BLURRED VISION & MENTAL DISORDERS. -THE WASTE WATERS RELEASED
BY FACTORIES & INDUSTRIES AND THE FERTILIZER RICH RUN-OFFS FROM
THE AGRICULTUREFIELDS IS RICH IN ORGANIC-MATTER.
THE ENTRY OF NUTRIENT-RICH WATERRESULTS IN A THICK GROWTH OF
ALGAE,CALLED ALGAL BLOOM,AND MANY OTHER WEEDS.SOON THESE PLANTS
COVER THE ENTIRE SURFACE OF WATER .THIS IS CALLED EUTROPHICATION
MAY BE DEFINED AS THE THE ALGAE USE UP A LOT OF OXYGEN THAT THE
OTHER AQUATIC ANIMALS DIE DUE TO LACK OF IT. ALGAL BLOOMS SHUTS OUT
THE SUNLIGHT. LIMIT OF LIGHT PENETRA -TION DEAD WATER NO LIVING
AQUATIC PLANT OR ANIMAL LIFE.
-BATHING AND WASHING CLOTHS IN WATER BODIES SHOULD 0BE AVOIDED.
-DOMESTICS AND INDUSTRIAL SEWAGES SHOULD BE TREATED TO REMOVE TOXIC
SUBSTANCES BEFORE BEING RELEASED INTO WATER BODIES
-POLLUTION CONTROL RULES ENFORCED BY THE GOVERMENTSHOULD BE
FOLLOWED STRICTLY -USE OF ECO-FRIENDY FERTILIZERS & HERBICIDES
SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED
THE WATER SUITABLE FOR DRINKING BY HUMAN BEINGS IS KNOWN AS -BE
TRANSPARENT,COLOURLESS AND ODOURLESS. -CONTAIN SUFFICIENT AMOUNTS
OF SALTS & OXYGEN -BE FREE FROM HARMFUL CHEMICALS AND MICRO-
ORGANISMS
1.WATER COLLECTED FROM THE RIVER IS MADE FREE OF LARGE PIECES
OF DIRT & PUMPED INTO RESORVOIRS. 2.WATER IS ALLOWED TO STAND
IN LARGE TANKS SO THAT SUSPENDED IMPURITIES SETTLE DOWN.THIS IS
CALLED SEDIMENTATION. 3.WATER IS PASSED THROUGH FILTER BEDS TO
REMOVE ALL OTHER INSOLUBLE IMPURITIES.THIS IS CALLED FILTRATION.
4.WATER IS CHLORINATED TO KILL ANY HARMFULL MICRO ORGANISM THATIS
PRESENT AT THIS STAGE. 5.WATER IS SUPPLIED TO HOMES & FACTORIES
BY HUGE WATER MAINS
BOILING-BOILING WATER IS ONE OF THE EASIEST WAY OF PURIFYING
WATER.IT IS, HOWEVER VERY IMPORTANT THAT WATER IS BOILED AT 100C
FOR AT LEAST 10-15 MINUTES TO KILL HARMFULL MICRORGANISMS. ADDITION
OF CHEMICAL TABLETS-CHEMICALS LIKE CHLORINE TABLETS AND POTTASIUM
PERMAGNATE CAN BE ADDED TO WATER FROM WELLS AND WATER TANKS TO KILL
HARMFULL MICRO ORGANISMS & GERMS.
USE OF ELECTRIC WATER FILTERS-THEY HAVE A MICRO POROUS FILTERS,
CARBON & A SOURCE OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION. THE MICRO PORUS
FILTER STRAINS OUT PHYSICAL IMPURITIES PRESENT IN THE WATER SUCH AS
DUST, RUST etc. CARBON ABSORBS ORGANIC IMPURITIES & REMOVES
UNWANTED TASTE & ODOUR. ULTRA VIOLET RADIATION KILLS MICRO
ORGANISMS.
BOTANISTS AND MANY COMMERC -IAL PLANT GROWERS USE GREEN HOUSE
GASES FOR GROWING PLA -NTS IN COLD CLIMATE CONDTION -S THE
TEMPRATURE INSIDE A GRE -EN HOUSE IS HIGHER THAN THE TEMPRATURE
OUTSIDE BECAUSE THE SOLAR INTERIORS OF THE GREENHOUSE IS REMMITED
INTO THE GREEM HOUSE, THUS KEEPING IT WARM.THIS IS WHAT HELPS PLANT
GROW. ALTHOUGH 75% OF EARTHS SURFACE IS COVERED WITH WATER, A MERE
0.01% OF THIS WATER IS AVAILABLE FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION .THIS IS
BECAUSE THE WATER PRESENT IN THE OCEANS & SEAS ARE SALTY AND,
HENCE CANNOT BE USED FOR DRINKING. IN ADDITION, MOST OF THE FRESH
WATER IS FROZENIN THE GLACIERS & POLAR ICE CAPS AND
IS,THEREFORE NOT ACCESABLE. WORD HELP
WATER POLLUTION WAYS TO REDUCE POLLUTION AIR POLLUTION