Plsql Full Notes1

8/12/2019 Plsql Full Notes1

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Oracle/PLSQL: Data Types

The following is a list of datatypes available in Oracle.

Character Datatypes

Data Type

Syntax

Oracle 9i Oracle 10g Oracle 11g Explanation

(i applica!le"

char(size) Maximum size of 2

bytes.

Maximum size of 2

bytes.

Maximum size of 2

bytes.

!here sizeis the number of characters to store. "ixed#length strings.

$pace padded.

nchar(size) Maximum size of 2

bytes.

Maximum size of 2

bytes.

Maximum size of 2

bytes.

!here sizeis the number of characters to store. "ixed#length %&$ string

$pace padded.

nvarchar2(size) Maximum size of '

bytes.

Maximum size of '

bytes.

Maximum size of '

bytes.

!here sizeis the number of characters to store. ariable#length %&$

string.

varchar2(size) Maximum size of '

bytes.

Maximum size of '

bytes.

Maximum size of '

bytes.

!here sizeis the number of characters to store. ariable#length string.

long Maximum size of 2*. Maximum size of 2*. Maximum size of 2*. ariable# length str ings. (bac+ward compat ible)

raw Maximum size of 2

bytes.

Maximum size of 2

bytes.

Maximum size of 2

bytes.

ariable#length binary strings

long raw Maximum size of 2*. Maximum size of 2*. Maximum size of 2*. ariable#length binary strings. (bac+ward compatible)

#$%eric Datatypes

Data Type

Syntax


(i applica!le"


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number(p,s) -recision can range from

to /0.

$cale can range from #0'

to 21.

-recision can range from

to /0.


to 21.


to /0.


to 21.

!herepis the precision and sis the scale.

"or example, number(1,2) is a number that has digits before the decimal

and 2 digits after the decimal.

numeric(p,s) -recision can range from

to /0.


to /0.


to /0.


"or example, numeric(1,2) is a number that has digits before the decimal

and 2 digits after the decimal.

float

dec(p,s) -recision can range from

to /0.


to /0.


to /0.


"or example, dec(/,) is a number that has 2 digits before the decimal and

digit after the decimal.

decimal(p,s) -recision can range from

to /0.


to /0.


to /0.


"or example, decimal(/,) is a number that has 2 digits before the decimal

and digit after the decimal.

integer

int

smallint

real

double

precision


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Date/Ti%e Datatypes

Data Type

Syntax


(i applica!le"

date 3 date between 4an , '12 *5

and 6ec /, 7777 36.

3 date between 4an , '12 *5

and 6ec /, 7777 36.

3 date between 4an , '12 *5

and 6ec /, 7777 36.

timestamp (fractional

seconds precision)

fractional seconds precision

must be a number between

and 7. (default is 8)







9ncludes year, month, day, hour, minute,

and seconds.

"or example:

timestamp(8)


seconds precision) with

time zone











and seconds; with a time zone

displacement value.

"or example:

timestamp() with time zone


seconds precision) with

local time zone











and seconds; with a time zone expressed

as the session time zone.

"or example:

timestamp(') with local time zone

interval year

(year precision)

to month

year precisionis the number of

digits in the year. (default is 2)





Time period stored in years and months.

"or example:

interval year(') to month

interval day day precisionmust be a day precisionmust be a day precisionmust be a Time period stored in days, hours, minutes,


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(day precision)

to second (fractional

seconds precision)

number between and 7.

(default is 2)





(default is 2)





(default is 2)




and seconds.

"or example:

interval day(2) to second(8)

Large O!&ect (LO'" Datatypes

Data

Type

Syntax


(i applica!le"

bfile Maximum file size of'*.

Maximum file size of 2/2

# bytes. Maximum file size of 28'

# bytes. "ile locators that point to a binary file onthe server file system (outside the

database).

blob $tore up to '* of

binary data.

$tore up to (' gigabytes #) < (the value of the

5=>%? parameter of &O* storage).


5=>%? parameter of &O* storage).

$tores unstructured binary large ob@ects.

clob $tore up to '* of

character data.


5=>%? parameter of &O* storage) of

character data.



character data.

$tores single#byte and multi#byte

character data.

nclob $tore up to '* of

character text data.







$tores unicode data.


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o)i* Datatypes

Data Type

Syntax


(i applica!le"

rowid The format of the rowid is:

*******.AAAA."""""

!here ******* is the bloc+ in the

database file;

AAAA is the row in the bloc+;

""""" is the database file.

The format of the rowid is:

*******.AAAA."""""


database file;



The format of the rowid is:

*******.AAAA."""""


database file;



"ixed#length binary data. Bvery record in the

database has a physical address or ro)i*.

urowid(size) >niversal rowid.

!here sizeis optional.5opyright C 2/#27 Tech on the %et. 3ll rights reserved.

Oracle/PLSQL: Declaring +aria!les

The syntax for declaring variables is:

,aria!le-na%e .CO#ST#T *atatype .#OT #LL .:2 3 DE4LT initial-,al$e

4or exa%ple:

6eclaring a variable:


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LDescription ,archar5(60"7

6eclaring a constant:

LTotal CO#ST#T n$%eric(81" :2 8;964 L,al$e >S #OT #LL then


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select ? ro% s$ppliers)here s$pplier-na%e >S #OT #LL7

This will return all records from the supplierstable where the supplier_namedoes notcontain a null value.

Oracle/PLSQL: >S #LL

9n -&$D& to chec+ if a value is null, you must use the E9$ %>&&E syntax.

"or example,

>4 L,al$e >S #LL then

S #LL7

This will return all records from the supplierstable where the supplier_namecontains a null value.

Oracle/PLSQL Topics: Loops an* Con*itional State%ents

>4@TAE#@ELSE State%ent
http://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/loops/if_then.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/loops/if_then.php


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Case State%ent

BOTO State%ent

Loop State%ent

4O Loop

CSO 4O Loop

hile Loop

epeat ntil Loop

Exit State%ent

Oracle/PLSQL: >4@TAE#@ELSE State%ent

There are three different syntaxes for these types of statements.

Syntax 1: >4@TAE#

>4 con*ition TAE#


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>4 con*ition TAE#


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open c17etch c1 into %onthly-,al$e7close c17

>4 %onthly-,al$e G2 6000 TAE#

>Le,el :2 =Lo) >nco%e=7

ELS>4 %onthly-,al$e H 6000 an* %onthly-,al$e G2 I000 TAE# >Le,el :2 =,g >nco%e=7

ELS>4 %onthly-,al$e H I000 an* %onthly-,al$e G2 1J000 TAE# >Le,el :2 =Ko*erate >nco%e=7

ELSE >Le,el :2 =Aigh >nco%e=7

E#D >47

ET# >Le,el7

E#D7

9n this example, weGve created a function called 9ncome&evel. 9t has one parameter called name_inand it returns a varchar2. The function will return the income level based onthe employeeGs name.

Oracle/PLSQL: Case State%ent

$tarting in Oracle 7i, you can use the casestatement within an $D& statement. 9t has the functionality of an 9"#T=B%#B&$B statement.

The syntax for the casestatement is:

CSE . expression AE# con*ition-1 TAE# res$lt-1 AE# con*ition-5 TAE# res$lt-5


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select ta!le-na%eCSE o)ner AE# =SS= TAE# =The o)ner is SS= AE# =SSTEK= TAE# =The o)ner is SSTEK= ELSE =The o)ner is another ,al$e=

E#Dro% all-ta!les7

Or you could write the $D& statement using the casestatement li+e this: (omits the expressionclause)

select ta!le-na%eCSE AE# o)ner2=SS= TAE# =The o)ner is SS= AE# o)ner2=SSTEK= TAE# =The o)ner is SSTEK= ELSE =The o)ner is another ,al$e=E#Dro% all-ta!les7

The above two casestatements are eIuivalent to the following 9"#T=B%#B&$B statement:

>4 o)ner 2 =SS= TAE# res$lt :2 =The o)ner is SS=7

ELS>4 o)ner 2 =SSTEK= TAE# res$lt :2 =The o)ner is SSTEK==7

ELSE res$lt :2 =The o)ner is another ,al$e=7

E#D >47

The casestatement will compare each owner value, one by one.


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One thing to note is that the B&$B clause within the casestatement is optional. Fou could have omitted it. &etGs ta+e a loo+ at the $D& statement above with the B&$B clauseomitted.

Four $D& statement would loo+ as follows:

select ta!le-na%eCSE o)ner AE# =SS= TAE# =The o)ner is SS= AE# =SSTEK= TAE# =The o)ner is SSTEK=E#Dro% all-ta!les7

!ith the B&$B clause omitted, if no condition was found to be true, the casestatement would return %>&&.

4or Exa%ple:

=ere is an example that demonstrates how to use the casestatement to compare different conditions:

selectCSE AE# a G ! TAE# =hello= AE# * G e TAE# =goo*!ye=E#Dro% s$ppliers7

4reM$ently sNe* Q$estions

Q$estion: 5an you create a casestatement that evaluates two different fieldsJ 9 want to return a value based on the combinations in two different fields.

ns)er: Fes, below is an example of a case statement that evaluates two different fields.


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select s$pplier-i*CSE AE# s$pplier-na%e 2 =>'K= an* s$pplier-type 2 =Aar*)are= TAE# =#orth oice= AE# s$pplier-na%e 2 =>'K= an* s$pplier-type 2 =Sot)are= TAE# =So$th oice=E#D

ro% s$ppliers7

$o if supplierHname field is IBMand the supplierHtype field is Hardware, then the casestatement will return North office. 9f the supplierHname field is IBMand the supplierHtypeis Software, the casestatement will return South office.

Oracle/PLSQL: BOTO State%ent

The OTO statement causes the code to branch to the label after the OTO statement.

"or example:

BOTO la!el-na%e7

Then later in the code, you would place your label and code associated with that label.

La!el-na%e: statementsF

Oracle/PLSQL: Loop State%ent

The syntax for the &OO- statement is:

LOOP


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Fou would use a &OO- statement when you are not sure how many times you want the loop body to execute and you want the loop body to execute at least once.

The &OO- statement is terminated when it encounters either an BK9T statement or when it encounters an BK9T !=B% statement that evaluated to TA>B.

&etGs ta+e a loo+ at an example:

LOOP %onthly-,al$e :2 *aily-,al$e ? 17 E>T AE# %onthly-,al$e H 60007E#D LOOP7

9n this example, the &OO- would terminate when the monthlyHvalue exceeded '.

Oracle/PLSQL: 4O Loop

The syntax for the "OA &oop is:

4O loop-co$nter ># .E+ESE lo)est-n$%!er


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The "OA &oop can also loop in reverse. "or example:

4O Lcntr ># E+ESE 1


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'EB>#

total-,al :2 07

4O e%ployee-rec in c1LOOP total-,al :2 total-,al e%ployee-recLE con*itionLOOP


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9n this example, the !=9&B &oop would terminate once the monthlyHvalue exceeded '.

Oracle/PLSQL: epeat ntil Loop

Oracle doesnGt have a Aepeat >ntil loop, but you can emulate one. The syntax for emulating a AB-B3T >%T9& &oop is:

LOOP %T9& &oop when you do not +now how many times you want the loop body to execute. The AB-B3T >%T9& &oop would terminatewhen a certain condition was met.



9n this example, the &OO- would repeat until the monthlyHvalue exceeded '.

Oracle/PLSQL: Exit State%ent

The syntax for the BK9T statement is:

E>T .AE# !oolean-con*ition7

The BK9T statement is most commonly used to terminate &OO- statements.



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9n this example, the &OO- would terminate when the monthlyHvalue exceeded '.

Oracle/PLSQL: SeM$ences ($ton$%!er"

9n Oracle, you can create an autonumber field by using seIuences. 3 seIuence is an ob@ect in Oracle that is used to generate a number seIuence. This can be useful whenyou need to create a uniIue number to act as a primary +ey.

The syntax for a seIuence is:

CETE SEQE#CE seM$ence-na%e K>#+LE ,al$e

K+LE ,al$e STT >TA ,al$e >#CEKE#T ' ,al$e CCAE ,al$e7

"or example:

CETE SEQE#CE s$pplier-seM K>#+LE 1 K+LE 999999999999999999999999999 STT >TA 1 >#CEKE#T ' 1 CCAE 507

This would create a seIuence ob@ect called supplier_se$. The first seIuence number that it would use is and each subseIuent number would increment by (ie: 2,/,',...L. 9twill cache up to 2 values for performance.

9f you omit the K+LE option, your seIuence will automatically default to:


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CETE SEQE#CE s$pplier-seM K>#+LE 1 STT >TA 1 >#CEKE#T ' 1 CCAE 507

Or you could create the same seIuence with the nocache option:

CETE SEQE#CE s$pplier-seM K>#+LE 1 STT >TA 1 >#CEKE#T ' 1 #OCCAE7

ns)er: !ith respect to a seIuence, the cacheoption specifies how many seIuence values will be stored in memory for faster access.

The downside of creating a seIuence with a cache is that if a system failure occurs, all cached seIuence values that have notbe used, will be ElostE. This results in a EgapE inthe assigned seIuence values. !hen the system comes bac+ up, Oracle will cache new numbers from where it left off in the seIuence, ignoring the so called ElostE seIuencevalues.

%ote: To recover the lost seIuence values, you can always execute an 3&TBA $BD>B%5B command to reset the counter to the correct value.

Nocachemeans that none of the seIuence values are stored in memory. This option may sacrifice some performance, however, you should not encounter a gap in theassigned seIuence values.

Q$estion: =ow do we set the &3$T3&>B value in an Oracle $eIuenceJ

ns)er: Fou can change the &3$T3&>B for an Oracle seIuence, by executing an 3&TBA $BD>B%5B command.


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"or example, if the last value used by the Oracle seIuence was and you would li+e to reset the seIuence to serve 22 as the next value. Fou would execute the followingcommands.

alter seM$ence seM-na%eincre%ent !y 1567

select seM-na%e


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Oracle/PLSQL: Co%%it

The syntax for the 5OMM9T statement is:

COKK>T .O .COKKE#T text7

The 5ommit statement commits all changes for the current session. Once a commit is issued, other users will be able to see your changes.

Oracle/PLSQL: oll!acN

The syntax for the AO&&*35? statement is:

OLL'C .O .TO .S+EPO>#T sa,epoint-na%e7

The Aollbac+ statement undoes all changes for the current session up to the savepoint specified. 9f no savepoint is specified, then all changes are undone.

Oracle/PLSQL: Set Transaction

There are three transaction control functions. These are:

1< SET T#SCT>O# ED O#L7

5< SET T#SCT>O# >SOLT>O# LE+EL SE>L>R'LE7

< SET T#SCT>O# SE OLL'C SEBKE#T na%e7

Oracle/PLSQL: LocN Ta!le

The syntax for a &oc+ table is:


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LOC T'LE ta!les ># locN-%o*e KODE .#O>T7

Ta!lesis a comma#delimited list of tables.

LocN-%o*eis one of:

!"% SH&!'!"% '(CLSI)'SH&!' *+&,'SH&!'SH&!' !"% '(CLSI)''(CLSI)'-

#oaitspecifies that the database should not wait for a loc+ to be released.

Oracle/PLSQL Topics: C$rsors

3 c$rsoris a mechanism by which you can assign a name to a Eselect statementE and manipulate the information within that $D& statement.

!eGve categorized cursors into the following topics:

Declare a C$rsor

OPE# State%ent

4ETCA State%ent

CLOSE State%ent

C$rsor ttri!$tes (4O#D #OT4O#D etc"
http://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/cursors/declare.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/cursors/open.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/cursors/fetch.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/cursors/close.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/cursors/attributes.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/cursors/declare.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/cursors/open.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/cursors/fetch.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/cursors/close.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/cursors/attributes.php


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SELECT 4O PDTE State%ent

AEE CE#T O4 State%ent

5ursor Bxamples:

Proce*$re that o$tp$ts a *yna%ic PLSQL c$rsor

C$rsor )ithin a c$rsor

C$rsor )ith ,aria!le in an ># CLSE

Oracle/PLSQL: Declare a C$rsor

3 cursor is a $B&B5T statement that is defined within the declarationsection of your -&$D& code. !eGll ta+e a loo+ at three different syntaxes for cursors.

C$rsor )itho$t para%eters (si%plest"

The basic syntax for a cursor without parameters is:

CSO c$rsor-na%e>S SELECT-state%ent7

"or example, you could define a cursor called c as below.
http://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/cursors/for_update.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/cursors/current_of.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/questions/cursor1.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/questions/cursor2.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/questions/cursor3.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/cursors/for_update.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/cursors/current_of.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/questions/cursor1.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/questions/cursor2.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/questions/cursor3.php


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CSO c1>S SELECT co$rse-n$%!er ro% co$rses-t!l )here co$rse-na%e 2 na%e-in7

The result set of this cursor is all courseHnumbers whose courseHname matches the variable called nameHin.

*elow is a function that uses this cursor.

CETE O EPLCE 4$nction 4in*Co$rse ( na%e-in ># ,archar5 " ET# n$%!er>S cn$%!er n$%!er7

CSO c1 >S SELECT co$rse-n$%!er ro% co$rses-t!l )here co$rse-na%e 2 na%e-in7

'EB>#

open c17etch c1 into cn$%!er7

i c1noto$n* then cn$%!er :2 99997en* i7

close c17

ET# cn$%!er7


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E#D7

C$rsor )ith para%eters

The basic syntax for a cursor with parameters is:

CSO c$rsor-na%e (para%eter-list">S SELECT-state%ent7

"or example, you could define a cursor called c2 as below.

CSO c5 (s$!&ect-i*-in ># ,archar5"

>S SELECT co$rse-n$%!er ro% co$rses-t!l )here s$!&ect-i* 2 s$!&ect-i*-in7

The result set of this cursor is all courseHnumbers whose sub@ectHid matches the sub@ectHid passed to the cursor via the parameter.

C$rsor )ith ret$rn cla$se

The basic syntax for a cursor with a return clause is:

CSO c$rsor-na%eET# iel*OTPE>S SELECT-state%ent7


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"or example, you could define a cursor called c/ as below.

CSO cET# co$rses-t!lOTPE>S

SELECT ? ro% co$rses-t!l )here s$!&ect 2 =Kathe%atics=7

The result set of this cursor is all columns from the courseHtbl where the sub@ect is Mathematics.

Oracle/PLSQL: OPE# State%ent

Once youGve declared your cursor, the next step is to open the cursor.

The basic syntax to O-B% the cursor is:

OPE# c$rsor-na%e7

"or example, you could open a cursor called c with the following command:

OPE# c17

*elow is a function that demonstrates how to use the O-B% statement:



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'EB>#



close c17

ET# cn$%!er7

E#D7

Oracle/PLSQL: 4ETCA State%ent

The purpose of using a cursor, in most cases, is to retrieve the rows from your cursor so that some type of operation can be performed on the data. 3fter declaring and openingyour cursor, the next step is to "BT5= the rows from your cursor.

The basic syntax for a "BT5= statement is:

4ETCA c$rsor-na%e >#TO Glist o ,aria!lesH7

"or example, you could have a cursor defined as:


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CSO c1>S SELECT co$rse-n$%!er ro% co$rses-t!l )here co$rse-na%e 2 na%e-in7

The command that would be used to fetch the data from this cursor is:

4ETCA c1 into cn$%!er7

This would fetch the first courseHnumber into the variable called cnumber;

*elow is a function that demonstrates how to use the "BT5= statement.

CETE O EPLCE 4$nction 4in*Co$rse ( na%e-in ># ,archar5 "

ET# n$%!er>S cn$%!er n$%!er7


'EB>#

open c17

etch c1 into cn$%!er7



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close c17

ET# cn$%!er7

E#D7

Oracle/PLSQL: CLOSE State%ent

The final step of wor+ing with cursors is to close the cursor once you have finished using it.

The basic syntax to 5&O$B the cursor is:

CLOSE c$rsor-na%e7

"or example, you could close a cursor called c with the following command:

CLOSE c17

*elow is a function that demonstrates how to use the 5&O$B statement:

CETE O EPLCE 4$nction 4in*Co$rse ( na%e-in ># ,archar5 " ET# n$%!er

>S cn$%!er n$%!er7

CSO c1 >S


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SELECT co$rse-n$%!er ro% co$rses-t!l )here co$rse-na%e 2 na%e-in7

'EB>#



close c17

ET# cn$%!er7

E#D7

Oracle/PLSQL: C$rsor ttri!$tes

!hile dealing with cursors, you may need to determine the status of your cursor. The following is a list of the cursor attributes that you can use.

ttri!$te Explanation

9$O-B% # Aeturns TA>B if the cursor is open, "3&$B if the cursor is closed.

"O>%6 # Aeturns 9%3&96H5>A$OA if cursor is declared, but not open; or if cursor has been closed.

# Aeturns %>&& if cursor is open, but fetch has not been executed.

# Aeturns TA>B if a successful fetch has been executed.


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# Aeturns "3&$B if no row was returned.

%OT"O>%6 # Aeturns 9%3&96H5>A$OA if cursor is declared, but not open; or if cursor has been closed.

# Aeturn %>&& if cursor is open, but fetch has not been executed.

# Aeturns "3&$B if a successful fetch has been executed.

# Aeturns TA>B if no row was returned.

AO!5O>%T # Aeturns 9%3&96H5>A$OA if cursor is declared, but not open; or if cursor has been closed.

# Aeturns the number of rows fetched.

# The AO!5O>%T attribute doesnGt give the real row count until you have iterated through

the entire cursor. 9n other words, you shouldnGt rely on this attribute to tell you how many rowsare in a cursor after it is opened.

*elow is an example of how you might use the %OT"O>%6 attribute.




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'EB>#



close c17

ET# cn$%!er7

E#D7

Oracle/PLSQL: SELECT 4O PDTE State%ent

The Select 4or p*atestatement allows you to loc+ the records in the cursor result set. Fou are not reIuired to ma+e changes to the records in order to use this statement.The record loc+s are released when the next commit or rollbac+ statement is issued.

The syntax for the Select 4or p*ateis:

CSO c$rsor-na%e>S select-state%ent 4O PDTE .o col$%n-list .#O>T7

"or example, you could use the Select 4or p*atestatement as follows:

CSO c1>S


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SELECT co$rse-n$%!er instr$ctor ro% co$rses-t!l 4O PDTE o instr$ctor7

9f you plan on updating or deleting records that have been referenced by a Select 4or p*atestatement, you can use thehere C$rrent Ostatement.

Oracle/PLSQL: AEE CE#T O4 State%ent

9f you plan on updating or deleting records that have been referenced by a Select 4or p*atestatement, you can use the here C$rrent Ostatement.

The syntax for the here C$rrent Ostatement is either:

PDTE ta!le-na%e SET set-cla$se

AEE CE#T O4 c$rsor-na%e7

OA

DELETE 4OK ta!le-na%eAEE CE#T O4 c$rsor-na%e7

The !here 5urrent Of statement allows you to update or delete the record that was last fetched by the cursor.

p*ating $sing the AEE CE#T O4 State%ent

=ere is an example where we are updating records using the here C$rrent O$tatement:
http://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/cursors/current_of.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/cursors/current_of.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/cursors/current_of.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/cursors/for_update.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/cursors/for_update.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/cursors/current_of.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/cursors/for_update.php


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CSO c1 >S SELECT co$rse-n$%!er ro% co$rses-t!l )here co$rse-na%e 2 na%e-in 4O PDTE o instr$ctor7

'EB>#


i c1noto$n* then

cn$%!er :2 99997

else PDTE co$rses-t!l SET instr$ctor 2 =SK>TA= AEE CE#T O4 c17

COKK>T7

en* i7

close c17

ET# cn$%!er7

E#D7


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Deleting $sing the AEE CE#T O4 State%ent

=ere is an example where we are deleting records using the here C$rrent O$tatement:

CETE O EPLCE 4$nction 4in*Co$rse

( na%e-in ># ,archar5 " ET# n$%!er>S cn$%!er n$%!er7

CSO c1 >S SELECT co$rse-n$%!er ro% co$rses-t!l )here co$rse-na%e 2 na%e-in 4O PDTE o instr$ctor7

'EB>#


i c1noto$n* then cn$%!er :2 99997

else DELETE 4OK co$rses-t!l AEE CE#T O4 c17

COKK>T7

en* i7

close c17

ET# cn$%!er7


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E#D7

Oracle/PLSQL: Proce*$re that o$tp$ts a *yna%ic PLSQL c$rsor

Q$estion: 9n Oracle, 9 have a table called EwineE and a stored procedure that outputs a cursor based on the EwineE table.

9Gve created an =TM& "orm where the user can enter any combination of three values to retrieve results from the EwineE table. My problem is that 9 need a general EselectEstatement that will wor+ no matter what value(s), the user enters.

Exa%ple:

parameterHN E5hiantiEparameterH2N EEparameterH/N wasnGt entered by the user but 9 have to use in the select statement. 3nd this is my problem. =ow to initialize this parameter to get all rows for column/J

$B&B5T < "AOM wine

!=BAB column N parameterH3%6 column2 N parameterH23%6 column/ N parameterH/;.

The output of my stored procedure must be a cursor.

ns)er: To solve your problem, you will need to output a dynamic -&$D& cursor in Oracle.

&etGs ta+e a loo+ at how we can do this. !eGve divided this process into / steps.

Step 1 @ Ta!le Deinition

"irst, we need a table created in Oracle called EwineE. *elow is the create statement for the wine table.


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create ta!le )ine( col1 ,archar5(60" col5 ,archar5(60" col ,archar5(60""7

!eGve made this table definition very simple, for demonstration purposes.

Step 5 @ Create pacNage

%ext, weGve created a pac+age called Ewinep+gE that contains our cursor definition. This needs to be done so that we can use a cursor as an o$tp$tparameter in our storedprocedure.

create or replace PCBE )inepNg

>S /? Deine the E4 CSO type< ?/ TPE )ine-type >S E4 CSO ET# )ineOTPE7E#D )inepNg7

This cursor will accept all fields from the EwineE table.

Step @ Create store* proce*$re

Our final step is to create a stored procedure to return the cursor. 9t accepts three parameters (entered by the user on the =TM& "orm) and returns a cursor (c) of type

EwineHtypeE which was declared in $tep 2.

The procedure will determine the appropriate cursor to return, based on the value(s) that have been entered by the user (input parameters).


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create or replace proce*$re in*-)ine5 (col1-in in ,archar5 col5-in in ,archar5 col-in in ,archar5 c1 o$t )inepNg


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/? col5 an* col )here entere* ?/ ELS>4 (length(col1-in" 2 0" an* (length(col5-in" H 0" an* (length(col-in" H 0" TAE# OPE# c1 4O select ? ro% )ine

)here )ine


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Q$estion: 9n -$D&, 9 want to declare a cursor within cursor. The second cursor should use a value from the first cursor in the Ewhere clauseE. =ow can 9 do thisJ

ns)er: *elow is an example of how to declare a cursor within a cursor.

9n this example, we have a cursor called .et_ta/lesthat retrieves the owner and tableHname values. These values are then used in a second cursor called .et_columns.

create or replace proce*$re KLT>PLE-CSOS-POC is ,-o)ner ,archar5(60"7 ,-ta!le-na%e ,archar5(60"7 ,-col$%n-na%e ,archar5(100"7

/? 4irst c$rsor ?/ c$rsor get-ta!les is select *istinct t!l


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open get-col$%ns7 loop etch get-col$%ns into ,-col$%n-na%e7

en* loop7

close get-col$%ns7

en* loop7 close get-ta!les7

ECEPT>O#AE# OTAES TAE# raise-application-error(@50001=n error )as enco$ntere* @ =33SQLCODE33= @EO@ =33SQLEK"7en* KLT>PLE-CSOS-POC7

The tric+ to declaring a cursor within a cursor is that you need to continue to openand closethe second cursor each time a new record is retrieved from the first cursor. That

way, the second cursor will use the new variable values from the first cursor.

Oracle/PLSQL: C$rsor )ith ,aria!le in an ># CLSE

Q$estion: 9Gm trying to use a variable in an 9% 5&3>$B.

ss$%ptions U *eclarations:

. AefHcursor is of type AB" 5>A$OA declared in -ac+age

2. 9 will to pass a comma separated %umbers as a string

/. This should be used in the Iuery in the 9% 5lause'. Bxecute the Duery and Aeturn the Output as AB" 5ursor

$omething similar to the following:


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,1 :2 =1=7 ,5 :2 =5=7 , :2 ==7

Open o$t-c$rsor

4or Select ? ro% Ta!le-na%e )here col$%n-na%e in (,1 ,5 ,"7

et$rn o$t-c$rsor7

En*7

Option 5

Fou could try storing your values in a table. Then use a sub#select to retrieve the values."or example:

Create or eplace 4$nction $nc-na%e et$rn PacNage#a%e


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Oracle/PLSQL Topics: '$ilt@>n 4$nctions ('y Category"

+ie) an lpha!etical Listing o 4$nctions

5haracter $tring "unctions:scii Con,ert Lo)er So$n*exsciiStr Deco%pose Lpa* S$!strChr D$%p Ltri% TranslateCo%pose >nitcap eplace Tri%Concat >nstr pa* pperConcat )ith 33 Length tri% +SiVe

5onversion "unctions:'in-To-#$% #$%ToDS>nter,al To-Date To-#$%!erCast #$%ToK>nter,al To-DS>nter,al To-Single-'yteCharToo)i* a)ToAex To-Lo! To-Ti%esta%p4ro%-TV To-Char To-K$lti-'yte To-Ti%esta%p-TVAexToa) To-Clo! To-#Clo! To-K>nter,al

3dvanced "unctions:'4ilena%e Bro$p->D #LL>4 ser

Car*inality Lag #+L serEn,Case State%ent Lea* #+L5 Coalesce L##+L Sys-Context Deco*e ##+L i*

Mathematical "unctions:!s Co,ar-pop Kax SMrtcos Co,ar-sa%p Ke*ian St*De,sin Co$nt Kin S$%tan C$%e-Dist Ko* Tantan5 Dense-anN Po)er Tanh,g Exp anN Tr$nc (n$%!ers"'in-To-#$% Extract e%ain*er Tr$nc (*ates"'itn* 4loor o$n* (n$%!ers" +ar-popCeil Breatest o$n* (*ates" +ar-sa%pCorr Least Sign +ariance
http://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/index_alpha.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/ascii.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/convert.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/lower.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/soundex.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/asciistr.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/decompose.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/lpad.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/substr.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/chr.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/dump.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/ltrim.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/translate.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/compose.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/initcap.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/replace.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/trim.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/concat.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/instr.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/rpad.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/upper.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/concat2.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/length.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/rtrim.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/vsize.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/bin_to_num.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/numtodsinterval.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/to_date.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/to_number.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/cast.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/numtoyminterval.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/to_dsinterval.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/to_single_byte.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/chartorowid.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/rawtohex.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/to_lob.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/to_timestamp.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/from_tz.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/to_char.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/to_multi_byte.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/to_timestamp_tz.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/hextoraw.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/to_clob.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/to_nclob.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/to_yminterval.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/bfilename.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/group_id.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/nullif.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/user.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/cardinality.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/lag.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/nvl.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/userenv.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/case.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/lead.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/nvl2.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/coalesce.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/lnnvl.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/sys_context.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/decode.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/nanvl.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/uid.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/abs.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/covar_pop.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/sql/max.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/sqrt.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/acos.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/covar_samp.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/median.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/stddev.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/asin.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/sql/count.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/sql/min.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/sql/sum.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/atan.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/cume_dist.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/mod.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/tan.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/atan2.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/dense_rank.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/power.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/tanh.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/avg.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/exp.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/rank.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/trunc_nbr.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/bin_to_num.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/extract.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/remainder.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/trunc_date.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/bitand.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/floor.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/round_nbr.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/var_pop.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/ceil.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/greatest.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/round_date.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/var_samp.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/corr.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/least.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/sign.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/variance.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/index_alpha.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/ascii.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/convert.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/lower.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/soundex.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/asciistr.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/decompose.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/lpad.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/substr.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/chr.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/dump.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/ltrim.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/translate.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/compose.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/initcap.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/replace.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/trim.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/concat.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/instr.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/rpad.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/upper.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/concat2.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/length.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/rtrim.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/vsize.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/bin_to_num.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/numtodsinterval.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/to_date.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/to_number.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/cast.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/cast.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/numtoyminterval.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/to_dsinterval.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/to_single_byte.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/chartorowid.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/rawtohex.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/to_lob.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/to_timestamp.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/from_tz.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/to_char.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/to_multi_byte.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/to_timestamp_tz.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/hextoraw.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/to_clob.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/to_nclob.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/to_yminterval.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/bfilename.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/group_id.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/nullif.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/user.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/cardinality.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/lag.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/nvl.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/userenv.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/case.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/lead.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/nvl2.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/coalesce.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/lnnvl.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/sys_context.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/decode.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/nanvl.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/uid.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/abs.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/covar_pop.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/sql/max.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/sqrt.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/acos.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/covar_samp.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/median.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/stddev.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/asin.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/sql/count.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/sql/min.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/sql/sum.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/atan.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/cume_dist.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/mod.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/tan.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/atan2.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/dense_rank.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/power.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/tanh.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/avg.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/exp.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/rank.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/trunc_nbr.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/bin_to_num.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/extract.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/remainder.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/trunc_date.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/bitand.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/floor.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/round_nbr.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/var_pop.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/ceil.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/greatest.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/round_date.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/var_samp.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/corr.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/least.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/sign.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/variance.php


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Cos Ln Sin Cosh Log Sinh

6ate "unctions:**-Konths Last-Day o$n* To-DateC$rrent-Date LocalTi%esta%p SessionTi%eRone Tr$nc

C$rrent-Ti%esta%p Konths-'et)een Sys*ate TV-OsetD!Ti%eRone #e)-Ti%e SysTi%esta%p4ro%-TV #ext-Day To-Char

Brror "unctions:SQLCODESQLEK

Miscellaneous "unctions:etrie,e $ser >D ro% the c$rrent Oracle sessionetrie,e the session >D or the $ser logge* in

Oracle/PLSQL: Oracle Syste% Ta!les

*elow is an alphabetical listing of the Oracle system tables that are commonly used.

Syste% Ta!le Description

3&&H3A>MB%T$ 3rguments in ob@ect accessible to the user

3&&H53T3&O 3ll tables, views, synonyms, seIuences accessible to the user

3&&H5O&H5OMMB%T$ 5omments on columns of accessible tables and views

3&&H5O%$TA39%T$ 5onstraint definitions on accessible tables

3&&H5O%$H5O&>M%$ 9nformation about accessible columns in constraint definitions
http://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/cos.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/ln.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/sin.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/cosh.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/log.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/sinh.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/add_months.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/last_day.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/round_date.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/to_date.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/current_date.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/localtimestamp.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/sessiontimezone.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/trunc_date.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/current_timestamp.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/months_between.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/sysdate.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/tz_offset.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/dbtimezone.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/new_time.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/systimestamp.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/from_tz.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/next_day.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/to_char.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/exceptions/sqlcode.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/exceptions/sqlerrm.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/username.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/uid.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/cos.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/ln.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/sin.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/cosh.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/log.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/sinh.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/add_months.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/last_day.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/round_date.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/to_date.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/current_date.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/localtimestamp.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/sessiontimezone.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/trunc_date.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/current_timestamp.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/months_between.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/sysdate.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/tz_offset.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/dbtimezone.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/new_time.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/systimestamp.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/from_tz.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/next_day.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/to_char.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/exceptions/sqlcode.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/exceptions/sqlerrm.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/username.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/functions/uid.php


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3&&H6*H&9%?$ 6atabase lin+s accessible to the user

3&&HBAAOA$ 5urrent errors on stored ob@ects that user is allowed to create

3&&H9%6BKB$ 6escriptions of indexes on tables accessible to the user

3&&H9%6H5O&>M%$ 5O&>M%s comprising 9%6BKes on accessible T3*&B$

3&&H&O*$ 6escription of &O*s contained in tables accessible to the user

3&&HO*4B5T$ Ob@ects accessible to the user

3&&HO*4B5THT3*&B$ 6escription of all ob@ect tables accessible to the user

3&&H$BD>B%5B$ 6escription of $BD>B%5Bs accessible to the user

3&&H$%3-$=OT$ $napshots the user can access

3&&H$O>A5B 5urrent source on stored ob@ects that user is allowed to create

3&&H$F%O%FM$ 3ll synonyms accessible to the user

3&&HT3*&B$ 6escription of relational tables accessible to the user

3&&HT3*H5O&>M%$ 5olumns of userGs tables, views and clusters

3&&HT3*H5O&H$T3T9$T95$ 5olumns of userGs tables, views and clusters

3&&HT3*H5OMMB%T$ 5omments on tables and views accessible to the user

3&&HTA9BA$ Triggers accessible to the current user

3&&HTA9BAH5O&$ 5olumn usage in userGs triggers or in triggers on userGs tables

3&&HTF-B$ 6escription of types accessible to the user

3&&H>-63T3*&BH5O&>M%$ 6escription of all updatable columns

3&&H>$BA$ 9nformation about all users of the database

3&&H9B!$ 6escription of views accessible to the user


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63T3*3$BH5OM-3T9*&BH&BB& 6atabase compatible parameter set via init.ora

6*3H6*H&9%?$ 3ll database lin+s in the database

6*3HBAAOA$ 5urrent errors on all stored ob@ects in the database

6*3HO*4B5T$ 3ll ob@ects in the database

6*3HAO&B$ 3ll Aoles which exist in the database

6*3HAO&BH-A9$ Aoles granted to users and roles

6*3H$O>A5B $ource of all stored ob@ects in the database

6*3HT3*&B$-35B$ 6escription of all tablespaces

6*3HT3*H-A9$ 3ll grants on ob@ects in the database

6*3HTA9BA$ 3ll triggers in the database

6*3HT$HD>OT3$ Tablespace Iuotas for all users

6*3H>$BA$ 9nformation about all users of the database

6*3H9B!$ 6escription of all views in the database

695T9O%3AF 6escription of data dictionary tables and views

695TH5O&>M%$ 6escription of columns in data dictionary tables and views

&O*3&H%3MB global database name

%&$H63T3*3$BH-3A3MBTBA$ -ermanent %&$ parameters of the database

%&$H9%$T3%5BH-3A3MBTBA$ %&$ parameters of the instance

%&$H$B$$9O%H-3A3MBTBA$ %&$ parameters of the user session

-AO6>5TH5OM-O%B%THBA$9O% version and status information for component products

AO&BHT3*H-A9$ Table privileges granted to roles


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$B$$9O%H-A9$ -rivileges which the user currently has set

$B$$9O%HAO&B$ Aoles which the user currently has enabled.

$F$TBMH-A99&BBHM3- 6escription table for privilege type codes. Maps privilege type numbers to type

names

T3*&BH-A99&BB$ rants on ob@ects for which the user is the grantor, grantee, owner, or an

enabled role or ->*&95 is the grantee

T3*&BH-A99&BBHM3- 6escription table for privilege (auditing option) type codes. Maps privilege

(auditing option) type numbers to type names

Oracle/PLSQL: Pri%ary eys

hat is a pri%ary NeyW

3 pri%ary Neyis a single field or combination of fields that uniIuely defines a record. %one of the fields that are part of the primary +ey can contain a null value. 3 table canhave only one primary +ey.

#ote:

9n Oracle, a primary +ey can not contain more than /2 columns.

3 primary +ey can be defined in either a 5AB3TB T3*&B statement or an 3&TBA T3*&B statement.

sing a CETE T'LE state%ent

The syntax for creating a primary +ey using a 5AB3TB T3*&B statement is:


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CETE T'LE ta!le-na%e(col$%n1 *atatype n$ll/not n$llcol$%n5 *atatype n$ll/not n$llK E (col$%n1 col$%n5 < col$%n-n""7

4or exa%ple:

CETE T'LE s$pplier

( s$pplier-i* n$%eric(10" not n$ll

s$pplier-na%e ,archar5(J0" not n$ll

contact-na%e ,archar5(J0"

CO#ST>#T s$pplier-pN P>K E (s$pplier-i*"

"7

9n this example, weGve created a primary +ey on the supplier table called supplierHp+. 9t consists of only one field # the supplierHid field.

!e could also create a primary +ey with more than one field as in the example below:

CETE T'LE s$pplier




CO#ST>#T s$pplier-pN P>K E (s$pplier-i* s$pplier-na%e"

"7

sing an LTE T'LE state%ent

The syntax for creating a primary +ey in an 3&TBA T3*&B statement is:


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LTE T'LE ta!le-na%ea** CO#ST>#T constraint-na%e P>K E (col$%n1 col$%n5 #T constraint-na%e7

4or exa%ple:

LTE T'LE s$pplier*rop CO#ST>#T s$pplier-pN7


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9n this example, weGre dropping a primary +ey on the supplier table called supplierHp+.

Disa!le a Pri%ary ey

The syntax for disabling a primary +ey is:

LTE T'LE ta!le-na%e*isa!le CO#ST>#T constraint-na%e7

4or exa%ple:

LTE T'LE s$pplier*isa!le CO#ST>#T s$pplier-pN7

9n this example, weGre disabling a primary +ey on the supplier table called supplierHp+.

Ena!le a Pri%ary ey

The syntax for enabling a primary +ey is:

LTE T'LE ta!le-na%eena!le CO#ST>#T constraint-na%e7

4or exa%ple:


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LTE T'LE s$pplierena!le CO#ST>#T s$pplier-pN7

9n this example, weGre enabling a primary +ey on the supplier table called supplierHp+.

Oracle/PLSQL Topics: 4oreign eys

5reating "oreign ?eys:

4oreign eys

4oreign eys )ith casca*e *elete

4oreign eys )ith set n$ll on *elete

6ropping "oreign ?eys:

Drop a oreign Ney

6isableBnable "oreign ?eys:

Disa!le a oreign Ney

Ena!le a oreign Ney

Oracle/PLSQL: 4oreign eys

hat is a oreign NeyW

3 oreign Neymeans that values in one table must also appear in another table.
http://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/foreign_keys/foreign_keys.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/foreign_keys/foreign_delete.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/foreign_keys/foreign_null.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/foreign_keys/drop.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/foreign_keys/disable.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/foreign_keys/enable.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/foreign_keys/foreign_keys.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/foreign_keys/foreign_delete.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/foreign_keys/foreign_null.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/foreign_keys/drop.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/foreign_keys/disable.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/foreign_keys/enable.php


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The referenced table is called the parent ta!lewhile the table with the foreign +ey is called the chil* ta!le. The foreign +ey in the child table will generally reference a pri%aryNeyin the parent table.

3 foreign +ey can be defined in either a 5AB3TB T3*&B statement or an 3&TBA T3*&B statement.


The syntax for creating a foreign +ey using a 5AB3TB T3*&B statement is:

CETE T'LE ta!le-na%e(col$%n1 *atatype n$ll/not n$llcol$%n5 *atatype n$ll/not n$llB# E (col$%n1 col$%n5 #T s$pplier-pN P>K E (s$pplier-i*"

"7

CETE T'LE pro*$cts

( pro*$ct-i* n$%eric(10" not n$ll

s$pplier-i* n$%eric(10" not n $ll

CO#ST>#T N-s$pplier
http://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/primary_keys.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/primary_keys.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/primary_keys.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/primary_keys.php


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4OE>B# E (s$pplier-i*"

E4EE#CES s$pplier(s$pplier-i*"

"7

9n this example, weGve created a primary +ey on the supplier table called supplier_p0. 9t consists of only one field # the supplierHid field. Then weGve created a foreign +ey called

f0_supplieron the products table that references the supplier table based on the supplierHid field.

!e could also create a foreign +ey with more than one field as in the example below:

CETE T'LE s$pplier





"7

CETE T'LE pro*$cts




CO#ST>#T N-s$pplier-co%p

4OE>B# E (s$pplier-i* s$pplier-na%e"

E4EE#CES s$pplier(s$pplier-i* s$pplier-na%e"

"7

9n this example, our foreign +ey called f0_forei.n_compreferences the supplier table based on two fields # the supplierHid and supplierHname fields.


The syntax for creating a foreign +ey in an 3&TBA T3*&B statement is:


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LTE T'LE ta!le-na%ea** CO#ST>#T constraint-na%e 4OE>B# E (col$%n1 col$%n5 #T N-s$pplier 4OE>B# E (s$pplier-i* s$pplier-na%e" E4EE#CES s$pplier(s$pplier-i* s$pplier-na%e"7

Oracle/PLSQL: 4oreign eys )ith casca*e *elete



http://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/primary_keys.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/primary_keys.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/primary_keys.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/primary_keys.php


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3 foreign +ey with a cascade delete means that if a record in the parent table is deleted, then the corresponding records in the child table with automatically be deleted. This iscalled a cascade delete.

3 foreign +ey with a cascade delete can be defined in either a 5AB3TB T3*&B statement or an 3&TBA T3*&B statement.



CETE T'LE ta!le-na%e(col$%n1 *atatype n$ll/not n$llcol$%n5 *atatype n$ll/not n$llB# E (col$%n1 col$%n5 #T s$pplier-pN P>K E (s$pplier-i*"

"7

CETE T'LE pro*$cts




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CO#ST>#T N-s$pplier



O# DELETE CSCDE

"7

9n this example, weGve created a primary +ey on the supplier table called supplier_p0. 9t consists of only one field # the supplierHid field. Then weGve created a foreign +ey calledf0_supplieron the products table that references the supplier table based on the supplierHid field.

*ecause of the cascade delete, when a record in the supplier table is deleted, all records in the products table will also be deleted that have the same supplierHid value.

!e could also create a foreign +ey (with a cascade delete) with more than one field as in the example below:

CETE T'LE s$pplier





"7

CETE T'LE pro*$cts







O# DELETE CSCDE

"7



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The cascade delete on the foreign +ey called f0_forei.n_compcauses all corresponding records in the products table to be cascade deleted when a record in the supplier tableis deleted, based on supplierHid and supplierHname.



LTE T'LE ta!le-na%ea** CO#ST>#T constraint-na%e 4OE>B# E (col$%n1 col$%n5 #T N-s$pplier 4OE>B# E (s$pplier-i* s$pplier-na%e" E4EE#CES s$pplier(s$pplier-i* s$pplier-na%e" O# DELETE CSCDE7


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Oracle/PLSQL: 4oreign eys )ith set n$ll on *elete




3 foreign +ey with a Eset null on deleteE means that if a record in the parent table is deleted, then the corresponding records in the child table will have the foreign +ey fields setto null. The records in the child table will notbe deleted.

3 foreign +ey with a Eset null on deleteE can be defined in either a 5AB3TB T3*&B statement or an 3&TBA T3*&B statement.



CETE T'LE ta!le-na%e(col$%n1 *atatype n$ll/not n$llcol$%n5 *atatype n$ll/not n$llB# E (col$%n1 col$%n5


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CETE T'LE s$pplier





"7

CETE T'LE pro*$cts


s$pplier-i* n$%eric(10"

CO#ST>#T N-s$pplier



O# DELETE SET #LL

"7


*ecause of the set null on delete, when a record in the supplier table is deleted, all corresponding records in the products table will have the supplierHid values set to null.

!e could also create a foreign +ey Eset null on deleteE with more than one field as in the example below:

CETE T'LE s$pplier





"7

CETE T'LE pro*$cts


s$pplier-i* n$%eric(10"


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s$pplier-na%e ,archar5(J0"




O# DELETE SET #LL

"7


The delete on the foreign +ey called f0_forei.n_compcauses all corresponding records in the products table to have the supplierHid and supplierHname fields set to null whena record in the supplier table is deleted, based on supplierHid and supplierHname.



LTE T'LE ta!le-na%ea** CO#ST>#T constraint-na%e 4OE>B# E (col$%n1 col$%n5


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!e could also create a foreign +ey Ewith a set null on deleteE with more than one field as in the example below:

LTE T'LE pro*$cts

a** CO#ST>#T N-s$pplier 4OE>B# E (s$pplier-i* s$pplier-na%e" E4EE#CES s$pplier(s$pplier-i* s$pplier-na%e" O# DELETE SET #LL7

Oracle/PLSQL: Drop a oreign Ney

The syntax for dropping a foreign +ey is:

LTE T'LE ta!le-na%e*rop CO#ST>#T constraint-na%e7

4or exa%ple:

9f you had created a foreign +ey as follows:

CETE T'LE s$pplier





"7

CETE T'LE pro*$cts




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CO#ST>#T N-s$pplier



"7


9f we then wanted to drop the foreign +ey called f+Hsupplier, we could execute the following command:

LTE T'LE pro*$cts*rop CO#ST>#T N-s$pplier7

Oracle/PLSQL: Disa!le a oreign Ney

The syntax for disabling a foreign +ey is:


4or exa%ple:


CETE T'LE s$pplier( s$pplier-i* n$%eric(10" not n$ll





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"7

CETE T'LE pro*$cts



CO#ST>#T N-s$pplier



"7


9f we then wanted to disable the foreign +ey called f+Hsupplier, we could execute the following command:

LTE T'LE pro*$cts

*isa!le CO#ST>#T N-s$pplier7

Oracle/PLSQL: Ena!le a oreign Ney

The syntax for enabling a foreign +ey is:


4or exa%ple:



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CETE T'LE s$pplier





"7

CETE T'LE pro*$cts



CO#ST>#T N-s$pplier



"7


9f the foreign +ey had been *isa!le*and we wanted to enable it, we could execute the following command:

LTE T'LE pro*$ctsena!le CO#ST>#T N-s$pplier7

Oracle/PLSQL: niM$e Constraints

hat is a $niM$e constraintW

3 $niM$e constraintis a single field or combination of fields that uniIuely defines a record. $ome of the fields can contain null values as long as the combination of values isuniIue.

#ote:
http://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/foreign_keys/disable.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/foreign_keys/disable.php


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9n Oracle, a uniIue constraint can not contain more than /2 columns.

3 uniIue constraint can be defined in either a 5AB3TB T3*&B statement or an 3&TBA T3*&B statement.

hat is the *ierence !et)een a $niM$e constraint an* a pri%ary NeyW

Pri%ary ey niM$e

Constraint

%one of the fields that are part of the primary +ey can contain a null

value.

$ome of the

fields that

are part of

the uniIue

constraint

can contain

null values

as long as

the

combination

of values is

uniIue.

Oracle does not permit you to create both a primary +ey and uniIue constraint with the same columns.


The syntax for creating a uniIue constraint using a 5AB3TB T3*&B statement is:

CETE T'LE ta!le-na%e(col$%n1 *atatype n$ll/not n$ll


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col$%n5 *atatype n$ll/not n$llQE (col$%n1 col$%n5 < col$%n-n""7

4or exa%ple:

CETE T'LE s$pplier




CO#ST>#T s$pplier-$niM$e #>QE (s$pplier-i*"

"7

9n this example, weGve created a uniIue constraint on the supplier table called supplierHuniIue. 9t consists of only one field # the supplierHid field.

!e could also create a uniIue constraint with more than one field as in the example below:

CETE T'LE s$pplier




CO#ST>#T s$pplier-$niM$e #>QE (s$pplier-i* s$pplier-na%e"

"7


The syntax for creating a uniIue constraint in an 3&TBA T3*&B statement is:


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LTE T'LE ta!le-na%ea** CO#ST>#T constraint-na%e #>QE (col$%n1 col$%n5 #T constraint-na%e7

4or exa%ple:

LTE T'LE s$pplier*rop CO#ST>#T s$pplier-$niM$e7


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9n this example, weGre dropping a uniIue constraint on the supplier table called supplierHuniIue.

Disa!le a niM$e Constraint

The syntax for disabling a uniIue constraint is:


4or exa%ple:

LTE T'LE s$pplier*isa!le CO#ST>#T s$pplier-$niM$e7

9n this example, weGre disabling a uniIue constraint on the supplier table called supplierHuniIue.

Ena!le a niM$e Constraint

The syntax for enabling a uniIue constraint is:


4or exa%ple:


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LTE T'LE s$pplierena!le CO#ST>#T s$pplier-$niM$e7

9n this example, weGre enabling a uniIue constraint on the supplier table called supplierHuniIue.

Oracle/PLSQL: ChecN Constraints

hat is a checN constraintW

3 checN constraintallows you to specify a condition on each row in a table.

#ote:

3 chec+ constraint can %OT be defined on a +>E.

The chec+ constraint defined on a table must refer to only columns in that table. 9t can not refer to columns in other tables.

3 chec+ constraint can %OT include a S'QE.

3 chec+ constraint can be defined in either a 5AB3TB T3*&B statement or an 3&TBA T3*&B statement.


The syntax for creating a chec+ constraint using a 5AB3TB T3*&B statement is:

CETE T'LE ta!le-na%e(col$%n1 *atatype n$ll/not n$llcol$%n5 *atatype n$ll/not n$ll


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The 69$3*&B +eyword is optional. 9f you create a chec+ constraint using the 69$3*&B +eyword, the constraint will be created, but the condition will not be enforced.

4or exa%ple:

CETE T'LE s$ppliers

( s$pplier-i* n$%eric(6"

s$pplier-na%e ,archar5(J0"

CO#ST>#T checN-s$pplier-i*

CAEC (s$pplier-i* 'ETEE# 100 an* 9999"

"7

9n this first example, weGve created a chec+ constraint on the suppliers table called chec+HsupplierHid. This constraint ensures that the supplierHid field contains valuesbetween and 7777.

CETE T'LE s$ppliers

( s$pplier-i* n$%eric(6"s$pplier-na%e ,archar5(J0"

CO#ST>#T checN-s$pplier-na%e

CAEC (s$pplier-na%e 2 $pper(s$pplier-na%e""

"7

9n this second example, weGve created a chec+ constraint called chec+HsupplierHname. This constraint ensures that the supplierHname column always contains uppercasecharacters.


The syntax for creating a chec+ constraint in an 3&TBA T3*&B statement is:


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LTE T'LE ta!le-na%ea** CO#ST>#T constraint-na%e CAEC (col$%n-na%e con*ition" .D>S'LE7

The 69$3*&B +eyword is optional. 9f you create a chec+ constraint using the 69$3*&B +eyword, the constraint will be created, but the condition will not be enforced.

4or exa%ple:

LTE T'LE s$ppliersa** CO#ST>#T checN-s$pplier-na%e CAEC (s$pplier-na%e ># (=>'K= =Kicrosot= =#+>D>=""7

9n this example, weGve created a chec+ constraint on the existing suppliers table called chec+HsupplierHname. 9t ensures that the supplierHname field only contains thefollowing values: 9*M, Microsoft, or %9693.

Drop a ChecN Constraint

The syntax for dropping a chec+ constraint is:

LTE T'LE ta!le-na%e*rop CO#ST>#T constraint-na%e7

4or exa%ple:

LTE T'LE s$ppliers*rop CO#ST>#T checN-s$pplier-i*7

9n this example, weGre dropping a chec+ constraint on the suppliers table called chec+HsupplierHid.


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Ena!le a ChecN Constraint

The syntax for enabling a chec+ constraint is:


4or exa%ple:

LTE T'LE s$ppliersena!le CO#ST>#T checN-s$pplier-i*7

9n this example, weGre enabling a chec+ constraint on the suppliers table called chec+HsupplierHid.

Disa!le a ChecN Constraint

The syntax for disabling a chec+ constraint is:


4or exa%ple:

LTE T'LE s$ppliers

*isa!le CO#ST>#T checN-s$pplier-i*7

9n this example, weGre disabling a chec+ constraint on the suppliers table called chec+HsupplierHid.


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Oracle/PLSQL: >n*exes

hat is an >n*exW

3n in*exis a performance#tuning method of allowing faster retrieval of records. 3n index creates an entry for each value that appears in the indexed columns. *y default,Oracle creates *#tree indexes.

Create an >n*ex

The syntax for creating a index is:

CETE .#>QE >#DE in*ex-na%e O# ta!le-na%e (col$%n1 col$%n5 < col$%n-n" . COKPTE STT>ST>CS 7

>%9D>B indicates that the combination of values in the indexed columns must be uniIue.

5OM->TB $T3T9$T95$ tells Oracle to collect statistics during the creation of the index. The statistics are then used by the optimizer to choose a Eplan of executionE when$D& statements are executed.

4or exa%ple:

CETE >#DE s$pplier-i*x O# s$pplier (s$pplier-na%e"7

9n this example, weGve created an index on the supplier table called supplierHidx. 9t consists of only one field # the supplierHname field.


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!e could also create an index with more than one field as in the example below:

CETE >#DE s$pplier-i*x O# s$pplier (s$pplier-na%e city"7

!e could also choose to collect statistics upon creation of the index as follows:

CETE >#DE s$pplier-i*x O# s$pplier (s$pplier-na%e city" COKPTE STT>ST>CS7

Create a 4$nction@'ase* >n*ex

9n Oracle, you are not restricted to creating indexes on only columns. Fou can create function#based indexes.

The syntax for creating a function#based index is:

CETE .#>QE >#DE in*ex-na%e O# ta!le-na%e ($nction1 $nction5 < $nction-n" . COKPTE STT>ST>CS 7

4or exa%ple:

CETE >#DE s$pplier-i*x O# s$pplier (PPE(s$pplier-na%e""7

9n this example, weGve created an index based on the uppercase evaluation of the supplier_namefield.


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=owever, to be sure that the Oracle optimizer uses this index when executing your $D& statements, be sure that >--BA(supplierHname) does not evaluate to a %>&& value.To ensure this, add PPE(s$pplier-na%e" >S #OT #LLto your !=BAB clause as follows:

SELECT s$pplier-i* s$pplier-na%e PPE(s$pplier-na%e"4OK s$pplierAEE PPE(s$pplier-na%e" >S #OT #LL

ODE ' PPE(s$pplier-na%e"7

ena%e an >n*ex

The syntax for renaming an index is:

LTE >#DE in*ex-na%e E#KE TO ne)-in*ex-na%e7

4or exa%ple:

LTE >#DE s$pplier-i*x E#KE TO s$pplier-in*ex-na%e7

9n this example, weGre renaming the index called supplier_idxto supplier_index_name.

Collect Statistics on an >n*ex

9f you forgot to collect statistics on the index when you first created it or you want to update the statistics, you can always use the 3&TBA 9%6BK command to collect statisticsat a later date.

The syntax for collecting statistics on an index is:


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LTE >#DE in*ex-na%e E'>LD COKPTE STT>ST>CS7

4or exa%ple:

LTE >#DE s$pplier-i*x E'>LD COKPTE STT>ST>CS7

9n this example, weGre collecting statistics for the index called supplierHidx.

Drop an >n*ex

The syntax for dropping an index is:

DOP >#DE in*ex-na%e7

4or exa%ple:

DOP >#DE s$pplier-i*x7

9n this example, weGre dropping an index called supplierHidx.

Oracle/PLSQL: Creating 4$nctions


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9n Oracle, you can create your own functions.

The syntax for a function is:

CETE .O EPLCE 4#CT>O# $nction-na%e . (para%eter .para%eter"

ET# ret$rn-*atatype>S 3 S .*eclaration-section'EB># exec$ta!le-section.ECEPT>O# exception-sectionE#D .$nction-na%e7

!hen you create a procedure or function, you may define parameters. There are three types of parameters that can be declared:

. >## The parameter can be referenced by the procedure or function. The value of the parameter can not be overwritten by the procedure or function.

2. OT# The parameter can not be referenced by the procedure or function, but the value of the parameter can be overwritten by the procedure or function.

/. ># OT# The parameter can be referenced by the procedure or function and the value of the parameter can be overwritten by the procedure or function.

The following is a simple example of a function:

CETE O EPLCE 4$nction 4in*Co$rse ( na%e-in ># ,archar5 " ET# n$%!er>S

cn$%!er n$%!er7

c$rsor c1 is select co$rse-n$%!er


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ro% co$rses-t!l )here co$rse-na%e 2 na%e-in7

'EB>#

open c17

etch c1 into cn$%!er7


close c17

ET# cn$%!er7

ECEPT>O#AE# OTAES TAE# raise-application-error(@50001=n error )as enco$ntere* @ =33SQLCODE33= @EO@ =33SQLEK"7E#D7

This function is called "ind5ourse. 9t has one parameter called name_inand it returns a number. The function will return the course number if it finds a match based on coursename. Otherwise, it returns a 77777.

Fou could then reference your new function in an $D& statement as follows:

select co$rse-na%e 4in*Co$rse(co$rse-na%e" as co$rse-i*ro% co$rses)here s$!&ect 2 =Kathe%atics=7

Oracle/PLSQL: Creating Proce*$res

9n Oracle, you can create your own procedures.


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The syntax for a procedure is:

CETE .O EPLCE POCEDE proce*$re-na%e . (para%eter .para%eter" >S .*eclaration-section

'EB># exec$ta!le-section.ECEPT>O# exception-sectionE#D .proce*$re-na%e7

!hen you create a procedure or function, you may define parameters. There are three types of parameters that can be declared:

. >## The parameter can be referenced by the procedure or function. The value of the parameter can not be overwritten by the procedure or function.

2. OT# The parameter can not be referenced by the procedure or function, but the value of the parameter can be overwritten by the procedure or function.

/. ># OT# The parameter can be referenced by the procedure or function and the value of the parameter can be overwritten by the procedure or function.

The following is a simple example of a procedure:

CETE O EPLCE Proce*$re p*ateCo$rse ( na%e-in ># ,archar5 ">S cn$%!er n$%!er7

c$rsor c1 is select co$rse-n$%!er

ro% co$rses-t!l )here co$rse-na%e 2 na%e-in7

'EB>#


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insert into st$*ent-co$rses( co$rse-na%e co$rse-n$%!er",al$es ( na%e-in cn$%!er "7

co%%it7

close c17

ECEPT>O#AE# OTAES TAE#

raise-application-error(@50001=n error )as enco$ntere* @ =33SQLCODE33= @EO@ =33SQLEK"7E#D7

This procedure is called >pdate5ourse. 9t has one parameter called name_in. The procedure will loo+up the courseHnumber based on course name. 9f it does not find a match,it defaults the course number to 77777. 9t then inserts a new record into the studentHcourses table.

Oracle/PLSQL Topics: Creating Triggers

9nsert Triggers:

'E4OE >#SET Trigger

4TE >#SET Trigger

>pdate Triggers:
http://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/triggers/before_insert.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/triggers/after_insert.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/triggers/before_insert.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/triggers/after_insert.php


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'E4OE PDTE Trigger

4TE PDTE Trigger

6elete Triggers:

'E4OE DELETE Trigger

4TE DELETE Trigger

6rop Triggers:

Drop a Trigger

6isableBnable Triggers:

Disa!le a Trigger

Disa!le all Triggers on a ta!le

Ena!le a Trigger

Ena!le all Triggers on a ta!le

Oracle/PLSQL: 'E4OE >#SET Trigger

3 *B"OAB 9%$BAT Trigger means that Oracle will fire this trigger before the 9%$BAT operation is executed.

The syntax for an *B"OAB 9%$BAT Trigger is:

CETE or EPLCE T>BBE trigger_name'E4OE >#SET O# table_name
http://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/triggers/before_update.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/triggers/after_update.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/triggers/before_delete.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/triggers/after_delete.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/triggers/drop.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/triggers/disable.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/triggers/disable_all.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/triggers/enable.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/triggers/enable_all.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/triggers/before_update.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/triggers/after_update.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/triggers/before_delete.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/triggers/after_delete.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/triggers/drop.phphttp://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/triggers/

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