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Policy Recommendations: Gender in Entrepreneurship — Indonesia

Apr 06, 2018

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  • 8/2/2019 Policy Recommendations: Gender in Entrepreneurship Indonesia

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    Policy recommendations

    Gender in Entrepreneurship

    IndonesiaNining I. Soesilo,

    UKM Center FEUI

    www.ukm-center.org

    www.icpps.org

    +62811179997

    Presented on ADB OECD February 28 2012 in Manila

    1

    The views expressed in this paper are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of theAsian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee

    the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. Thecountries listed in this paper do not imply any view on ADB's part as to sovereignty or independent status or necessarilyconform to ADB's terminology.

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    From Survival to Entrepreneurship

    Entrepreneurs contribute up to 56.7% of GDP, account 19,4% of total export, and employ 79 millions ofwork force

    95,7% Usaha Mikro 47,70 thousand

    4,05% Small

    Entrepreneur

    2,02 thousand

    Medium Entrepreneur 0,24%=

    120,25 thousand

    Large Entrepreneur 0,01%

    4,52 thousand

    ENTREPRENEURS that are comparable with other countries are only 0.18%,

    there is missing middle,

    Source: from BPS 2007, BERITA RESMI STATISTIK No. 28

    Survival

    Entrepreneur

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    Framework of Government of Indonesias

    Policy for Entrepreneurship (no gender

    related policy)

    Level

    Central Government

    Policy Sectoral PolicyBank

    Regional

    Government

    survival

    cluster 1

    Direct cash in

    aid

    Similar to direct

    cash in aid

    cluster 2

    PNPM: National

    CommunityDevelopment

    Program

    KUBE-Ministry

    of Social affairand other

    Ministries

    Similar to PNPMlike PPMK in DKI

    Jakarta

    micro

    entrepreneur

    cluster 3

    KUR: People's

    Business Credit

    through Bank in

    which 70%credit risk are

    guaranteed by

    government

    PKBL_Ministry

    of State ownCompany

    State own

    bank:People's

    Business Credit

    through Bank inwhich 70% credit

    risk are guaranteed

    by government

    KUR is now

    disbursed in

    cooperationwith Regional

    Development

    Bank

    SME Law 20/ 2008 for SME

    Commercial

    lending

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    PKBL: Policy for Entrepreneurship

    Development in Indonesia from

    Ministry of Sate Owned Enterprise

    Ministry of State owned Company PolicyNo. Per-05 - 2007PKBL compliance to laws and regulation

    PKBL= Partnership and Environment Fostering Program

    In year of 2011, Ministry of State State Owned Company setthe amount of money for revolving fund program (PK) forSME funding is Rp 2,05 billion

    In this policy, no words about collateral being mentioned. Nowords about gender is mentioned

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    Program to develop entrepreneurship in Universitywith grant for the selected proposal with the amountof Rp 15 million

    Program for developing internship on University

    Business Consultancy dan job placement (Konsultasi

    Bisnis dan Penempatan Kerja) No words about gender

    http://www.dikti.go.id/dmdocuments/PROGRAM%20PENGEMBANGAN%20BUDAYA%20KEWIRAUSAHAAN.pdf

    Policy for Entrepreneurship

    Development in Indonesia from

    Directorate General of High Education

    Ministry of National Education

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    Indonesia Position:Indonesia GEI rank is 55 ( second worst after Lao, the indexs

    range of values is from 0 to 100, with the lower values indicating

    greater inequity), Empowerment only 16 (the lowest in Asean),Education is 3rd highest in Asean

    Case Study: Two Level of Entrepreneurship: survival andentrepreneurial level

    Case study of Survival level :

    Pilot Project in Rangkapan Jaya Depok

    CSR of Carrefour Indonesia

    Komida

    Case study of entrepreneurial level: PKBL for MSME: PKBL Rekayasa Industri

    PKBL Antam

    PKBL Mandiri

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    Assisting at the Survival Phase: poverty alleviation

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    Assisting at the Survival Phase: Performing

    Debtors (PD) According to Sex in Husnayain-

    Carrefour Microfinance

    Average Loan Rp 2,183,663,-

    Conclusion: Female are better performing debtors than male even

    though they get less share

    Sex Person % Sex PD %PD

    Female 63 31.30% 45 71.40%

    Male 138 68.70% 86 62.30%

    Total 201 100.00% 131 65.20%

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    Assisting at the Survival Phase: University

    involvement in commercial Grameen Bank

    (Komida) for all poor women debtors

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    h l h

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    Assisting at the Survival Phase:

    University involvement in commercial

    Grameen Bank (Komida)

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    i i h i l h id

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    Assisting at the Survival Phase: Komida

    now has 44 branches all over

    Indonesia

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    Assisting at entrepreneurial phase: the Micro

    Small Medium Enterprise Segmen in monthly

    Exploring SMEs event at the University; it isalways started with national anthem

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    Performing Debtor

    According to Sex in PKBL

    sex person %person PD %PD

    female 32 37.64% 20 62.50%

    male 53 62.35% 18 33.96%

    total 85 100% 38 44.71%

    sex person %sex PD % PD

    female 8 30.77% 7 87.50%

    male 18 69.23% 13 72.22%total 26 100.00% 20 76.92%

    PKBL PT REKIND UKM Center FEUI, Average Loan Rp 47,176,471

    PKBL PT ANTAM, Average loan Rp 29,830,769

    Conclusion: Female are perform better than male even though they

    get less share

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    sex person % sex PD % PD

    female 27 45.0% 15 55.6%

    male 33 55.0% 27 81.8%

    total 60 100.0% 42 70.0%

    Performing Debtors (PD) According to

    sex in PKBL Bank Mandiri - UKM

    Center FEUI

    Average Loan Rp 13,616,667,-

    Conclusion: Female are perform worst than male even though they

    get less share, it might be because Bank Mandiri do the autodebet in

    repayment?

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    Competitiveness Indonesia: wages in garment is

    one of the most expensive one in Asia

    Wages in the Garment Industry [Monthly in US $]Bangladesh 43*

    Cambodia 61*

    China 150-200

    India 50Indonesia 155

    Vietnam 63-90*

    *= Minimum wage as of August 2010. Vietnam has a range

    for minimum. China is the reported prevailing wage.Indonesia is the wage for industrial workers in June 2010.Garment workers wages have generally been close to theaverage wage in industry..

    Source: Gustav Papanek 2010 16

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    Indonesia is keeping on loosing job

    Country

    1989 1998 2008 2009

    US$Billion

    %share

    US$Billion

    %share

    US$Billion

    %Share

    US$Billion

    %Share

    World 193.4 100 335.8 100 612.1 100 526 100

    Bangladesh 0.8 0.4 4.2 1.3 12.0 2.0 11.7 2

    China 15.4 8.0 42.9 12.8 185.2 30.3 167 31.7

    Indonesia 2.0 1.0 5.0 1.5 10.0 1.6 9 1.7

    India 3.9 2.0 9.3 2.8 21.1 3.5 20.5 4

    Vietnam 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.4 10.6 1.7 10 2

    Cambodia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.7 0.6 3 0.5

    in Textiles, garments: Indonesia: a 1% gain in share of the world market= about 1.5

    million jobs (Papanek 2011);

    Indonesia only 22,67% of laborers work in manufacturing and female owners only

    38,07% (Tulus Tambunan 2012)

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    In 2011: Indonesia loss the share of 23,31% on bilateral trade with Cina in 2011 , if

    for from this amount textile of Cina share is 18.6% (according Indonesian Trade

    Ministry's Foreign Trade chief Deddy Saleh), hence 65,047 people are loosing job

    from RI s loosing share with China

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    Indonesia is keep on loosing job

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    Conclusion & Recomendation

    Women most likely have reliable and prudent when given a chanceto receive credit; unfortunately the number of female debtoralways less than male debtor (for non homogenous gender type ofcredit)

    Because Indonesia is keep on loosing job (while male have more

    share in funding), give amore chance to women entrepreneur inIndonesia

    Give more pro women policy for raising the role of womenentrepreneurs that are missing in Indonesia

    Empowerment in GEI isonly 16 (the lowest in Asean), hence theempowerment for entrepreneurs in Indonesia should be given

    more can be done (1)through grameen type activity of credit forpoverty alleviation all forwomen as well as (2) throughentrepreneurship assistance, give more chance for women

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    Ready for further discussion

    Thankyou

    Nining I. Soesilo,

    UKM Center FEUI www.ukm-center.org

    www.icpps.org

    +62811179997

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