Plymouth State College1 Artificial Intelligence Plymouth State College12.2 2001: A Space Odyssey.

Plymouth State College 1

Artificial Intelligence

Plymouth State College 12.2

2001: A Space Odyssey

Plymouth State College

What is Intelligence?

No good definition We think of it as being “human” More than the ability to do one task well More than manipulating symbols


Computers

Calculate quickly and accurately Relieve us of tedious tasks Help us to do some tasks better Can entertain us (Games) Can provide much information (Internet)



What is AI?Group of related technologies used for

development machines to emulate human-like qualities


Artificial Intelligence Types of AI

Virtual reality Robotics Natural language processing Fuzzy logic Expert systems Neural networks Genetic algorithms



Some early experiments failed A.I. scientists ridiculed


Game Playing

Early days of AI - Researchers thought that teaching computers to play games such as chess would enable them to understand something about human intelligence.

Found it easy to have computers play games. Found it difficult to go beyond game playing and into

the realm of human intelligence.


Easy Computer Problems


Difficult Computer Problems


“Human” qualities

Emotion Motivation Deception


Computer “Intelligence”


Computer Control


What is Intelligence—Artificial or Not?

The search for intelligence: Plato (400 BC) - This Greek philosopher believed that

ethereal spirits were rained down from heaven and entered the body.

Aristotle (Plato’s student) - The heart must contain the soul and the brain’s function was to cool the blood.

Galen - Treated fallen gladiators with spinal cord injuries. Noted that feeling lost in certain limbs sometimes came back.

Galvani - Used Benjamin Franklin’s findings about static electricity to show that static electricity stimulated the nerves causing a frog to jump.

Subsequently - Human nervous system found to be a complex network of billions of neurons.



Maillardet’s Automaton (1805): Object having human form. Disguised as a young boy. Machine containing levers, ratchets,

cams and other mechanical devices. Could draw several complex images. Because it had human form and could

draw complex images, a certain feeling of intelligence was ascribed to the machine.


Artificial Life What is artificial life?A field of study that deals with computer

instructions that try to simulate human responses

What English mathematician and computer pioneer created a test in 1950 to determine computer intelligence?

Alan Turing



Alan Turing (1912 - 1954)

Proposed a test - Turing’s Imitation Game Tests the intelligence of the computer.

Attempts to see of a person (Interrogator) can tell the difference between a human and a computer in answers to questions.

If the interrogator can’t tell the difference, the computer is considered to have intelligence.

?



Claude Shannon’s comparison of the human brain and the computer:

Difference in size: The brain has a million more parts. Difference in structural organization: The seemingly random

local structure of nerve networks differ vastly from the precise wiring of a computer.

Differences in reliability: The brain can operate reliably for decades.

Differences in logical organization: The brain is largely self-organizing. Digital computers do only a few narrowly defined tasks well.

Differences in input-output equipment: Brain is designed with input organs and output muscles and glands. Computers operate in an abstract environment of numbers and operations on numbers.


Fundamental Concepts in Artificial Intelligence

Rule-based or Expert systems - Consists of rules of the form IF (condition) THEN (action).

IF (it is raining AND you must go outside) THEN (put on your raincoat)


Expert Systems Components

Knowledge Base

“Inference Engine”

User Interface


Expert Systems

Knowledge of experts

Understand question (Input) Lookup facts and rules (Storage) Make decision (Processing) Display decision (Output)


Expert Systems

Expert systems are commercially the most successful domain in Artificial Intelligence. IF (some condition) THEN (some action)

These programs mimic the experts in whatever field.

Auto mechanic Telephone networkingCardiologist Delivery routingOrganic compounds Professional auditorMineral prospecting ManufacturingInfectious diseases Pulmonary functionDiagnostic internal medicine Weather forecastingVAX computer configuration Battlefield tacticianEngineering structural analysis Space-station life support Audiologist Civil law


Expert Systems

Harold Cohen created an expert system called AAORN to create art.

Early drawingsby AARON


Expert Systems

Intelligent Agents:

Computerized agents that might... respond to verbal commands as if it were human. be a personal assistant that would access electronic

communications. take phone calls. make appointments. locate individuals by phone. find research material.



For any of these models of the human knowledge system to work, it must be able to make use of this knowledge in three different ways:

Knowledge acquisition - Must be some way of putting information or knowledge into the system.

Knowledge retrieval - Must be able to find knowledge when it is wanted or needed.

Reasoning with knowledge - Must be able to use that knowledge through “thinking” or reasoning.



Knowledge retrieval (by searching):

Brute-force search - Searching all possible moves, and then selecting the best. Looking for a museum in a small town example:

Drive around, down every street, until you find one!

Heuristic search - Uses rules of thumb, intuition. (The solution is not always guaranteed.) Looking for a museum in a small town example:

Look for the museum down the town’s main street (museums are usually on the “main street” in small towns!)



Machine learning: Writing intelligent computer programs that are capable of learning.

Example: Teaching a computer to play a game. The more the computer plays, the more strategies it will learn.

Common sense: The computer must be able to make inferences from the

knowledge base. Answers to problems might not be listed. The computer will need to come up with its own answers! This has been a very difficult area in Artificial Intelligence.


Pattern Recognition

Humans have the ability to understand or recognize the relationship among various parts of patterns in: visual object, sound patterns, smells, and taste.

Pattern recognition using computers has been applied in many areas including: Robot vision Speech recognition Fingerprint identification Handwriting identification Optical character recognition (OCR) Weather data analysis and satellite data analysis


Pattern Recognition

Speech-pattern recognition:

Problems - Accents, continuous speech, words that sound the same but are spelled differently. He walked to the store. He walked to this door.

Some commercial products - Some commercial products do recognize continuous speech. (not yet perfect)


Game Playing

Major problem in game playing: How to make the moves?

Involves: Processing or searching many moves (see game tree) By adding heuristics (rules of thumb / intuition), decisions

can be made by the computer as to what is the best move.


Game Playing

Chess

MacHack (1974) by Richard Greenblatt of MIT - First program to compete in a chess tournament.

Deep Blue (1996) by IBM - Garry Kasparov, world-champion chess player, won over Deep Blue 4 points to 2.

Deep Blue (1997) by IBM - Garry Kasparov conceded victory to Deep Blue, 3.5 points to 2.5.

The fastest chess-playing program processes 200,000 positions per second. (Thousands of moves more than a human is capable of.)

Still, the best chess players beat most computer programs.


Natural Language Communication

The semantics (meaning of the words) is the goal in communication with the computer.

Eliza (1965) by Joseph Weizenbaum of MIT Simulation of a therapist mirroring a patient’s

conversation in a positive manner. The program fooled people into believing it was a

therapist.


Natural Language Communication All men are alike. IN WHAT WAY They’re always bugging us about something or other. CAN YOU THINK OF A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE Well, my boyfriend made me come here. YOUR BOYFRIEND MADE YOU COME HERE He says I’m depressed much of the time. I AM SORRY TO HEAR YOU ARE DEPRESSED It’s true, I am unhappy. DO YOU THINK COMING HERE WILL HELP YOU NOT TO BE UNHAPPY I need some help, that much seems certain. WHAT WOULD IT MEAN TO YOU IF YOU GOT SOME HELP Perhaps I could learn to get along with my mother. TELL ME MORE ABOUT YOUR FAMILY

Eliza conversation


Natural Language Communication

Early failures in natural language translation

Translation of English to Russian:

Typed in English (sentence to be translated...): The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak.

Translated by the program into Russian: The vodka is strong, but the meat is rotten.

Translation programs have come a long way since then!


Neural Networks

Neuron: Basic building-block of the brain. There are several specialized types, but all have the

same basic structure: The basic structure of an animal neuron.


Neural Networks

Artificial models of the brain are of two distinct types:

Electronic: Has electronic circuits that act like neurons.

Software: This version runs a program on the computer that simulates the action of the neurons.


Neural Networks

Neural Network: A collection of neurons which are interconnected. The output of one connects to several others with

different strength connections. Initially, neural networks have no knowledge. (All

information is learned from experience using the network.)

Input 1

Input 2

Input 3

Neuron 1

Neuron 2

Output from Neuron 1

Output fromNeuron 2


Fuzzy Logic

Probability that a statement is true Combined with other AI technologies

Washing Machine Variable speed limits


Finding Information Intelligent agent

Software that performs work tasks Example: monster.com

Next Week

Your PowerPoint presentation is due

You will be able to present it in class for extra credit


Exam in Two Weeks

Chapters 7 & 8 from the TextbookLectures since Exam 2

Final Exam Week

Final exam is scheduled Tue. & Thu. 5:00 – 6:15

You may take it on either day


Plymouth State College1 Artificial Intelligence Plymouth State College12.2 2001: A Space Odyssey.

Documents

realm of human intelligence

human form

computer pioneer

computer instructions

human responses

artificial intelligencewhat

artificial lifewhat

human nervous system