Phylogenetic development of Eocene - Oligocene planktonic foraminifers of “Globigerinoides” lineage: juvenile stages, supplementary apertures and ecological responces Ján SOTÁK Earth Science Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia Topic: Earliest species with supplementary apertures appeared in the Middle Eocene (in E 10 Zone), belonging to genus Globigerinatheka (Fig. 1). They evolved probably from spherical spinose species like Subbotina senni or Guembelitriodes nuttali (Premoli Silva et al 2006). Oligocene species of “Globigerinoides” lineage gave rise by appearances of supplementary apertures on the spiral side of tests close to Globoturborotalita species (Spezzaferri et al. 2015). The research provides some new insights to phylogeny based on pre-adult morphology of Globigerinatheka tests and development of primitive forms in the beginning of Globigerinoides – Trilobus lineages. Highlights: ź Juvenile and adult forms of Globigerinatheka tests and their morphological changes during ontogeny ź Comparative ontogeny of pre-adult and adult forms of Globigerinatheka and their phylogenetic implications ź Development of sutural apertures in primitive Globigerinoides during the Late Oligocene in changing environments ź Phylogenetic relationships of Globigerinatheka and Globigerinoides to ancestral spinose forms and polythalamous foraminifera of Trilobus - Praeorbulina – Orbulina lineages Western Carpathian occurrences of “Globigerinoides”. Middle Eocene foraminiferal association with globigerinathekids. Globigerinatheka ontogeny Globigerinatheka index Globigerinatheka korotkovi Globigerinatheka kugleri Acarinina topilensis Acarinina medizzai Acarinina collactea Morozovella gorrondatxensis Prolocular stages proloculus proloculus deuteroconch Juvenile stages detail of juvenile internal test Neanic stages late neanic stage early neanic stage Adult tests and wall textures encrusted tests with stellate crystalline structure ruber-type wall with cancellate structure and spine holes outer test cortex sacculifer-type wall with honeycomb structure A B C D Pre-adult morphologies of Globigerinatheka tests during successive ontogenic growth in prolocular stage (3-1), juvenile stage (3-2), neanic stage (3-3) and adult stage (3-4). Findings and outputs: ź Globigerinatheka species show a striking differences between juvenile and adult forms, providing a minute internal tests and large-sized outer tests with coarsely cancellate walls. ź Variability of pre-adult stages of Globigerinatheka involves prolocular, juvenile and neanic tests, which are low-trochospiral, smooth-walled and weakly calcified (see Brummer et al. 1987, Bé 1980, Huang 1981). ź Adult forms of Globigerinatheka differ by having cancellate walls with thick cortex, which probably resulted from gametogenic calcification. ź Pre-adult stages correspond to successive ontogeny of polythalamous foraminifers, which implies a congeneric origin of Globigerinatheka and Globigerinoides. ź Late Oligocene species of “Globigerinoides” display a bulloides-type wall texture dissimilar to Globoturborotalita species, which possesses a sacculifer-type walls close to Trilobatus lineage. ź Globigerinoides primordius evolved in Early Chattian by appearance of single spiral apertures. Intraspecific variation of primordius plexus comprises of basal species without spiral apertures (Globigerinoides praeprimordius), the type species with single spiral aperture (Globiderinoides primordius) and successive species with 3/1 to 4 chambers and more than one aperture on spiral side (Globigerinoides quadrilobatus primordius). ź Appearance of Globigerinoides primordius coincided with Late Oligocene warming constrained by oxygen isotopic lightening, coiling preference to dextral forms (67%) and enhanced productivity (Spiratella beds). ź The species with supplementary apertures evolved from different ancesors, which imply their polyphyletic origin (Spezzaferri et al. 2015). Their earliest species from the Middle Eocene remind of descendant species of “trilobus” and “sacculifer” lineages, based on cancellate tests, pre-adult ontogeny and gametogenic calcification like in Orbulina and Spheroidinella. Second lineage commenced by appearance of Globigerinoides primordius in Late Oligocene, which was probably homeomorhic to species of trilobus group. Prešov JT-10 section 0 m 10 20 30 40 50 Prešov JT - 10 Biozone O6 appearance of primitive Globigerinoides species with supplementary spiral apertures Globigerinoides primordius Globoturborotalita ouachitaensis epiplanktonic molluscs proliferated in upwelling conditions Pteropoda-rich microfauna - Solenovian correlative horizon on the Paratethys O5 O4 O3 O2 O1 Globigerina praebulloides Globoturborotalita angulisuturalis Paragloborotalia nana Globigerina officinalis Globigerina anguliofficinalis Turborotalia ampliapertura Dentoglobigerina venezuelana Dentoglobigerina tapuriensis Subbotina gortani zone of large-sized globigerinids O l i g o c e n e R u p e l i a n C h a t t i a n Age Epoch supplementary aperture warming events high productivity events primordius lineage ruber lineage Globigerinoides subquadratus (6) s Globigerinoides primordius (1-5) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Intraspecific variations of primitive Globigerinoides with single spiral apertures and advanced species with two prominent supplementary apertures EOCENE OLIGOCENE MIOCENE ruber-type 1 2 3 4 pre-adult forms sacculifer-type primordius-type Trilobatus Orbulina Sphaeroidinella cancellate-type wall ? Globoturborotalita 5 spinose-type wall hidden pre-adult forms Globigerina-type juveniles “Globigerinoides“ Globoturborotalita -type juveniles 6 7 8 9 5 - Subbotina patagonica 4 - Globigerinoides subquadratus 1 - Globigerinatheka subconglobata 3 - Globigerinatheka index 2 - juvenile tests of Globigerinatheka 6 - Subbotina roesnaesensis 7 - Globoturborotalita ouachitaensis 8 - Globigerina praebulloides 9 - Globigerinoides primordius polyphyletic lineages near-homeomorph species related species in ontogeny related spinose habit Stratigraphic distribution, morphogenesis and environmental proxies of Globigerinoides species and associated planktonic foraminifera in the Oligocene formation. Primitive Globigerinoides species from Late Oligocene. Origin of congeneric species of Globigerinatheka and Globigerinoides and their polyphyletic differentiation to ruber, sacculifer / trilobus and primordius lineages during the Eocene and Oligocene. References: Bé, A.W.H., 1980: Gametogenic calcification in a spinose planktonic foraminifer, Globigerinoides sacculifer (BRADY). Mar. Micropaleontology, 5, 283-310. Brummer G-J.A., 1987: Ontogeny of extant spinose planktonic foraminifera (Globigerinidae): a concept exemplified by Globigerinoides sacculifer (BRADY) and G. ruber (DORBIGNY). Mar. Micropaleontology, 12, 357-381. Huang Ch.Y., 1981: Observations on the interior of some Late Neogene planktonic foraminifera. Jour. Foram. Research, 11, 3, 173-190. Premoli Silva, I., Wade, B. & Pearson, P.N., 2006: Taxonomy, biostratigraphy, and phylogeny of Globigerinatheka and Orbulinoides. Cuschman Foundation Special Publication No 41, 169-212. Spezzaferri, S., Kucera, M., Pearson, P.N., Wade, B.S., Rappo, S., Poole, Ch.R., Morard, R. & Stalder, C., 2015: Fossil and genetic evidence for the polyphyletic nature of the planktonic foraminifera „Globigerinoides“, and description of the new genus Trilobatus. PLoS ONE, 10, 5, 20 pp.
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Phylogenetic development of Eocene - Oligocene planktonic foraminifers of “Globigerinoides” lineage: juvenile stages, supplementary apertures and ecological responces
Ján SOTÁK
Earth Science Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
Topic:
Earliest species with supplementary apertures appeared in the Middle Eocene (in E 10 Zone), belonging to genus Globigerinatheka (Fig. 1). They evolved probably from spherical spinose species like Subbotina senni or Guembelitriodes nuttali (Premoli Silva et al 2006). Oligocene species of “Globigerinoides” lineage gave rise by appearances of supplementary apertures on the spiral side of tests close to Globoturborotalita species (Spezzaferri et al. 2015). The research provides some new insights to phylogeny based on pre-adult morphology of Globigerinatheka tests and development of primitive forms in the beginning of Globigerinoides – Trilobus lineages.
Highlights:
ź Juvenile and adult forms of Globigerinatheka tests and their morphological changes during ontogeny
ź Comparative ontogeny of pre-adult and adult forms of Globigerinatheka and their phylogenetic implications
ź Development of sutural apertures in primitive Globigerinoides during the Late Oligocene in changing environments
ź Phylogenetic relationships of Globigerinatheka and Globigerinoides to ancestral spinose forms and polythalamous foraminifera of Trilobus - Praeorbulina – Orbulina lineages
Western Carpathian occurrences of “Globigerinoides”.
Middle Eocene foraminiferal association with globigerinathekids.
Globigerinatheka ontogeny
Globigerinatheka index Globigerinatheka korotkovi
Globigerinatheka kugleri
Acarinina topilensis Acarinina medizzaiAcarinina collactea Morozovella gorrondatxensis
Prolocular stages
proloculus
proloculusdeuteroconch
Juvenile stages
detail of juvenile internal test
Neanic stages
late neanic stage
early neanic stage
Adult tests and wall textures
encrusted tests with stellate crystalline structure
ruber-type wall with cancellate structure and spine holes
outer test cortex
sacculifer-type wallwith honeycombstructure
A B C D
Pre-adult morphologies of Globigerinatheka tests during successive ontogenic growth in prolocular stage (3-1), juvenile stage (3-2), neanic stage (3-3) and adult stage (3-4).
Findings and outputs:
ź Globigerinatheka species show a striking differences between juvenile and adult forms, providing a minute internal tests and large-sized outer tests with coarsely cancellate walls.
ź Variability of pre-adult stages of Globigerinatheka involves prolocular, juvenile and neanic tests, which are low-trochospiral, smooth-walled and weakly calcified (see Brummer et al. 1987, Bé 1980, Huang 1981).
ź Adult forms of Globigerinatheka differ by having cancellate walls with thick cortex, which probably resulted from gametogenic calcification.
ź Pre-adult stages correspond to successive ontogeny of polythalamous foraminifers, which implies a congeneric origin of Globigerinatheka and Globigerinoides.
ź Late Oligocene species of “Globigerinoides” display a bulloides-type wall texture dissimilar to Globoturborotalita species, which possesses a sacculifer-type walls close to Trilobatus lineage.
ź Globigerinoides primordius evolved in Early Chattian by appearance of single spiral apertures. Intraspecific variation of primordius plexus comprises of basal species without spiral apertures (Globigerinoides praeprimordius), the type species with single spiral aperture (Globiderinoides primordius) and successive species with 3/1 to 4 chambers and more than one aperture on spiral side (Globigerinoides quadrilobatus primordius).
ź Appearance of Globigerinoides primordius coincided with Late Oligocene warming constrained by oxygen isotopic lightening, coiling preference to dextral forms (67%) and enhanced productivity (Spiratella beds).
ź The species with supplementary apertures evolved from different ancesors, which imply their polyphyletic origin (Spezzaferri et al. 2015). Their earliest species from the Middle Eocene remind of descendant species of “trilobus” and “sacculifer” lineages, based on cancellate tests, pre-adult ontogeny and gametogenic calcification like in Orbulina and Spheroidinella. Second lineage commenced by appearance of Globigerinoides primordius in Late Oligocene, which was probably homeomorhic to species of trilobus group.
Prešov JT-10 section 0 m
10
20
30
40
50
Pre
šov J
T -
10
Bio
zon
e
O6
appearance of primitive Globigerinoides species with supplementary spiral apertures
Globigerinoides primordius Globoturborotalita ouachitaensis
epiplanktonic molluscs proliferated in upwelling conditions
Pteropoda-rich microfauna - Solenovian correlative horizon on the Paratethys
O5
O4
O3
O2
O1
Globigerina praebulloides
Globoturborotalita angulisuturalis
Paragloborotalia nana
Globigerina officinalis
Globigerinaanguliofficinalis
Turborotaliaampliapertura
Dentoglobigerina venezuelana
Dentoglobigerina tapuriensis
Subbotina gortani
zone of large-sized globigerinids
O l i g
o
c e n
e
R u
p e
l i a
n
C h
a t t i
a n
A
ge
Ep
och
supplementary aperture
warming events
high productivity events
prim
ord
ius lin
eage
ruber lin
eage
Globigerinoides subquadratus (6)
s
Globigerinoides primordius (1-5)
1 2 3
4 5 6
Intraspecific variations of primitive Globigerinoides with single spiral apertures and advanced species with two prominent supplementary apertures
EO
CE
NE
OL
IGO
CE
NE
MIO
CE
NE ruber-type
1
2
3
4
pre-adult forms
sacculifer-type primordius-type
Trilobatus
Orbulina
Sphaeroidinella
cancellate-type wall
?
Globoturborotalita
5
spinose-type wall
hidden pre-adult forms
Glo
big
erin
a-t
ype
juve
nile
s
“Globigerinoides“
Glo
botu
rboro
talit
a-t
ype ju
venile
s
6
7
8
9
5 - Subbotina patagonica
4 - Globigerinoides subquadratus
1 - Globigerinatheka subconglobata
3 - Globigerinatheka index 2 - juvenile tests of Globigerinatheka
6 - Subbotina roesnaesensis 7 - Globoturborotalita ouachitaensis 8 - Globigerina praebulloides
9 - Globigerinoides primordius
polyphyletic lineages near-homeomorph species
related species in ontogeny related spinose habit
Stratigraphic distribution, morphogenesis and environmental proxies of Globigerinoides species and associated planktonic foraminifera in the Oligocene formation.
Primitive Globigerinoides species from Late Oligocene.
Origin of congeneric species of Globigerinatheka and Globigerinoides and their polyphyletic differentiation to ruber, sacculifer / trilobus and primordius lineages during the Eocene and Oligocene.
References:
Bé, A.W.H., 1980: Gametogenic calcification in a spinose planktonic foraminifer, Globigerinoides sacculifer (BRADY). Mar. Micropaleontology, 5, 283-310.
Brummer G-J.A., 1987: Ontogeny of extant spinose planktonic foraminifera (Globigerinidae): a concept exemplified by Globigerinoides sacculifer (BRADY) and G. ruber (DORBIGNY). Mar. Micropaleontology, 12, 357-381.
Huang Ch.Y., 1981: Observations on the interior of some Late Neogene planktonic foraminifera. Jour. Foram. Research, 11, 3, 173-190.
Premoli Silva, I., Wade, B. & Pearson, P.N., 2006: Taxonomy, biostratigraphy, and phylogeny of Globigerinatheka and Orbulinoides. Cuschman Foundation Special Publication No 41, 169-212.
Spezzaferri, S., Kucera, M., Pearson, P.N., Wade, B.S., Rappo, S., Poole, Ch.R., Morard, R. & Stalder, C., 2015: Fossil and genetic evidence for the polyphyletic nature of the planktonic foraminifera „Globigerinoides“, and description of the new genus Trilobatus. PLoS ONE, 10, 5, 20 pp.
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