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Plant invasions: consequences for plant-pollinator interactions Ignasi Bartomeus Roig • November 2008 • Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona • CREAF [email protected] •Advisor: Montserrat Vilà •
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Page 1: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Plant invasions: consequences forplant-pollinator interactions

Ignasi Bartomeus Roig • November 2008 • Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona • CREAF•[email protected]•Advisor: Montserrat Vilà •

Page 2: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions
Page 3: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Mack et al.(2000)Ecol Applic

Globalization Increase transport

Page 4: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Mack et al.(2000)Ecol Applic

Globalization Increase transport

21 million flights/day 470 million tones/day

World Bank(2002)

Page 5: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Intentional Unintentional

Mack et al.(2000)Ecol Applic

Globalization Increase transport

21 million flights/day 470 million tones/day

World Bank(2002)

Page 6: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Intentional Unintentional

Mack et al.(2000)Ecol Applic

Globalization Increase transport

21 million flights/day 470 million tones/day

World Bank(2002)

Page 7: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Introduction

Naturalization

Invasion

Invasion process:

Page 8: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Introduction

Naturalization

Invasion

Invasion process:

Page 9: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Introduction

Naturalization

Invasion

Invasion process:

Page 10: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Introduction

Naturalization

Invasion

Invasion process:

Page 11: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Introduction

Naturalization

Invasion

Invasive species characteristics Reproduction system Pre-adaptations

Invaded ecosystem characteristics Empty niches Lack of natural enemies Perturbations

Invasion process:

Page 12: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Introduction

Naturalization

Invasion

Ecological impacts Competition

Economic impacts

Impacts:

Invasion process:

Page 13: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Introduction

Naturalization

Invasion

Ecological impacts Competition

Economic impacts

Impacts:

Invasion process:

Page 14: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Introduction

Naturalization

Invasion

Loss of Biodiversity

Ecological impacts Competition

Economic impacts

Impacts:

Invasion process:

Page 15: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions
Page 16: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Network

Page 17: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Network

Pollination: Mutualism Ecological service Endangered

Page 18: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Traveset & Richardson(2006)TrEE

Page 19: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Traveset & Richardson(2006)TrEE

Page 20: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

New Interactions

Traveset & Richardson(2006)TrEE

Page 21: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

New InteractionsMutualistic

networks

Traveset & Richardson(2006)TrEE

Page 22: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

New InteractionsMutualistic

networks

Traveset & Richardson(2006)TrEE

Rosmarinus officinalis, Lavandula stoeachs, Cistus spp...

Page 23: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

New InteractionsMutualistic

networks

Traveset & Richardson(2006)TrEE

Rosmarinus officinalis, Lavandula stoeachs, Cistus spp...

Page 24: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Bjerkens et al.(2007)Biol Cons

Direct effects

Impacts on native plants

Page 25: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Bjerkens et al.(2007)Biol Cons

Pollinator sharing

Direct effects

Impacts on native plants

Page 26: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Bjerkens et al.(2007)Biol Cons

Visits to natives

Direct effects

Impacts on native plants

Page 27: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Bjerkens et al.(2007)Biol Cons

Visits to natives

Direct effects

Impacts on native plants

Page 28: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Bjerkens et al.(2007)Biol Cons

Visits to natives

Direct effects

Impacts on native plants

Page 29: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Bjerkens et al.(2007)Biol Cons

Visits to natives

Direct effects

Impacts on native plants

Page 30: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Bjerkens et al.(2007)Biol Cons

Pollen transport

Direct effects

Impacts on native plants

Page 31: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Direct effects

CompetitionFacilitationCompetition No effectBjerkens et al.(2007)Biol Cons

Seed set

Impacts on native plants

Page 32: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Direct effects

CompetitionFacilitationCompetition No effectBjerkens et al.(2007)Biol Cons

Chittka & Schurkens(2001)Nature

Seed set

Impacts on native plants

Focal Plant studies:

Page 33: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Direct effects

CompetitionFacilitationCompetition No effectBjerkens et al.(2007)Biol Cons

Moragues & Traveset (2005)Biol Cons

Seed set

Impacts on native plants

Focal Plant studies:

Page 34: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Direct effects

CompetitionFacilitationCompetition No effectBjerkens et al.(2007)Biol Cons

Totland et al.(2006)J BotLarson et al.(2006)Biol Cons Nilsen et al.(2008)Biol Inv

Muñoz & Cavieres (2008)J Ecolet al...

Seed set

Impacts on native plants

Focal Plant studies:

Page 35: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Study species:

Page 36: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

South Africa s.XIXFast clonal growthHybrid8-10 cm pollen rich flowersGardening and soil fixation

Carpobrotus aff. acinaciformis

Study species:

Page 37: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

South Africa s.XIXFast clonal growthHybrid8-10 cm pollen rich flowersGardening and soil fixation

Carpobrotus aff. acinaciformis

Opuntia stricta

Central America s.XVI1.5 m high5 cm pollen rich flowersOrnamental

Study species:

Page 38: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

South Africa s.XIXFast clonal growthHybrid8-10 cm pollen rich flowersGardening and soil fixation

Carpobrotus aff. acinaciformis

Opuntia stricta

Central America s.XVI1.5 m high5 cm pollen rich flowersOrnamental

Impatiens glandulifera

Himalayas s.XX2 m highAnnual4 cm nectar and pollen rich flowers

Study species:

Page 39: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Breeding system & pollen limitation

Effects on plant-pollinators networks

Invasive pollen transfer to native stigmas!

Combined effects of invasion & landscape structure

Objectives:

Page 40: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Breeding system and pollen limitation

I C

Bartomeus I, Vilà M(Submited)

Page 41: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Breeding system and pollen limitation I C

Asexual reproduction Self compatible Generalist

Baker(1967)Evolution

Page 42: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Breeding system and pollen limitation

New Interactions New Interactions

Parcker and Haubenask (2002)Oecologia

I C

Asexual reproduction Self compatible Generalist

Baker(1967)Evolution

Page 43: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Study sites:Breeding system and pollen limitation

Opuntia strictaCarpobrotus aff. acinaciformis

Suehs et al.(2004)Heredity

I C

Page 44: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Study sites:Breeding system and pollen limitation

Opuntia strictaCarpobrotus aff. acinaciformis

Suehs et al.(2004)Heredity

I C

Page 45: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Study sites:Breeding system and pollen limitation

Opuntia strictaCarpobrotus aff. acinaciformis

Suehs et al.(2004)Heredity

I C

Page 46: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Kearns & Inouye(1993)

5 Treatments:

Forced out-crossing Open pollination Anemogamy Facilitated self-pollination Spontaneous self-pollination

40 flowers treatment x 3 site

Breeding system and pollen limitation I C

Page 47: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Breeding system and pollen limitation I C

Site 1Site 2Site 3

Forced Out-crossing

Page 48: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Breeding system and pollen limitation I C

Site 1Site 2Site 3

Forced Out-crossing

Page 49: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Breeding system and pollen limitation I C

Site 1Site 2Site 3

Forced Out-crossing

Page 50: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Breeding system and pollen limitation I C

Site 1Site 2Site 3

Forced Out-crossing

Page 51: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Breeding system and pollen limitation I C

Site 1Site 2Site 3

Forced Out-crossing

Page 52: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Breeding system and pollen limitation I C

Site 1Site 2Site 3

Forced Out-crossing

Page 53: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Breeding system and pollen limitation I C

Site 1Site 2Site 3

Forced Out-crossing

Page 54: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Breeding system and pollen limitation I C

Site 1Site 2Site 3

Forced Out-crossing

Page 55: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Breeding system and pollen limitation

Low self-compatibility They need pollinators

I C

Page 56: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Breeding system and pollen limitation

Low self-compatibility They need pollinators

Slightly pollen limited Hybrid Coleoptera

I C

Page 57: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Breeding system and pollen limitation

Low self-compatibility They need pollinators

Slightly pollen limited Hybrid Coleoptera

I C

Efficient pollinators

Xilocopa violacea & Apis mellifera

Page 58: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Breeding system and pollen limitation

Low self-compatibility They need pollinators

Slightly pollen limited Hybrid Coleoptera

I C

Efficient pollinators

Xilocopa violacea & Apis mellifera

Page 59: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks

I C

Bartomeus I, Vilà M & Santamaria L(2008)Oecologia

Page 60: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks I C

Page 61: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks I C

Page 62: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks I C

Page 63: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks

Competition with natives at a community level Pollinator sharing Decrease the number of visits to natives Changes in the community structure Nestedness Centrality Strength

I C

Page 64: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networksOpuntia strictaCarpobrotus aff. acinaciformis

I C

Page 65: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks

inix3

50x50

I C

Page 66: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks

ini

inix3

x3

50x50

I C

Page 67: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks

ini

inix3

x3

50x50

I C

Page 68: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks

ini

inix3

x3We sample:All plant species Along all the season

50x50

I C

Page 69: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks

Pollinator species

53 species to natives23 species to Carpobrotus (42%)

I C

Page 70: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks

Pollinator species

53 species to natives23 species to Carpobrotus (42%)

7 Visits natives

Visits

27 Visits Carpobrotus

I C

Page 71: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks

>70% natives increase nº visits in invaded plots (GLMM P<0.02)

Pollinator species

53 species to natives23 species to Carpobrotus (42%)

7 Visits natives

Visits

27 Visits Carpobrotus

I C

Page 72: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks

Pollinator species

54 species to natives17 species to Opuntia (31%)

I C

Page 73: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks

19% visitsXilocopa violacea

Pollinator species

54 species to natives17 species to Opuntia (31%)

I C

Page 74: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks

19% visitsXilocopa violacea

Pollinator species

54 species to natives17 species to Opuntia (31%)

6 Visits natives

Visits

44 Visits Opuntia

I C

Page 75: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks

>60% natives decrease nº visits in invaded plots (GLMM P=0.04)

19% visitsXilocopa violacea

Pollinator species

54 species to natives17 species to Opuntia (31%)

6 Visits natives

Visits

44 Visits Opuntia

I C

Page 76: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks I C

Page 77: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks I C

Page 78: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks I C

Page 79: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks I C

Page 80: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks I C

Page 81: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks

Carpobrotus aff. acinaciformis

Plan

ts

Polli

nato

rsI C

Page 82: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks

Nestedness

Bascompte et al.(2003)PNAS

I C

Page 83: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks

Nestedness

Bascompte et al.(2003)PNAS

I C

Page 84: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks

Nestedness

Bascompte et al.(2003)PNAS

Isocline

I C

Page 85: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks

Nestedness

Bascompte et al.(2003)PNAS

N= 0.83

Isocline

I C

Page 86: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks

Nestedness

Bascompte et al.(2003)PNAS

N= 0.83

Isocline

I C

Page 87: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks

Nestedness

Bascompte et al.(2003)PNAS

N= 0.83

Isocline

I C

Page 88: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks2. Nestedness

Bascompte, Jordano, Melián and Olesen (2003). PNAS 100: 9383-9387

N=1

N=0.55

N=0.742, P<0.01Olesen & Elberling

Nestedness2. Nestedness

Bascompte, Jordano, Melián and Olesen (2003). PNAS 100: 9383-9387

N=1

N=0.55

N=0.742, P<0.01Olesen & Elberling

2. Nestedness

Bascompte, Jordano, Melián and Olesen (2003). PNAS 100: 9383-9387

N=1

N=0.55

N=0.742, P<0.01Olesen & Elberling

2. Nestedness

Bascompte, Jordano, Melián and Olesen (2003). PNAS 100: 9383-9387

N=1

N=0.55

N=0.742, P<0.01Olesen & Elberling

Null model2. Nestedness

Bascompte, Jordano, Melián and Olesen (2003). PNAS 100: 9383-9387

N=1

N=0.55

N=0.742, P<0.01Olesen & Elberling

I C

Page 89: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks2. Nestedness

Bascompte, Jordano, Melián and Olesen (2003). PNAS 100: 9383-9387

N=1

N=0.55

N=0.742, P<0.01Olesen & Elberling

Nestedness

50% more nested than by random No differences in Nestedness for Carpobrotus

Invaded communities more nested than uninvaded for Opuntia.

2. Nestedness

Bascompte, Jordano, Melián and Olesen (2003). PNAS 100: 9383-9387

N=1

N=0.55

N=0.742, P<0.01Olesen & Elberling

2. Nestedness

Bascompte, Jordano, Melián and Olesen (2003). PNAS 100: 9383-9387

N=1

N=0.55

N=0.742, P<0.01Olesen & Elberling

2. Nestedness

Bascompte, Jordano, Melián and Olesen (2003). PNAS 100: 9383-9387

N=1

N=0.55

N=0.742, P<0.01Olesen & Elberling

Null model2. Nestedness

Bascompte, Jordano, Melián and Olesen (2003). PNAS 100: 9383-9387

N=1

N=0.55

N=0.742, P<0.01Olesen & Elberling

I C

Page 90: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks2. Nestedness

Bascompte, Jordano, Melián and Olesen (2003). PNAS 100: 9383-9387

N=1

N=0.55

N=0.742, P<0.01Olesen & Elberling

Nestedness

50% more nested than by random No differences in Nestedness for Carpobrotus

Invaded communities more nested than uninvaded for Opuntia.

2. Nestedness

Bascompte, Jordano, Melián and Olesen (2003). PNAS 100: 9383-9387

N=1

N=0.55

N=0.742, P<0.01Olesen & Elberling

2. Nestedness

Bascompte, Jordano, Melián and Olesen (2003). PNAS 100: 9383-9387

N=1

N=0.55

N=0.742, P<0.01Olesen & Elberling

2. Nestedness

Bascompte, Jordano, Melián and Olesen (2003). PNAS 100: 9383-9387

N=1

N=0.55

N=0.742, P<0.01Olesen & Elberling

Null model2. Nestedness

Bascompte, Jordano, Melián and Olesen (2003). PNAS 100: 9383-9387

N=1

N=0.55

N=0.742, P<0.01Olesen & Elberling

I C

Page 91: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Centrality: Degree & Betweenness

Pajek Softweare

Page 92: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Centrality: Degree & Betweenness

High Degree-Centrality

Pajek Softweare

Page 93: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Centrality: Degree & Betweenness

High Betweenness-Centrality

Pajek Softweare

Page 94: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Centrality: Degree & Betweenness

High Betweenness-Centrality

Pajek Softweare

Page 95: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Centrality: Degree & Betweenness

High Betweenness-Centrality

DCCarpobrotus > DCnatives (0.3) (0.09) DCOpuntia > DCnatives (0.38) (0.08)

BCCarpobrotus > BCnatives (0.33) (0.08)BCOpuntia > BCnatives (0.46) (0.06)

Pajek Softweare

Page 96: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks

Opuntia stricta

Plan

ts

Polli

nato

rs

j i

I C

Bascompte et al.(2006)Science

Page 97: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks

Opuntia stricta

Plan

ts

Polli

nato

rs

j i

dji = nºVji/nº VjDependence of j on i:

I C

Bascompte et al.(2006)Science

Page 98: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks

Opuntia stricta

Plan

ts

Polli

nato

rs

j i

dji = nºVji/nº VjDependence of j on i:Si = ∑ djiStrength of i:

I C

Bascompte et al.(2006)Science

Page 99: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks

Opuntia stricta

Plan

ts

Polli

nato

rs

j i

SCarpobrotus > Snatives (6.5) (2.2) SOpuntia > Snatives (8.1) (2.1)

Strength

dji = nºVji/nº VjDependence of j on i:Si = ∑ djiStrength of i:

I C

Bascompte et al.(2006)Science

Page 100: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks

Both invaders are generalists: Nº Pollinators Nº of visits Position in the network

I C

Page 101: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks

Different effects on plant comunity: Increase visits in Carpobrotus plots Decrease visits in Opuntia plots

I C

Page 102: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Invasive pollen transfer to native stigmas

I C

Bartomeus I, Bosch J & Vilà M (2008) Annals of Botany

Page 103: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

CompetitionFacilitationCompetition No effect

Invasive pollen transfer to native stigmas I C

Page 104: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

CompetitionFacilitationCompetition No effect

Invasive pollen transfer to native stigmas I C

Page 105: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Invasive pollen transfer to native stigmas

Shared pollinators

I C

Page 106: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Invasive pollen transfer to native stigmas

Pollen loads in pollinator bodies Conspecific pollen Invasive > heterospecific native pollen

Shared pollinators

I C

Page 107: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Invasive pollen transfer to native stigmas

Pollen loads in pollinator bodies Conspecific pollen Invasive > heterospecific native pollen

Pollen deposition in native plant stigmas

Proportion of invasive pollen

Shared pollinators

I C

Page 108: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Effects on plant-pollination networks

Carpobrotus aff. acinaciformis

I C

Page 109: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Carpobrotus

39% plant cover 36% of visits

Fuchsine stained gelatine

Invasive pollen transfer to native stigmas I C

Page 110: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Carpobrotus

39% plant cover 36% of visits

Fuchsine stained gelatine

5 Plant species 49% plant cover

51% of visits

10 pollinators (5 bees, 5 beetles)

76% of visits

Invasive pollen transfer to native stigmas I C

Page 111: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Carpobrotus

39% plant cover 36% of visits

Fuchsine stained gelatine

30 stigmas x species

15 pollinators x interaction

5 Plant species 49% plant cover

51% of visits

10 pollinators (5 bees, 5 beetles)

76% of visits

Invasive pollen transfer to native stigmas I C

Page 112: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Oxythyrea funestaCistus albidus

Invasive pollen transfer to native stigmas I C

Page 113: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Oxythyrea funestaCistus albidus

Invasive pollen transfer to native stigmas

Andrena sp.Cistus salvifolius

I C

Page 114: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Oxythyrea funestaCistus albidus

Invasive pollen transfer to native stigmas

Andrena sp.Cistus salvifolius

Cistus monspeliensis

I C

Page 115: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Oxythyrea funestaCistus albidus

Invasive pollen transfer to native stigmas

Andrena sp.Cistus salvifolius

Cistus monspeliensis

Lavandula stoechas Eucera sp

I C

Page 116: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Oxythyrea funestaCistus albidus

Invasive pollen transfer to native stigmas

Andrena sp.Cistus salvifolius

Cistus monspeliensis

Lavandula stoechas Eucera sp

I C

Sonchus tenerrimus Criptocephalus sp

Page 117: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Invasive pollen transfer to native stigmas

Apis melifera Bombus terrestris

Andrena sp.

Anthidium sticticum

Halictus gemmeus

Oxythyrea funesta

Cryptocephalus spMordella sp

Oedemera spp.Psilothrix sp

I C

Page 118: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Invasive pollen transfer to native stigmas

Apis melifera Bombus terrestris

Andrena sp.

Anthidium sticticum

Halictus gemmeus

Oxythyrea funesta

Cryptocephalus spMordella sp

Oedemera spp.Psilothrix sp

CistusLavandula

Carpobrotus

I C

Page 119: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Invasive pollen transfer to native stigmas

Apis melifera Bombus terrestris

Andrena sp.

Anthidium sticticum

Halictus gemmeus

Oxythyrea funesta

Cryptocephalus spMordella sp

Oedemera spp.Psilothrix sp

We counted 139 063 pollen grains Average: 3 pollen species per individual

CistusLavandula

Carpobrotus

I C

Page 120: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Invasive pollen transfer to native stigmas

Apis melifera Bombus terrestris

Andrena sp.

Anthidium sticticum

Halictus gemmeus

Oxythyrea funesta

Cryptocephalus spMordella sp

Oedemera spp.Psilothrix sp

We counted 139 063 pollen grains Average: 3 pollen species per individual

CistusLavandula

Carpobrotus

73% carried invasive pollen

I C

Page 121: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Invasive pollen transfer to native stigmas

Apis melifera Bombus terrestris

Andrena sp.

Anthidium sticticum

Halictus gemmeus

Oxythyrea funesta

Cryptocephalus spMordella sp

Oedemera spp.Psilothrix sp

We counted 139 063 pollen grains Average: 3 pollen species per individual

CistusLavandula

Carpobrotus

73% carried invasive pollen

23% of pollen was invasive

I C

Page 122: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Main Results

Invasive pollen transfer to native stigmas I C

Page 123: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Main Results

Invasive pollen transfer to native stigmas I C

Page 124: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Main Results

Invasive pollen transfer to native stigmas I C

Page 125: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Main Results

Invasive pollen transfer to native stigmas I C

Page 126: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

2 pollinators (bees): Dominant heterospecific > invasive (p < 0.001)6 pollinators:Dominant heterospecific ∼ invasive2 pollinators (beetles): Invasive > dominant heterospecific (p < 0.006)

Invasive vs. heterospecific native pollenInvasive pollen transfer to native stigmas I C

Page 127: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

2 pollinators (bees): Dominant heterospecific > invasive (p < 0.001)6 pollinators:Dominant heterospecific ∼ invasive2 pollinators (beetles): Invasive > dominant heterospecific (p < 0.006)

Invasive vs. heterospecific native pollenInvasive pollen transfer to native stigmas I C

Page 128: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

All stigmas were covered by pollen Average: 2 pollen species

per stigma

Invasive pollen transfer to native stigmas

36% invasive pollen

stigmas

I C

Page 129: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

All stigmas were covered by pollen Average: 2 pollen species

per stigma

Invasive < heterospecific < conspecific (χ2, p < 0.0001)

Invasive pollen transfer to native stigmas

36% invasive pollen

stigmas

I C

Page 130: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

1) pollinator species sharing

Invasive pollen transfer to native stigmas I C

Page 131: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

1) pollinator species sharing

2) effective pollen transfer

Invasive pollen transfer to native stigmas I C

Page 132: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

1) pollinator species sharing

3) low invasive pollen loads

2) effective pollen transfer

Invasive pollen transfer to native stigmas I C

Page 133: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

1) pollinator species sharing

4) lower invasive pollen deposition

3) low invasive pollen loads

2) effective pollen transfer

Invasive pollen transfer to native stigmas I C

Page 134: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

1) pollinator species sharing

4) lower invasive pollen deposition

3) low invasive pollen loads

2) effective pollen transfer

Invasive pollen transfer to native stigmas

...Floral constancy, morphology & temporal presentation

I C

Page 135: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Combined effects of invasion & landscape structure

I C

Bartomeus I, Vilà M & Setffan-Dewenter I(In preparation)

Page 136: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Combined effects of invasion & landscape structure I C

Page 137: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Combined effects of invasion & landscape structure I C

Page 138: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Combined effects of invasion & landscape structure

Invasion

I C

Page 139: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Landscape context

Combined effects of invasion & landscape structure

Invasion

I C

Page 140: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Combined effects of invasion & landscape structure I C

Steffan-Dewenter et al.(2002)Ecology

Page 141: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Combined effects of invasion & landscape structure I C

Steffan-Dewenter et al.(2002)Ecology

Page 142: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Combined effects of invasion & landscape structure I C

Steffan-Dewenter et al.(2002)Ecology

Page 143: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Combined effects of invasion & landscape structure I C

Steffan-Dewenter et al.(2002)Ecology

Page 144: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Combined effects of invasion & landscape structure I C

Westphal et al.(2003)Ecol Lett

Page 145: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Combined effects of invasion & landscape structure I C

Westphal et al.(2003)Ecol Lett

Page 146: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Combined effects of invasion & landscape structure I C

Westphal et al.(2003)Ecol Lett

Page 147: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

X 14 sites in a landscape gradientCombined effects of invasion & landscape structure

17% of natural cover71% of natural cover

GrasslandAgricultural fields

Human activity area

Landscape sites at 3000 m radii.

Forest

I C

Page 148: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

X 14 sites in a landscape gradientCombined effects of invasion & landscape structure

17% of natural cover71% of natural cover

GrasslandAgricultural fields

Human activity area

Landscape sites at 3000 m radii.

Forest

I C

100m 100m

Before Impatiens flowering period

Raphanus sativus pots

Impatiens stands

Page 149: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

X 14 sites in a landscape gradient

100m 100m

During Impatiens flowering peak

Combined effects of invasion & landscape structure

17% of natural cover71% of natural cover

GrasslandAgricultural fields

Human activity area

Landscape sites at 3000 m radii.

Forest

I C

100m 100m

Before Impatiens flowering period

Raphanus sativus pots

Impatiens stands

Page 150: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Log (proportion of agricultural land cover)

Log

(num

ber

of b

umbl

ebee

s visit

s)

0

1

2

21 1.5

Combined effects of invasion & landscape structure

Before Impatiens floweringDuring Impatiens flowering

R2= 0.25; p< 0.003

I C

Page 151: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Log (proportion of agricultural land cover)

Log

(num

ber

of b

umbl

ebee

s visit

s)

0

1

2

21 1.5

Combined effects of invasion & landscape structure

Before Impatiens floweringDuring Impatiens flowering

R2= 0.25; p< 0.003

I C

Page 152: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

a a

b

c

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Before /Non-invaded

Before /Invaded

During /Non-invaded

During /Invaded

visits to natives

Numbe

r of

visi

ts t

o th

e co

mmun

ity

b

visits to invader

Combined effects of invasion & landscape structure I C

Page 153: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

a a

b

c

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Before /Non-invaded

Before /Invaded

During /Non-invaded

During /Invaded

visits to natives

Numbe

r of

visi

ts t

o th

e co

mmun

ity

b

visits to invader

Combined effects of invasion & landscape structure I C

Page 154: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

a a

b

c

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Before /Non-invaded

Before /Invaded

During /Non-invaded

During /Invaded

visits to natives

Numbe

r of

visi

ts t

o th

e co

mmun

ity

b

visits to invader

Combined effects of invasion & landscape structure I C

Page 155: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

% Fruit setNº Visits

Raphanus pots

Combined effects of invasion & landscape structure

Before /Non-invaded

Before /Invaded

During /Non-invaded

During /Invaded

I C

Nº V

isits

/%

Fru

it se

t

Page 156: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

% Fruit setNº Visits

Raphanus pots

Combined effects of invasion & landscape structure

Before /Non-invaded

Before /Invaded

During /Non-invaded

During /Invaded

I C

Nº V

isits

/%

Fru

it se

t

Page 157: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Combined effects of invasion & landscape structure I C

Page 158: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Combined effects of invasion & landscape structure

1) Social bees increase in agricultural areas before

the invasive plant flowering2) No effect on wild bees

I C

Page 159: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Combined effects of invasion & landscape structure

4) Native plants do not decrease visitation, nor seed set

3) Impatiens attracts mainly bumblebees

1) Social bees increase in agricultural areas before

the invasive plant flowering2) No effect on wild bees

I C

Page 160: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Combined effects of invasion & landscape structure

Impatiens mask off the landscape effect

4) Native plants do not decrease visitation, nor seed set

3) Impatiens attracts mainly bumblebees

1) Social bees increase in agricultural areas before

the invasive plant flowering2) No effect on wild bees

I C

Page 161: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

CompetitionFacilitation

No effect

Conclusions

Page 162: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

CompetitionFacilitation

No effect

Carpobrotus

Conclusions

Page 163: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

CompetitionFacilitation

No effectImpatiens

Conclusions

Page 164: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

CompetitionFacilitation

No effect

Opuntia

Conclusions

Page 165: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

CompetitionFacilitation

No effect mask off landscape contextImpatiens

Conclusions

Page 166: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

CompetitionFacilitation

No effect mask off landscape contextImpatiens

Conclusions

Page 167: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

CompetitionFacilitation

No effect mask off landscape contextImpatiens

Conclusions

Page 168: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Take home message

Plant-pollinator networks are complex &the invasion outcome is difficult to predict.

However, invasive plants cause significant changes on the networks.

Page 169: Plant-pollination networks and plant invasions

Thank you for your attentionAnd special Thanks to collaborators: Montse Vilà, Jordi Bosch, Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter; Lab colleges: Jara Andreu, Nuria Gasso, Salva Blanch, Belén Sanchez and CREAF friends.