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PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!! Logan Dougherty
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PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!

Feb 25, 2016

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PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!. Logan Dougherty. Quick Overview. Mariner 2 – First successful Venus flyby (USA) Mariner 4 – First successful Mars flyby (USA) Venera 3 – First Venus impact. Contact lost. (USSR) Venera 4 – Venus atmospheric probe - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Page 1: PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!

PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!

Logan Dougherty

Page 2: PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!

Quick Overview• Mariner 2 – First successful Venus flyby (USA)• Mariner 4 – First successful Mars flyby (USA)• Venera 3 – First Venus impact. Contact lost. (USSR)• Venera 4 – Venus atmospheric probe

• Claimed to reach the surface intact, but disproven shortly after by USA Mariner 5.

• Pioneer 10 & 11 – Jupiter and Saturn flyby• Mariner 10 – Mercury flyby• Voyager 1 & 2 – Outer solar system• Pathfinder – Mars rover• Cassini Huygens – Saturn lander• New Horizons – Pluto and Kuiper belt• Curiosity Rover – Mars Rover

Page 3: PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!

Above: To the left is the Mariner 2 andto the right is the Voyager 1.

Right: The New Horizons spacecraft.

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Original Reasons for Planetary Exploration• The Space Race

• Main memorable part of the Space Race is the Apollo mission• Large competition in planetary exploration as well

• Between USA and USSR• http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/chronology.html

• As shown above, until the end of the Cold War, USA and USSR competed largely in their attempts to study the moon and the planets.

• Post Cold War, the USSR involvement declined heavily, leaving the USA to dominate the field

Page 5: PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!

1959

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$0.000

$1,000.000

$2,000.000

$3,000.000

$4,000.000

$5,000.000

$6,000.000

$7,000.000

NASA Space Science and Planetary Science Budget, 1959-2010

($M, adj. to 2010)

Space Science Planetary Science

Page 6: PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!

NASA’s Big Questions for Planetary Science

• HOW DID THE SUN'S FAMILY OF PLANETS AND MINOR BODIES ORIGINATE?

• HOW DID THE SOLAR SYSTEM EVOLVE TO ITS CURRENT DIVERSE STATE?

• HOW DID LIFE BEGIN AND EVOLVE ON EARTH, AND HAS IT EVOLVED ELSEWHERE IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM?

• WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM THAT LEAD TO THE ORIGINS OF LIFE?

Page 7: PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!

President’s FY13 In-Guide Budget

• For FY13 Congress has passed a “Continuing Resolution” • Under the CR PSD’s FY13 budget is $1.19B

• 21% decrease from FY12 level

Page 8: PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!

Amazing Accomplishments

• Existence of bodies of water on Mars in the past.• Atmospheric probes to help determine

composition of other planets.• Missions that help deduce the early evolution of

planets and help to explain why our solar system formed how it did.

• Valuable samples of surfaces that offer insight into the formation of that planet.

Page 9: PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!

What inspires Planetary Exploration?

Page 10: PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!

Search for Life near Home• Mars

• Signs of water, as discovered by rovers like Curiosity• Venus

• People used to envision life existing there, but the harsh atmosphere makes it difficult to support life

• Titan• Liquid lakes of ethane and methane• Colder than earth• Atmosphere that consists of more than trace gases

Page 11: PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!

Where else should we search?

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Exoplanet Detection• Kepler mission

• Uses transit method to detect dip in light curves• Doppler Shift measurements• Binary Movements• Hundreds of planets have been discovered• Planetary Detection is part of the Astrophysics sector of NASA

as opposed to the Planetary Science, but offers useful information in the theory of how solar systems evolve.

• Exoplanets are popular• The idea inspires people and the public is interested in the

possibility of finding planets with life

Page 13: PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!

What is the biggest difficulty in directly observing a planet?

Page 14: PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!
Page 15: PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!

New Worlds• Blocks out the star’s light to gain a direct view of the planet.• Can then study the spectra of the planet and gain knowledge

of its atmosphere.• Offers the possibility of finding planets capable of hosting life

• Reasons that policy makers may consider investing:• While Kepler has produced results, the public keeps hearing

about planets and it doesn’t peak their interest.• This would offer a more definitive statement on the possibility of

life, and to see more detailed pictures of the planets, garnering more public support.

• Offers useful knowledge about planet’s in the habitable zone of stars.

Page 16: PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!

“Space: the final frontier.”

Page 17: PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!

Works Cited• http://www.newscientist.com/data/images/archive/2542/25424001.jpg• http://

cinema-wallpapers.net/user-content/uploads/wall/o/60/Little-Green-Men-toy-story-2-wallpaper.jpg

• http://jpl.nasa.gov• http://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/• http://

ut-images.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Kepler-telescope.jpg

• http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_FQaCDdht2S8/TEybVhkHILI/AAAAAAAABDc/wi6q8fMoElo/s1600/newhorizons.gif

• http://ut-images.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/07/voyager1.jpg

• http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/203286main_image_964_946-710.jpg• http://

iliketowastemytime.com/system/files/outer-space-hd-wallpaper.jpg?download=1

• http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02445/AV_2445412b.jpg

Page 18: PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!

NASA’s Planetary Science Division

James L. GreenDirector, Planetary Science Division

NASA HeadquartersFebruary 21, 2013

LMIT ODIN
Page 19: PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!

Recent Accomplishments2010* September 16 – Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter in PSD* November 4 - EPOXI encounters Comet Hartley 2 * November 19 - Launch of O/OREOS 2011* February 14 - Stardust NExT encounters comet Tempel 1 * March 7 – Planetary Science Decadal Survey released* March 17 - MESSENGER orbit insertion at Mercury* May 5 – Selection of 3 Discovery-class missions for study* May – Selection of the next New Frontier mission for flight, OSIRIS-REx* July 16 - Dawn orbit insertion at asteroid Vesta * August 5 - Juno launch to Jupiter * August 9 - Mars Opportunity Rover arrives at Endeavour Crater* September 10 - GRAIL (A and B) launch to the Earth’s Moon * November 26 – Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) launch to Mars* December 31 – GRAIL A orbit insertion at Earth’s Moon2012* January 1 – GRAIL B orbit insertion at Earth’s Moon* June 6 – Venus transits Sun (last time this Century)* August 5 – MSL/Curiosity successfully lands on Mars * August 20 – Selection of Discovery 12 Mission* September 5 - Dawn leaves Vesta and starts on its journey to Ceres

* Completed

Page 20: PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!

The Revolution in Planetary Science

20Planetary Decadal Reports from the

National Academy of Science

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Planetary Science Objectives

• NASA’s goal in Planetary Science is to “Ascertain the content, origin, and evolution of the solar system, and the potential for life elsewhere.”

• Planetary Program seeks to answer fundamental science questions:1. What is the inventory of solar system objects and what processes are active

in and among them?2. How did the Sun’s family of planets, satellites, and minor bodies originate

and evolve?3. What are the characteristics of the solar system that lead to habitable

environments?4. How and where could life begin and evolve in the solar system?5. What are characteristics of small bodies and planetary environments that

pose hazards and/or provide resources?

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Planetary Science accomplishes these goals through a series of strategic-large, medium, small mission and supporting research

Page 22: PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!

Planetary Decadal Recommendations

22Technology Development (6-8%)

Research & Analysis (5% above final FY11 amount then ~1.5%/yr)

Discovery $500M (FY15) cap per mission (exclusive of launch vehicle) and 24 month cadence for selection

New Frontiers $1B (FY15) cap per mission (exclusive of launch vehicle) with two selections during 2013-22

Large Missions (“Flagship”-scale)

“Recommended Program” (budget increase for JEO new start)

1) Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher – descoped

2) Jupiter Europa Orbiter (JEO) – descoped

3) Uranus Orbiter & Probe (UOP)4/5) Enceladus Orbiter & Venus Climate

Mission

“Cost Constrained Program” (based on FY11 Request)

1) Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher – descoped

2) Uranus Orbiter & Probe (UOP)

“Less favorable” budget picture than assumed

(e.g., outyears in FY12 request)

Descope or delay Flagship mission

Current Commitments (ie: Operating Missions)

Page 23: PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!

President’s FY13 In-Guide Budget

• For FY13 Congress has passed a “Continuing Resolution” • Under the CR PSD’s FY13 budget is $1.19B

• 21% decrease from FY12 level

Page 24: PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!

Planetary & President’s FY13 Budgets

FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16 FY17$0.00

$200.00

$400.00

$600.00

$800.00

$1,000.00

$1,200.00

$1,400.00

$1,600.00

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President’s FY13 Budget - Missions

Mars

R&A

Discovery

New Frontiers

TechnologyOuter Planets

Mars 2020

MAVEN

OSIRIS-REx

InSight

LADEE

Page 26: PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!

Discovery and New Frontiers Address high-priority science objectives in solar system exploration Frequent opportunities for science community to propose full investigations Fixed-price cost cap full and open competition missions Principal Investigator-led project

Established in 1992 $425M cap per mission excluding launch

vehicle (FY10) Open science competition for all solar

system objects, except for the Earth and Sun

Established in 2003 $1000M cap per mission excluding launch

vehicle (FY10) Addresses high-priority investigations

identified by the National Academy of Sciences

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Discovery Program Mars evolution:

Mars Pathfinder (1996-1997)NEO characteristics:

NEAR (1996-1999)Lunar formation:

Lunar Prospector (1998-1999)

Com

plet

ed

Comet internal structure:Deep Impact (2005-2012)

Mercury environment:MESSENGER (2004-2013)

Main-belt asteroids: Dawn (2007-2015)

Lunar Internal StructureGRAIL (2011-2012 )

In F

light

Comet diversity:CONTOUR

Solar wind sampling:Genesis (2001-2004)

Nature of dust/coma:Stardust (1999-2011 )

LostAug 15 2002

Com

plet

ed

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InSight: Interior Structure from Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport

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Page 29: PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!

New Frontiers Program1st NF missionNew Horizons:

Pluto-Kuiper Belt

Launched January 2006Arrives July 2015

PI: Alan Stern (SwRI-CO)

2nd NF missionJUNO:

Jupiter Polar Orbiter

3rd NF missionOSIRIS-REx

Launched August 2011Arrives July 2016

PI: Scott Bolton (SwRI-TX)

Asteroid Sample Return

Sept. 2016 LRDPI: Dante Lauretta (UA)

NF-4 AO in FY15-16

Page 30: PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!

Origins-Spectral Interpretation-Resource Identification-Security-Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx )

Science Objectives:• Return and analyze a sample of pristine carbonaceous asteroid• Map the global properties, chemistry, and mineralogy• Document in situ the properties of the regolith at the sampling site• Characterize the integrated global properties to allow comparison with

ground-based telescopic data of entire asteroid population• Measure the Yarkovsky effect

• Mission Overview:• Launch in September 2016• Encounter asteroid (101955) 1999 RQ36 in

October 2019• Study RQ36 for up to 505 days, globally

mapping the surface• Obtain at least 60 g of pristine

regolith/surface material• Return sample to Earth in September 2023

in a Stardust-heritage capsule• Deliver samples to JSC curation facility for

world-wide distribution 30

RQ36 - Apollor ~ 280 m

P ~ 436 days

Page 31: PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!

Discovery and New Frontiers Missions Timeline - Current Missions

8-year Phase EDawn

ASPERA-3 6-year Phase E

GRAIL

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 20152008200720062005200420032000 20022001

Strofio

Extended Mission

New Horizons 10-year Phase E

Juno 10-year Phase E

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 20152008200720062005200420032000 20022001 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

EPOXI

MESSENGER 8-year Phase E

12 month Phase E (+6 month extension)

Discovery Missions

New Frontiers Missions

Now

Phase E

Phases Pre-A,A,B,C,D

Calendar Year

Extended Mission

InSight

Extended Mission

OSIRIS-REx

2022 2022

7-year Phase E

2022 2023

Hibernation

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Mars Exploration Program 2000-2010

“Follow the Water…”

Page 33: PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!

Mars Budget Analysis FY’00 through FY’17

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20170

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Mars Operating Budget FY’00 – FY’12

Mars President’s Budget FY’13 – FY’17

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Mars Op Budget FY'00-FY'11 271 451 454 497 553 532 593 607 695 362 438 547 587 0 0 0 0 0Mars Pres Budget FY'12-FY'17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 361 228 189 267 503

$M

MSL Delay

MSL Landing

Page 34: PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!

NASA’s Future Mars Missions

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MRO

Mars ExpressCollaboration

Odyssey

2013Operational

Phoenix(completed

)

2001-20122016 2018 2020

Curiosity – Mars Science Laboratory

MAVEN Aeronomy

Orbiter

2022

ESA Trace Gas Orbiter

(Electra)

ESA ExoMars Rover (MOMA)

2020Science Rover

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InSight

Future Planning

Opportunity

Spirit(completed

)

“Seeking Signs of Life…”

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Page 36: PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!

Developing Missions

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Upcoming Launches

• MAVEN and LADEE in final phases of development for 2013 launch dates

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The JUpiter ICy moons Orbiter Mission• On May 2, 2012, the ESA formally selected JUICE as the first Large-class mission in ESA’s Cosmic Vision Program

• The JUICE mission will investigate the emergence of habitable worlds around gas giants, characterizing Ganymede, Europa, and Callisto as planetary objects and potential habitats

• JUICE will first orbit Jupiter for ~2.5 years, providing 13 flybys of Callisto and 2 of Europa, and then will orbit Ganymede for 9 months

• Launch is scheduled for 2022 with Jupiter arrival in 2030 and Ganymede orbit insertion in 2032

• NASA will contribute ~$100M in instruments and other support

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Planetary Technologies

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ASRG and Pu-238 ProductionAdvanced Stirling Radioistope Generator (ASRG)•After Discovery 12 selection, working to identify next ASRG mission

• Expectation is that Discovery 13 will provide similar opportunities to test mission enabling technologies (ie: ASRG, NEXT…)

•Two ASRG flight units (F1 and F2) will be completed in 2016 • The completed flight units will go into bonded storage, unfueled,

pending a mission decision for flight usePlutonium-238•Technology demonstration activities include:

• A qualified Neptunium-237 target for irradiation in the High Flux Isotope Reactor (First Np-237 targets irradiated)

• A qualified process for post-irradiation target processing• A qualified Pu-238 product• A project plan for scale-up to full-scale production at 1.5-2.0 kg/year

•Project baseline and confirmation by December 2013

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Planetary Supporting Researchand Analysis Program

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Planetary Science ResearchPGG, Cosmochem, PAST, PATM, PME, PIDDP, Origins, PP, LPI, ASTEP, ASTID, NAI, ExobiologyNear Earth Objects Observation (NEOO)Planetary Data Systems (PDS)Astromaterial Curation

Mars Research & AnalysisMars Data Analysis Program (MDAP)

Mars Fundamental Research Program (MFRP)Discovery Research

SRLI DAP/LARS (Lab Analysis of Returned Samples)PMDAP (Planetary Missions DAP)MESSENGER/Dawn PSP

GRAIL PSPOuter Planets Research

OPRP, Cassini DAP/PSPLunar Science Research

NLSI, LASER, MMAMA, PGG/Cosmo Lunar, LRO PSP

Supporting Research & Analysis (R&A) Program Elements

Call for Proposal to these PSD Program Elements comes out in ROSES

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Questions?http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/yss 43