Philippine Collegian Tomo 90 Issue 14

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PARA SA NAKARARAMING PILIPINO, inihuhudyat ng buwan ng Setyembre ang

papalapit na panahon ng Kapaskuhan. Ngunit para sa mga nabuhay noong

dekada ‘70, ipinaaalala ng Setyembre ang isa sa pinakamadilim na yugto sa kasaysayan

ng lipunang Pilipino—ang pagpataw ng Batas Militar o Martial Law (ML).

Laganap na kahirapan, kabi-kabilaang korupsyon, malawakang paglabag sa

karapatang pantao at tahasang pagsikil sa demokratikong karapatan ng mamamayan

ang iniwang bakas ng ML sa naratibo ng bansa.Gayunman, ang mismong lagim na inihasik ng ML ang lalong nagpasidhi at nagpaalab

sa mga ningas ng pagbabago. Subalit apat na dekada matapos ang “kalayaan” at “pagbawi

sa demokrasya,” ano na nga ba ang kalagayan ng nakararaming Pilipino?

Sa kanayunan, nananatiling walang pagmamay-aring lupa ang mga magsasaka.

Sa kalunsuran, hindi pa rin dinidinig ang matagal nang hinaing ng mga manggagawa

para sa makatarungan at nakabubuhay na sahod. Sa mga pamantasan, nariyan pa rin

ang mga panawagan para sa sapat na badyet sa edukasyon at mas maayos na

serbisyong pangkalusugan.Sa mga lansangan, patuloy ang panawagan para

sa makabuluhang panlipunang pagbabago. At sa pagdiriwang ng ika-40 taong anibersaryo ng

ML, marapat lamang balikan ang mga aral na nabuo at iniluwal sa panahon ng ligalig

—at gamitin ang mga ito bilang mabisang gabay at tanglaw upang tuluyang maiwaksi ang

dilim at lagim.

Opisyal na lingguhang pahayagan ng mga mag-aaral ng Unibersidad ng Pilipinas - Diliman

Tomo 90, Blg. 14Setyembre 19, 2012

Lathalain

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pampublikong katangian, hindi kailangang magdalawang-isip ng administrasyon upang tanggapin ang hamon.

Marapat ding kilalanin ng administrasyon ng UP na ang pambansang unibersidad ang huwaran ng iba pang state universities and colleges sa Pilipinas, maging sa paglikha ng mga palisiya at paraan ng pamumuno. Kung patuloy na magiging konserbatibo ang UP, kung patuloy nitong tutu-gunan ang kakulangan ng badyet sa pamamagitan ng pagsingil ng hala-ga ng kakulangan sa mga mag-aaral, hindi malabong mangyaring su-sunod na rin ang iba pang paman-tasan sa landas na tinatahak ng UP.

Sa darating na pulong ng BOR, nakasalalay sa magiging desisyon ng lupon ang kapakanan hindi la-mang ng mga mag-aaral ng UP, kundi pati ng mahigit isang mi-lyong mag-aaral sa iba pang pam-publikong pamantasan. Sa araw na iyon, walang puwang upang maging kimi — sama-sama nating irehistro ang pinakamataas na panawagang tunay na magpapanatili sa pam-publikong katangian ng edukasyon sa bansa.

Punong Patnugot

Kapatnugot

Panauhing Patnugot

Patnugot sa Lathalain

Patnugot sa Grapix

Mga Kawani

Tagapamahala ng Sirkulasyon

Sirkulasyon

The battle for independence is far from over. As long as there reeks the stench of foreign influence, we would never be free. And as long as we are not truly free, we would never stop fighting for it.

LUPONG TAGAPAGPASYA

Mga Katuwang na Kawani

Pinansya

Editor’s Note

As the Philippine Collegian celebrates its 90th year, we revisit lines from prized editorials that defined the publication’s tradition of critical and fearless journalism.

Pamuhatan Silid 401 Bulwagang Vinzons, Unibersidad ng Pilipinas Diliman, Lungsod QuezonTelefax 981-8500 lokal 4522Email [email protected] philippinecollegian.orgKasapi Solidaridad: UP Systemwide Alliance of Student Publications and Writers’ Organizations, College Editors Guild of the Philippines

Ukol sa Pabalat Dibuho ni Marianne Rios

OPINYONMiyerkules27 Hunyo

2012

Patnugot sa Balita

CHANGING OF THE GUARDSOn the mere “changing of the guards” from Japanese conquer-ors to American colonizers

Mariano AmpilSeptember 4 1946

OPINYONMiyerkules

19 Setyembre 2012

MULING NAKABITIN SA KAMAY ng iisang lupon ang kinabukasan ng mga iskolar ng bayan.

Sa darating na pulong ng UP Board of Regents (BOR) sa Setyembre 20, muling igigiit ng mga mag-aaral ang pagbasura sa bagong panuntunan ng Socialized Tuition Fee Assistance Program (STFAP) — ang paghingi ng Bracket B certification sa mga bagong estudyante ng UP. Ang Bracket B ceritification ang nagsisilbing patunay na hindi kabilang ang mga estudyante sa Bracket A — ang klasipikasyon para sa mga pamilyang may taunang kita na higit sa P1 milyon.

Isang tuso’t mapanlinlang na pagtataas ng matrikula ang paghihigpit na ito sa pagpapatupad ng STFAP. Bunsod nito, mapapako sa P1,500 kada yunit ang baba-yaran ng mga estudyanteng hindi magpapasailalim sa STFAP, o hin-di makapagbibigay ng nasabing sertipikasyon.

Sa madaling sabi, P1,500 kada yunit na ang default bracket ng mga estudyante ng UP. Sa gani-tong lagay, lalong lumiliit ang siwang ng oportunidad upang makatuntong sa pamantasan. Hindi na lamang UP College Ad-mission Test ang kailangan lu-sutan ng mga nagnanais maging iskolar ng bayan – obligado na rin silang patunayang hindi sila “mayaman.”

Patuloy namang sinasalag at pinasisinungalingan ng adminis-trasyon ang nasabing paratang. Ang mas mahigpit na STFAP umano ang solusyon upang masukat ang katapatan ng mga mag-aaral. Pinuna rin ni Pascual ang mga estudyanteng nagpoprotesta laban sa bagong panuntunan ng STFAP, dahil karamihan sa kanila ay hindi naman umano apektado ng bagong palisiya.

Sinasalamin ng ganitong pananaw ang pailalim at tusong taktika ng administrasyon na kawangis nang naganap sa Tuition and other Fee Increases (TFI) noong 2006. Hindi pa man pumapasok sa UP, hinubaran na sila ng karapatang makonsulta at mag-salita para sa kanilang edukasyon.

Ngunit habang umiiral ang palitan ng mga argumento, mahalagang mapatampok at matukoy ang tunay na suliranin, at mula rito’y mahalaw ang mas pangmatagalang mga solusyon.

Taktikal at lehitimo ang panawa-gang pagbasura sa paghingi ng Bracket B certification. Kung maipatutupad ito, mababalik sa P1,000 kada yunit ang base tuition ng mga mag-aaral. Gayunman, marapat kilalanin ng mga mag-aaral na hindi nito mapupunan ang mga butas ng STFAP bilang palisiya. Isang aspekto lamang ng STFAP ang Bracket B certification, at hindi

limitado sa mapanlinlang na pagtaas ng matrikula ang usapin hinggil sa sistemang ito.

Sa simpleng pagtunton sa kasaysayan ng STFAP, mababatid na ang malalagim na implikasyon ng nasabing iskema. Isa na rito ang malaon nang pahayag na ang STFAP ay panakip-butas lamang para sa pagtaas ng matrikula sa unibersidad.

Patunay dito ang dumaraming bilang ng mga estudyante na nangangailang magtungo sa Student Loan Office (SLO) upang ipangutang ang kanilang matri-kula. Noong nakaraang semestre, dalawa sa bawat tatlong estudy-ante na nag-aplay sa STFAP ang nangutang din sa SLO.

Kung susuriin din ang mga tala ng STFAP at SLO matapos ang dalawang beses na pagtaas ng matrikula sa nakaraang dalawang dekada, mababatid ang mag-kahawig na takbo ng datos — sa una’y biglang darami ang mga nag-aaplay sa STFAP at student loan, ngunit bigla rin itong babagsak kalaunan. Ipinapakita ng ganitong datos na sa una’y nabibigyang pag-asa ng STFAP ang

mga estudyante upang makapasok sa UP, ngunit sa kalauna’y nagiging sagka at unti-unti nitong nililimi-tahan ang pagpasok sa UP ng mga posibleng iskolar ng bayan na salat sa pinansyal na kapasidad.

Sa kabila ng lahat, hindi umano magagawa ng administrasyong Pascual na ibasura hindi lamang ang Bracket B certification kundi maging ang buong iskema ng STFAP. “If we scrap the STFAP, students who presently enjoy free tuition will then have to pay. We don’t want to deny our students education,” aniya.

Marupok ang ganitong argumento, lalo pa kung manggagaling tayo sa lunsarang hindi hiwalay ang STFAP sa usapin ng pagtaas ng matrikula, at sa mas malaki pang isyu ng inilalaang badyet ng edukasyon sa pamantasan.

Ang paghimok sa administra-syon na ibasura ang STFAP ay kaakibat ng panawagang ibalik sa mas abot-kayang halaga ang matrikula ng UP. Malalaki’t mabibigat na panawagan ang mga ito, ngunit kung tunay na tatanganan ng UP ang kanyang

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BALITA

Miyerkules 19 Setyembre 2012

COLLOQUY. Representatives of different student and political organizations hold a dialogue with UP President Pascual at Quezon Hall on September 18. The students raised various concerns to Pascual, such as the abrogation of STFAP Bracket B Certification, comprehensive review of the STFAP Bracketing system, and the deferment of the imposition of the PE Fees.

Sumatotal

cording to an STFAP policy re-view by the OSR in July: 1,627

Number of STFAP beneficiar-ies who appealed for lower brack-eting in 2011, according to the Office of Student Scholarships and Services (OSSS): 287, or 1 in every 10

Number of Bracket E1 and E2 students, according to OSSS data for the second semester of 2011: 390

Number of Bracket E1 and E2 students who did not enroll last semester, according to the Office of University Registrar (OUR): 52, or 13.3 percent

Average number of students who applied for tuition loans each semester, from 1991 to 2011, ac-cording to the OSSS: 1, 300 stu-dents per semester

Number of students who ap-plied for loans last semester: 2,300, or 1 in every 10

Number of students who ap-plied for loans in 2010, before the

Sundan sa pahina 4

ALREADY DELAYED BY ALMOST two months, the bracket assign-ments of 2,358 Socialized Tuition and Financial Assistance Pro-gram (STFAP) applicants in the UP system were finally released on September 15, barely a month left before the end of the first se-mester.

Though UP President Alfredo Pascual declined to divulge de-tails on the cause of the delay, he explained that the release of the STFAP results are usually de-layed due to lengthy procedures in data-processing.

The delay, however, resulted to a number of cases of students who were “purged” out of their classes or eventually took a leave-of-absence due to non-payment of matriculation fees this semester, according to reports received by the UP Dili-man (UPD) University Student Council (USC).

The STFAP is a bracketing sys-tem that categorizes students’ capacity to pay matriculation based on socio-economic indica-tors. Students’ STFAP brackets are renewable every year. Results are released in batches, usually a month after the deadline for sub-mitting requirements to the Of-fice of Scholarships and Student Services (OSSS).

The STFAP, however, only covers tuition of undergradu-ate, law, and medicine students. Graduate and doctoral enroll-ees have different matriculation fees per subject as determined by their colleges, while second degree enrollees are automati-cally placed in Bracket A, where

students pay P1,500 per unit, according to OSSS.

The current five alphabetic bracketing scheme was imple-mented in 2007, a year after base tuition increased by 300 percent, from P300 to P1,000. In 2010, the STFAP was again revised to separate the students who enjoy free matriculation into E1 and E2, where an additional semestral stipend of P12,000 is provided for the latter.

In UP Diliman (UPD), less than 20 percent, or an average of only 3,000 of the 17,000 undergradu-ate students apply for STFAP, based on data from the OSSS and the University Registrar. The rest are in bracket A or are under scholarships, said OSSS officer-in-charge Richard Gonzalo.

Following the June 5 memo-randum from the OSSS this year, students with student numbers 2011 and 2012 were initially placed in bracket A during en-rolment, unless documents for bracket B certification, the default bracket with P1,000 per unit, are submitted.

The current practice during enrolment is that students ap-ply for loans while they wait for their bracket assignments. The over-assessed tuition is then de-ducted from the loans, Gonzalo explained.

Meanwhile, the OSSS extended the deadline for the submission of appeals for re-bracketing until October. Around 170 appeals for re-bracketing are currently pend-ing deliberation since the initial deadline for submission of ap-peals on September 15, according

to OSSS data.Even with the delay in the re-

lease of results, Gonzalo assured that the final bracket assignments for all STFAP applicants will still apply for the first semester and UP will reimburse any over-as-sessed tuition payments until the second semester.

Procedural reformsThough the aim of STFAP is to

make UP education accessible, it does not accurately measure the actual financial capability of the student, because the imple-mentation is flawed and even the socio-economic indicators are questionable, said UPD USC Chair

Gabriel ‘Heart’ Diño.In the September 7 meeting, the

University Committee on Schol-arships and Financial Assistance (UCSFA), which is composed of university officials, administra-tive staff and student leaders, decided to “overhaul the current STFAP system”, said Gonzalo.

The committee is planning to hold a conference to review the reforms needed on the STFAP this October with past and pre-sent UP officials, administrators, and student leaders. One of the expected changes would be the use of the UP administration’s pet project “Electronic UP” o eUP,

Manual processing results to 2-month delay in release of STFAP results

LAST SEMESTER, THE UP administration implemented the new Bracket B certification pro-cess in the university’s Socialized Tuition and Financial Assistance Program (STFAP), a system which assigns tuition brackets to UP stu-dents based on family income and other socioeconomic indicators.

Under the new Bracket B certi-fication policy, students are auto-matically assigned to the STFAP’s Bracket A, which sets tuition at P1,500 per unit. To “certify” for Bracket B, STFAP applicants ad-mitted to UP starting in 2011 are required to submit family Income Tax Returns and a vicinity map of their residence, among others, to prove that their annual family in-

come does not exceed P1 million. Meanwhile, students admit-

ted from 2007 to 2010 are only required to submit a certifica-tion and a vicinity map of their family residence to confirm their Bracket B status.

Though touted as the admin-istration’s bid to “improve the implementation of the STFAP,” the Office of the Student Regent (OSR), the UP Diliman Univer-sity Student Council, and sev-eral student groups in UP, have condemned the new policy as merely a scheme to effectively hike tuition in UP. The figures be-low show how this might just be the case:

Tuition rate for students that have undergone the Bracket B cer-tification process: P1,000 per unit

Default tuition of UP Diliman (UPD) students who did not apply for STFAP after the implemen-tation of Bracket B certification process: P1,500 per unit

Estimated tuition per semester for a Bracket B student enrolled with 15 units, excluding other fees: P15,000

Estimated tuition per semester for a Bracket A student enrolled with 15 units, excluding other fees: P22,500

National average total tuition per semester in private univer-sities in 2012, according to the Commission on Higher Education (CHEd): P9, 112.95

Difference of estimated tuition per semester between Brackets A and B: P7,500

Number of months this amount can cover a freshman’s dormitory fees at Kalayaan Residence Hall: at least 3

Number of Bracket A students in 2010: 29

Average class size of Kasaysay-an 1 this semester: 25

Number of Bracket A students af-ter the Bracket B certification policy was implemented in 2011: 900

Total student population of the College of Arts and Letters in 2011: 915

Number of applicants assigned to brackets which were higher than what they applied for, ac-

which may reduce the require-ments for STFAP application and hasten the processing time, said Pascual.

Meanwhile, Student Regent Cleve Arguelles maintains that the STFAP must be scrapped as it is a “disguise for tuition hike” which “pushes students into the higher brackets.”

In the Board of Regents’ (BOR) meeting on September 20, Ar-guelles will propose the abolition of the Bracket B certification as it was “undemocratically imple-mented because of lack of student consultation.”

Following the government’s Roadmap for Public Higher Edu-cation Reform, a socialized tui-tion fee scheme is also set to be implemented in 10 state univer-sities and colleges (SUCs) by 2014.

“It would be an error to further institutionalize the STFAP with its present flaws in the policy and procedural levels and a dis-service to the Philippine Educa-tional System in general if the same flaws are replicated in other SUCs,” Arguelles said.

Other than the STFAP, Ar-guelles will also lobby to post-pone the implementation of PE laboratory fees in UPD next se-mester as “all fees must undergo a comprehensive and systematic student consultation”.

The BOR first approved “in principle” the charging of labo-ratory fees reaching P500 for selected PE courses in May 2010, separate from the current P200 athletics fee, but its imple-mentation was postponed for further study.

Being the highest policy-making body, the BOR should implement policies that will ensure the peo-ple’s right to accessible and quality education, said Arguelles.

Tuition (B)racket

Isabella Patricia Borlaza

Lavilyn Hysthea Malte

Page 4

VARIOUS GROUPS CONDEMNED recent school campaigns by the Armed Forces of the Philippines’ (AFP), which reportedly tagged national progressive groups as “communist fronts.”

From July to August this year, members of the AFP held one-hour symposiums in 64 public schools in Baguio City, which sup-posedly sought to “enhance the student’s consciousness about the lies, deception, and clandes-tine operations of the Commu-

Groups slam military red-tagging in Cordillera schools

nist Terrorist Movement,” accord-ing to a memorandum issued by the Baguio City Schools Division Superintendent on June 26.

Reports and interviews with the grade six and high school stu-dents who participated in the said symposia reveal that the AFP said that progressive organizations are covert rebel organizations, according to Katribu Partylist President Beverly Longid.

Katribu also reported similar counterinsurgency campaigns in

schools in Mindanao and Cebu. According to Katribu, the said ac-tivities are part of Oplan Bayani-han, the Aquino administration’s counterinsurgency program, which is directed towards quell-ing the longstanding communist and Muslim separatist rebellions in the country.

“This is what the military does not understand – legal progres-sive organizations and rebel groups are very much different, both in leadership and style of

work. Organizations including progressive partylists are legal by all means and should not be por-trayed to students as communist fronts,” said Kabataan Partylist Representative Raymond Palatino.

‘Child abuse’Presenting legal progressive

groups as “enemies of the state” instigate fear among the children and qualify as a form of harass-ment, according to the Children’s Rehabilitation Center, a non-gov-ernment institution for family and child victims of state violence in the Philippines.

On September 10, progressive groups and community lead-ers held a dialogue with the De-partment of Education (DepEd) to present cases which violated children and indigenous people’s rights, as stipulated in Republic Act 7610 or Special Protection of Children against Abuse, Exploita-tion and Discrimination.

“Through these activities, the government involves teachers and children in its counterinsur-gency operations. [We] remind AFP of its obligations under local and international laws to respect the people’s rights to life, safety, education, and self-organization, to name a few,” said Alliance of Concerned Teachers (ACT) Partyl-ist Representative Antonio Tinio.

DepEd has pledged stricter ob-servation of RA 7610 and prom-ised to ban the military from per-forming similar acts which may endanger the children’s safety and right to education, Tinio said.

Military surveillance in

communitiesMeanwhile, during the Sep-

tember 10 dialogue, community leaders also aired out concerns on the effects of military pres-

THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY (NU) Bulldogs sunk UP Fighting Ma-roons’ hopes of bagging a second and final win in the second round of Men’s Basketball games dur-ing the 75th season of University Athletic Association of the Philip-pines (UAAP) on September 16 at the SM Mall of Asia (MOA) Arena, 65-60.

Three minutes into the first quarter, Maroons forward Mike Silungan kicked off the game with double consecutive two-point shots, giving the State U ballers an early lead. Bulldogs point guard Joshua Angelo Alolino, however, swiftly buried Silungan’s four-point deed, while Bulldogs center Spencer John Rosario went on a six-point shooting spree.

Maroons captain Mark Lopez sunk a three-pointer at the last minute of the quarter but fell short of recovering the lead from NU, concluding the quarter with a single-point lead by the Bulldogs, 12-11.

The second quarter of the game saw UP surrendering to the Bull-dogs’ aggressive 16-point power play. The Maroons’ first success-ful two-pointer in the quarter came from center Cris Ball two minutes into the game.

The Maroons did not score until the last two minutes in the quarter, with Maroons center Alinko Mbah nailing a two-point shot, followed by three-pointers from Silungan and forward Alvin Padilla, ending the second half with NU still on the lead, 30-21.

The second half began with Mbah delivering two consecutive baskets during the first minute of the third quarter. Resolved to keep the Maroons at the losing end, the Bulldogs then launched a strong campaign to end the quarter at 51-41, with point guard Bobby Ray Parks however led NU in a strong campaign to keep the Maroons at the losing end.

NU kept on rebuffing every UP run in the fourth and final quar-

ter, with Bulldogs center Emma-nuel Mbe and Parks delivering the shots, but the Maroons almost caught up within just three, 60-63, with a minute left.

With 51 seconds left in the game, Bulldogs point guard Joef-frey Javillonar and Alolino split their free throws to end the game, 65-60.

The Maroons pushed a lot of teams to the edge this year but still finished last for the fifth time in the last six seasons with a tame 1-13 card. UP stands to lose eight star players out of their 15-man roster, namely Silungan, Lopez, Padilla, point guards Mike Gam-boa and Jelo Montecastro, as well as reserves Diony Hipolito, Robby Wierzba and Julius Wong.

“[We] fought hard. The records show how much we improved and, hopefully, next year, the juniors will finish the season with UP on the top four. UP is not a push-over school at all,” said Silungan.

BULLDOGS DOOM MAROONS TO SINGLE WIN THIS SEASON, 65-60

ence in communities. Due to the scarcity of accessible

schools, indigenous people and several non-government groups have set up their own literacy and numeracy schools, some of which are DepEd-accredited, in accord-ance to the government’s Alter-native Learning System.

According to Section 18, Arti-cle IX of RA 7610, DepEd can “ac-credit and support non-formal but functional indigenous edu-cational programs conducted by non-government organizations in said communities.”

The AFP, however, tagged the informal setup of the schools as “New People’s Army schools” and “anti-government.” In some instances, military harassment led to the disruption and even-tual closure of some community schools, according to Katribu,

“Our experience and the docu-mentation of cases clearly show that there are no advantages for Oplan Bayanihan. It does not ad-dress the reasons for armed re-sistance [nor] provide solutions to massive discontent. In fact, it even brews further resistance and dissent among the people,” said Longid.

As agreed upon in the Septem-ber 10 dialogue, DepEd will rec-ognize these schools as partners in non-formal education through the signing of a Memorandum of Agreement, according to ACT.

“We appeal this in hopes that education will be upheld, an education that helps in our liberation and in shaping the future of our communities based on our right to self- determination,” according to Save Our Schools, a coalition of concerned indigenous peoples’ groups.

Isabella Patricia Borlaza

BALITA

Miyerkules19 Setyembre

2012

NAG-AALAB, Bilang pagtutol sa Two-Tiered Wage System na maaaring magbigay ng mas mababa pang sahod sa minimum wage, nagsunog ang ilang sektor ng manggagawa ng tarpaulin na naglalaman ng mukha ng DOLE Secretary na si Rosalinda Baldoz sa harap ng South Wing Gate sa Batasang Pambansa sa Quezon City noong Setyembre 18. Pinanawagan ng grupo sa administrasyong Aquino na kanselahin ang nasabing iskema at isulong ang P125 across-the-board na dagdag-sahod sa buong bansa.

implementation of the Bracket B certification process: 2,044

Number of students who ap-plied for loans in 2011 after the implementation of the Bracket B certification process: 2, 300

Number of STFAP applicants last semester who also applied for student tuition loans, according to OSSS: 2, 325, or 2 in every 3

Total amount loaned by UPD students in 2010, according to OSSS: P23.9 million

Total amount loaned by UPD students in 2011: P28.5 million

Total estimated amount of tui-tion assessed for Bracket A stu-dents who appealed for lower bracketing: P20.25 million

Amount of loans unpaid from 2007 to February this year: P29 million

Number of Bracket A students

who applied for student loans: 73 or 2 percent

Number of Bracket B students who applied for student loans: 1,082 or 31.63 percent

Number of E1 and E2 students who were granted free tuition but who still applied for student loans: six or 1.5 percent

Average annual increase in the number of students applying for tuition loan tuition hike since the tuition hike in 2007, according to OSSS data: 22 percent

Total budget needed by the entire UP system for 2013: P18.4 billion

UP budget for 2013, as approved by the Department of Budget and Management: P10.78 billion

Sources: OSSS, Office of Student Housing, CHEd, DBM, UP System Budget Office

Mulapahina 3

Tuition (B)racketLavilyn Hysthea Malte

Page 5

BALITA

Miyerkules 19 Setyembre 2012

INAASAHANG MAGLALABAS na ng pinal na bersyon ng Stu-dent Manual (SM) sa Oktubre ang Student Manual Commit-tee (SMC), grupong binuo noong Hunyo upang pangasiwaan ang pagsasaayos ng mga rebisyon sa kasalukuyang umiiral na Code of Student Conduct (CSC).

Kailangan umanong matapos ang pinal na burador ng SM sa huling linggo ng Oktubre upang makapagsagawa ng konsultasyon sa mga estudyante at maapru-bahan ng Board of Regents ang SM bago matapos ang taon, ani UP Diliman University Student Council (USC) Chair Gabriel “Heart” Diño.

Binubuo ang SMC nina Dr. Mila Laurel, pangulo at kinatawan ng University Council Committee on Student Organizations Activi-ties and Welfare (UCSSSOAW), dating Student Regent (SR) Ma. Kristina Conti, kasalukuyang SR Cleve Robert Arguelles, Diño, at USC Councilor Aryanna Canacan. Bahagi rin sa nasabing komite

sina Vice-Chancellor for Stu-dent Affairs (VCSA) Ma. Corazon Tan at dating VCSA Elizabeth Enriquez at Prof. Rowena Mo-rales, mga kinatawan ng Student Review Committee noong na-karaang taon.

Pag-amyenda sa CSCUnang ipinanukalang amy-

endahan ang CSC noong 2009, dahil may ilang karapatang pang-mag-aaral ang hindi nabanggit sa nasabing CSC, ani Conti. Aniya, tinanggihan ng administrasyon ang nasabing panukala at muling bumuo ng bagong CSC sa pan-gunguna ni Enriquez noong 2010.

Sapagkat wala pa rin umanong pagbabagong naiambag ang 2010 CSC, binuo ng OSR ang Student Review Committee sa parehong taon upang buuin ang Student Handbook on Rights and Respon-sibilities. Sa pangunguna ng UPD University Student Council at ng 21 lokal na konseho sa UPD, nata-pos ang SHRR noong Mayo 2011.

Nakapaloob sa SHRR ang Dec-laration of Student Rights at ang

sariling bersyon ng mga estudy-ante ng CSC. Sa isang pulong noong Oktubre 2011, napagkasun-duan ng SRC at administrasyon na buuin ang SM, na halaw sa 2010 CSC at SHRR.

Matapos buuin ang pinal na bersyon ng SM, magsasagawa ng serye ng konsultasyon ang SMC upang hingin ang panig ng mga estudyante. “[Lahat] ng results ng consultations ay i-integrate natin sa bawat provision. [‘Yung] goal [namin] is to come up with a comprehensive student manual,” ani Diño.

Mga amyenda sa CSCIlan sa mga natapos nang sek-

syon ng CSC ang panuntunan sa pagtanggap ng mga bagong miy-embro ng mga organisasyon, so-rority at fraternity.

Lilinawin din sa SM ang mga panuntunan ukol sa mga kaso ng pandaraya at pagnanakaw, mag-ing ang iba pang itinuturing na maling gawi ng mga estudyante. Nakapaloob din sa binubuong SM ang bagong mga panuntunan

Pinal na bersyon ng Student Manual nakatakdang matapos sa Oktubre

AMID THE DECLINING NUMBER of faculty in the university, the UP Diliman (UPD) administra-tion will only grant extension of appointment to faculty members who are obliged to retire at the age of 65 under “exceptional cir-cumstances.”

In two separate memoranda on January 25 and September 4, the UPD Office of the Chancellor (OC) reminded college administra-tions to observe the compulsory retirement for government em-ployees who reach the age of 65.

“The services of officials and employees who attain the com-pulsory retirement age are not extended unless absolutely nec-essary in the interest of pub-lic service,” read the January 25 memorandum.

As of June, 30 faculty members of UP Diliman are expected to reach the compulsory retirement age by the end of 2012, while around 45 faculty members are also estimated to retire in the next two years, according to estimates from the university administration. Meanwhile, 39 faculty members are currently granted extension of their appointment beyond the retirement age.

“The extension of a regular faculty appointment beyond 65 is not encouraged by the univer-sity. All government employees are expected to retire from ser-vice when they reach the age of 65,” said UPD Chancellor Caesar Saloma.

‘Extension is a privilege’As the university’s highest

policy-making body, the Board of Regents (BOR) has the sole power to extend the tenure of faculty members upon the recommen-dation of academic units and en-dorsement of the UP President, as provided in Section 13 (l) of the 2008 UP Charter.

However, the appointment of retiring faculty members be-yond the compulsory retirement age is a “privilege” and therefore “granted only under exceptional circumstances,” according to the September 4 memorandum issued by the OC.

The OC memorandum speci-fied that requests to extend the appointment of a retiring faculty shall be endorsed to the UP Presi-dent, only if the concerned facul-ty turns 65 years old in the mid-dle of a semester and is currently assigned as the thesis adviser of a graduate student.

Retirement costs “UP is currently losing its fac-

ulty, some to retirement [and] others to greener pastures in private universities or abroad,” according to the UP Expand-ed Modernization Program (EMP), the universitys faculty development program.

As of June last year, only 37 percent or 565 of the total 1,539 regular full-time faculty in UPD have doctoral degrees (PhD), ac-cording to the OC. Of the 565 doc-toral degree holders, more than a third is aged over 55.

For the first semester, however, only 15 percent of full-time fac-ulty is enrolled in doctoral pro-grams and 23 percent in master’s programs. On the other hand, only 73 students graduate in doc-toral programs of the university on average every year.

The “failure of [academic units] to develop qualified PhD faculty to carry out graduate programs” may restrict the university from offering programs that require “in-house faculty expertise,” ac-cording to the 2004 decision of the BOR on the guidelines of ex-tending appointment.

“The Chancellor’s memoranda are reminders to our academic

units and faculty to plan the de-velopment of younger faculty members to eventually replace retiring ones. This will ensure that our faculty roster remains dynamic,” said Prof. Judy Tagui-walo, former UP faculty regent and member of the All-UP Aca-demic Employees Union.

In the 2012 world ranking of universities by education re-search firm Quacquarelli Sy-monds (QS), UP slipped to the 348th place from 332nd last year. Indicators used in the QS survey include the number of citations per faculty and faculty-to-stu-dent (FS) ratio, which weigh 20 percent each.

UP received a 2.3 percent rat-ing in the CPF and 37.3 percent in the FS ratio. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which topped the QS world ranking, had a CPF rating of 99.3 and FS ratio of 99.9

Faculty developmentTo address the decline in the

number of the university’s fac-ulty, several faculty develop-ment programs were instituted

under the EMP including the ex-pansion of the Doctoral Studies Fund (DSF) and the recruitment of Filipino PhD faculty educated abroad.

First established under UP President Francisco Nemenzo, the DSF provides qualified fac-ulty members with free tuition, a monthly stipend, and book allow-ance, among others, for doctoral and postdoctoral studies in top Asian universities.

Meanwhile, recruited Filipino doctoral fellows from abroad are given incentives including a P2.5 million research grant and a high academic rank, among others.

“Retention of UP faculty is a function of both economic and non-economic factors. Faculty loss, I believe, will be reduced if UP expands the benefits extend-ed to faculty and other personnel. Another very important element would be ensuring that the prin-ciples of democratic governance and transparency, as well as ap-pointments based on merit, are observed,” said Taguiwalo.

UPD admin not keen on extending tenure of retiring profs

hinggil sa pagsapi sa mga organ-isasyon, sorority at fraternity.

“All organizations, sorority, fraternity, pwedeng magrecruit anytime, pero after a semester lang [pwedeng] mag-accept,” ani Arguelles.

Layunin din ng SM ang pagpa-pataw ng mas mababang antas ng parusa sa mga kasong maaaring kaharapin ng mga estudyante, ani Arguelles. Halimbawa, ibinaba sa isang semestre ang suspensyon sa mga estudyanteng nahaharap

sa kaso ng paglalabas ng maling pahayag ukol sa pagkakatanggap sa unibersidad, pagiging rehistradong estudyante at pananatili sa UP.

“Mas rehabilitative na lang ‘yung mga parusa sa mga stu-dents. [Halimbawa,] from expul-sion to at least one week suspen-sion... [Pangunahing] goal ng SM Committee na protektahan ang student rights at gawing rehabili-tative ang lahat ng penalties,” ani Arguelles.

PANIMULA. Bilang protesta sa patuloy na pagtaas ng tuition at iba pang bayarin sa UP, nagsagawa ng candlelighting ceremony ang ilang grupo ng estudyante sa harapan ng Vinzons Hall noong Setyembre 18. Nagsilbing paunang protesta ang nasabing programa para sa isang mas malaking protesta sa Setyembre 20 kasabayan ng miting ng Board of Regents sa Quezon Hall.

Page 6

LATH

ALAI

N

Miy

erku

les

19 S

etye

mbre

2

012

LAT

HA

LAIN

Miy

erku

les

19 S

etye

mbr

e

20

12

BAG

O P

A M

AN T

UM

UN

TON

G S

A

UP

ang

mar

ami

sa m

ga i

skol

ar n

g ba

yan,

m

ahig

pit

na

ang

tagu

bilin

ng

kan

ilang

mga

mag

ulan

g na

hu-

wag

mag

ing

aktib

ista

. Ngu

nit

kung

m

atam

ang

baba

likan

ang

kasa

ysay

an

ng a

ktib

ism

o sa

pam

anta

san,

hin

di

mai

kaka

ila a

ng m

alak

ing

pape

l na

gi

nam

pana

n ni

to s

a pa

ghub

og n

g U

P

at n

g lip

unan

.Ila

ng

taon

pa

la

man

g an

g na

kara

raan

mat

apos

itat

ag

ang

UP,

sum

ibol

na

ang

prog

resi

bong

ka

ma-

laya

n sa

pam

anta

san.

M

ula

1917

ha

ngga

ng

deka

da

‘50s

, na

ging

m

atal

as n

a kr

itiko

ang

m

ga m

ag-a

aral

ng

UP

ng

mga

pat

akar

ang

sum

usup

il sa

sob

eran

ya n

g ba

nsa.

Sa p

agpa

sok

ng d

ekad

a ‘6

0s, b

inuo

ng

dat

ing

prop

esor

sa

liter

atur

a na

si

Jose

Mar

ia S

ison

ang

pro

gres

ibon

g or

gani

sasy

on n

a St

uden

t Cu

ltura

l As

soci

atio

n of

th

e U

P (S

CAU

P).

Sini

mul

an

ng

SCAU

P an

g m

ga

disk

usyo

n sa

mga

caf

eter

ia a

t si

lid-

akla

tan

ng U

P hi

nggi

l sa

kal

agay

an

ng li

puna

ng P

ilipi

no.

Kina

laun

an, b

inuo

ni S

ison

, kas

a-

NO

OTH

ER

PE

RIO

D IN

PH

ILIP

PIN

E

hist

ory

reve

als

the

pola

rize

d na

ture

of m

edia

out

fits m

ore c

lear

ly

than

the

Mar

tial

Law

era

. D

urin

g th

is

peri

od,

Filip

inos

w

itne

ssed

th

e st

ark

cont

rast

be

twee

n st

ate-

cont

rolle

d m

edia

–

whi

ch p

ortr

ayed

mas

sive

dev

elop

-m

ent

and

prog

ress

bro

ught

abo

ut

by th

e M

arco

s di

ctat

orsh

ip, a

nd th

e gr

im p

ictu

re p

aint

ed b

y th

e un

der-

grou

nd a

lter

nati

ve p

ress

.Im

med

iate

ly

afte

r de

clar

ing

Mar

tial

Law

, Pre

side

nt F

er-

dina

nd

Mar

cos

swift

ly

mov

ed

to

sile

nce

the

oppo

siti

on. H

is fi

rst

let-

ter

of in

stru

ctio

n un

der

mar

tial

ru

le

orde

red

for

the

sequ

estr

atio

n of

al

l ra

dio,

te

levi

sion

an

d ne

wsp

aper

out

lets

. A m

onth

la

ter,

Mar

cos

rele

ased

Pre

side

ntia

l D

ecre

e N

o. 3

3 w

hich

led

to t

he im

-pr

ison

men

t of

peo

ple

the

regi

me

tagg

ed a

s “s

ubve

rsiv

es,”

incl

udin

g kn

own

med

ia c

riti

cs.

Mos

t med

ia in

stit

utio

ns fe

ll in

to

the

hand

s of

kno

wn

Mar

cos

cro-

nies

, inc

ludi

ng G

ilber

to D

uavi

t an

d R

ober

to B

ened

icto

, w

ho t

oget

her

owne

d m

ost l

ocal

TV

cha

nnel

s an

d th

e Ph

ilipp

ine

Dai

ly E

xpre

ss,

the

only

nat

iona

lly-d

istr

ibut

ed n

ews-

pape

r du

ring

that

tim

e.Th

e st

ate-

cont

rolle

d m

edia

so

ught

to

build

the

dic

tato

rshi

p’s ma

ang

80 m

ga e

stud

yant

e at

gur

o ng

UP,

ang

dem

okra

tikon

g or

gan-

isas

yong

Kab

ataa

ng M

akab

ayan

(KM

) na

nan

awag

an p

ara

sa m

alaw

akan

g pa

gbab

agon

g pa

nlip

unan

. Sa

lo

ob

ng is

ang

taon

, hal

os 2

5,00

0 an

g na

-pa

kilo

s ng

KM

sa

mga

pro

test

a la

ban

sa m

ga k

asun

duan

g La

urel

-Lan

gley

Ag

reem

ent

at

US

Mili

tary

B

ases

Ag

reem

ent.

Mul

ing

nasu

bok

ang

laka

s ng

ki-

lusa

ng k

abat

aan

noon

g de

kada

‘70

s. N

ang

tum

aas

ng ta

tlong

se

ntim

os

ang

pres

yo

ng

lang

is,

halo

s 50

,000

es

-tu

dyan

te a

ng n

agpr

otes

ta

sa u

nang

tatlo

ng b

uwan

ng

1970

, na

kini

lala

bila

ng F

irst

Q

uart

er S

torm

(FQ

S).

Bun

sod

ng F

QS,

hig

it pa

ng lu

-m

akas

ang

kilu

sang

kab

ataa

n. “

Nag

-in

g fr

eque

nt a

ng m

ga d

iscu

ssio

n gr

oups

[sa

UP]

tun

gkol

sa

prob

lem

a ng

Phi

lippi

ne s

ocie

ty,”

ani S

atur

Oc-

ampo

, isa

sa

mga

lid

er-e

stud

yant

e ng

pan

ahon

g iy

on.

Nag

ing

isa

sa m

ga p

angu

nahi

ng

dahi

lan

ni M

arco

s an

g pa

pala

kas

na

kilu

sang

kab

ataa

n, k

asam

a an

g ib

a pa

ng s

ekto

r ng

lipu

nan,

sa

pagp

apa-

tupa

d ng

Bat

as M

ilita

r.

imag

e ev

en if

it m

eant

con

juri

ng il

-lu

sion

s of

pro

gres

s. “In

tho

se d

ays,

the

mai

nstr

eam

m

edia

wer

e fil

led

wit

h ei

ther

gov

-er

nmen

t pr

opag

anda

or

ente

rtai

n-m

ent

[to

calm

the

mas

ses]

,” sa

ys

acti

vist

pla

ywri

ght B

onifa

cio

Ilaga

n.W

hile

the

cron

y pr

ess

cont

inue

d to

wea

ve g

over

nmen

t pr

opag

anda

, a

smal

l po

rtio

n of

the

pre

ss, c

om-

pose

d of

cam

pus

publ

icat

ions

and

ne

wsp

aper

s w

ith

rela

tive

ly s

mal

ler

circ

ulat

ion,

ba

nded

to

geth

er

and

form

ed w

hat w

ill g

o do

wn

in

hist

ory

as t

he “

mos

quit

o pr

ess”

– r

elat

ivel

y sm

all-

er i

n re

ach,

yet

abl

e to

pu

blis

h st

ingi

ng a

rtic

les

agai

nst t

he r

egim

e.“W

e di

dn’t

like

this

m

onop

oly

of

info

rma-

tion

. Kno

win

g th

at t

here

was

an

othe

r un

repo

rted

sid

e to

eve

ry

stor

y, w

e de

cide

d to

tel

l ou

r si

de

of t

he s

tory

,” sa

ys t

hen-

colu

mni

st

of a

nti-

dict

ator

ship

new

spap

er P

a-ha

yaga

ng M

alay

a Sa

tur

Oca

mpo

.D

espi

te t

he l

oom

ing

dang

er o

f im

pris

onm

ent

and

tort

ure,

th

e m

osqu

ito

pres

s pr

esen

ted

the

grim

es o

f th

e M

arti

al L

aw p

erio

d,

repo

rtin

g ne

ws

that

was

abs

ent

in

the

mai

nstr

eam

med

ia –

tha

t m

a-jo

rity

of

Filip

inos

liv

ed b

elow

the

po

vert

y lin

e; t

hat

peop

le w

ere

not

happ

y of

the

curf

ews,

agra

rian

pol

i-ci

es, a

nd t

he g

over

nmen

t’s s

pend

-Sa d

ekla

rasy

on n

g B

atas

Mili

tar,

nana

him

ik

ang

buon

g la

nsan

gan.

N

guni

t pi

nagd

adam

pot

ng m

ilita

r an

g m

aram

ing

aktib

ista

. “D

alaw

ang

bese

s ak

ong

nahu

li…

pina

upo

ako

sa y

elo,

at b

inuh

usan

ng

tubi

g sa

ilon

g bi

lang

wat

er c

ure,”

ani

Pr

of. J

udy

Tagu

iwal

o, d

eten

idon

g pu

-lit

ikal

noo

ng B

atas

Mili

tar.

H

indi

bab

aba

sa h

alos

70,

000

ang

nabi

lang

go, 3

4,00

0 an

g tin

or-

tyur

at

3,24

0 an

g pi

nata

y no

ong

Bat

as

Mili

tar,

ayon

sa

grup

ong

Am-

nest

y In

tern

atio

nal.

Sa

pagb

agsa

k ng

re

him

eng

Mar

cos,

naka

laya

an

g ila

n sa

m

ga

naku

long

, sa

man

-ta

lang

mar

ami

ang

hind

i na

ka

ilanm

an n

atag

puan

. An

g ila

n ay

na

num

balik

sa

no

rmal

na

bu

hay,

sa

man

tala

ng m

ay i

lan

ding

pin

il-in

g ip

agpa

tulo

y an

g pa

kiki

baka

sa

kana

yuna

n.Ay

on ki

na S

ison

, Oca

mpo

at T

agu-

iwal

o, k

ahit

apat

na

deka

da n

a an

g na

kalip

as m

atap

os ip

ataw

ang

Bat

as

Mili

tar,

nana

natil

i pa

rin

ang

mga

ko

ndis

yong

nag

paki

los

sa s

ekto

r ng

ka

bata

an.

“[Stu

dent

m

ovem

ents

]

are

very

sig

nific

ant.

[The

y] e

xpre

ss

the

dem

ands

of t

he s

tude

nts

as w

ell

as th

ose

of th

e en

tire

peop

le fo

r na

-tio

nal i

ndep

ende

nce,

dem

ocra

cy, d

e-ve

lopm

ent,

soci

al ju

stic

e an

d w

orld

pe

ace,”

pal

iwan

ag n

i Sis

on.

“Sin

asab

i ng

mga

kri

tiko

na p

assé

na

daw

ang

akt

ibis

mo

ngun

it hi

ndi

nila

nak

ikita

na

kaila

ngan

g bu

mal

ik

sa h

isto

rika

l na

ugat

nito

– a

ng [t

ung-

galia

n sa

lipu

nan]

,” ani

Oca

mpo

. Pa

ra

sa

mga

be

tera

nong

ak

tibis

ta

ng

Bat

as

Mili

tar,

kina

kaila

ngan

g m

agpa

tu-

loy

ng k

abat

aan

sa p

aggi

it

ng k

anila

ng k

arap

atan

, lal

o na

sa

hara

p ng

tum

itind

ing

kris

is s

a se

ktor

ng

eduk

asy-

on. “A

ng m

aipa

payo

ko [s

a m

ga

isko

lar n

g ba

yan]

ay

to a

lway

s per

-si

st in

the

stru

ggle

,” ani

Tag

uiw

alo.

Hin

di

mai

kaka

ilang

m

alak

i an

g pa

pel

ng k

abat

aan

sa p

aghu

bog

ng

kasa

ysay

an, l

alo

na s

a pa

glab

an a

t pa

gpap

atal

sik

sa r

ehim

eng

Mar

cos.

Bao

n an

g m

ga a

ral

ng a

ktib

ism

o m

ula

sa p

anah

on n

g B

atas

Mili

tar,

nara

rapa

t m

agpa

tulo

y sa

pag

kilo

s an

g ka

bata

an a

t m

agin

g m

apan

uri

sa

mga

um

iiral

na

tu

ngga

lian

sa li

puna

n.

ing

prio

riti

es; t

hat t

ortu

re a

nd o

ther

fo

rms

of s

tate

vio

lenc

e pr

olife

rate

d to

gag

cri

tics

.So

me

of

the

reno

wne

d di

ssi-

dent

s of

the

per

iod

incl

ude

the

Mr.

and

Ms.

Mag

azin

e, w

hich

pub

lishe

d po

litic

al n

ews

mix

ed a

long

art

icle

s in

thei

r so

ciet

y pa

ge; t

he P

hilip

pine

C

olle

gian

, whi

ch c

onti

nued

to

pub-

lish

guer

illa-

styl

e af

ter

bein

g sh

ut

dow

n by

the

reg

ime;

and

the

We

Foru

m, w

hose

col

umni

sts

incl

uded

hu

man

rig

hts

law

yer

Jose

Dio

kno.

H

owev

er, t

he g

over

nmen

t w

as q

uick

to p

ounc

e up

on

thes

e po

cket

s of

dis

sent

. H

orde

s of

jo

urna

lists

w

ere

arre

sted

and

tor

-tu

red

wit

hout

war

rant

, ju

st fo

r pu

blis

hing

mat

e-ri

als

crit

ical

of t

he r

egim

e.In

198

2, W

e Fo

rum

’s ty

pe-

wri

ters

and

pri

ntin

g pr

ess

wer

e co

nfisc

ated

by

auth

orit

ies

and

its

wri

ters

wer

e de

tain

ed f

or w

riti

ng

“sub

vers

ive

mat

eria

ls.”

“I w

as a

vic

tim

. Dur

ing

the

sus-

pens

ion

of W

e Fo

rum

, al

l of

us

wen

t in

to

hidi

ng.

I w

as

caug

ht

and

deta

ined

for

mor

e th

an t

wo

mon

ths

and

lived

long

aft

erw

ards

,” re

coun

ts O

cam

po. “

Som

e, h

owev

er,

are

not

so l

ucky

. Col

legi

an E

dito

r-in

-Chi

ef D

itto

Sar

mie

nto

died

of

asth

ma

whi

ch w

as a

ggra

vate

d by

hi

s in

carc

erat

ion,

” Oca

mpo

add

s.

Fort

y ye

ars

afte

r th

e de

clar

atio

n of

mar

tial

law

, the

con

diti

ons

that

pr

ompt

ed jo

urna

lists

to b

reak

from

th

e no

rm a

nd e

stab

lish

the

alte

rna-

tive

pre

ss s

till

prev

ails

. A

kin

to th

e M

arti

al L

aw e

ra, j

our-

nalis

m in

the

Phili

ppin

es n

owad

ays

is s

till

a de

adly

pro

fess

ion.

“Pe

ople

w

ho e

xerc

ise

thei

r fr

ee s

peec

h ar

e no

t onl

y su

ppre

ssed

but

als

o ki

lled,

” sa

ys I

laga

n. U

nder

Pre

side

nt B

e-ni

gno

Aqu

ino

III’s

term

alo

ne, s

ix

jour

nalis

ts a

nd m

edia

pra

ctit

ione

rs

have

bee

n ki

lled.

Als

o, m

ajor

med

ia c

om-

pani

es

are

still

ow

ned

by

the

indi

vidu

als,

in-

clud

ing

the

Lope

zes

of

AB

S-C

BN

, who

rega

ined

co

ntro

l of

th

e m

edia

co

mpa

ny u

nder

Cor

azon

A

quin

o’s

pres

iden

cy.

“The

pow

erfu

l sti

ll ow

n th

e m

a-jo

r m

edia

com

pani

es.

Of

cour

se,

they

wou

ld f

urth

er t

heir

ow

n se

lf-in

tere

st.

Even

if

it m

eant

dow

n-pl

ayin

g or

exa

gger

atin

g fa

cts,”

say

s O

cam

po.

As

the

mai

nstr

eam

med

ia c

on-

tinu

e to

pre

sent

a lo

psid

ed v

iew

of

soci

ety,

the

re r

emai

ns a

nee

d fo

r th

e pr

ess

to p

rovi

de s

pace

for

the

m

argi

naliz

ed s

ecto

rs o

f soc

iety

and

be

a p

rim

ary

driv

ing

forc

e in

inst

i-ga

ting

soc

ieta

l cha

nge.

MA

DA

LAS

IPA

GM

ALA

KI N

G M

GA

ta

gasu

port

a ni

dat

ing

Pang

ulon

g Fe

rdin

and

Mar

cos

ang

pag-

unla

d na

kan

ya u

man

ong

naid

ulot

sa

ka-

buha

yan

ng m

ga o

rdin

aryo

ng P

ili-

pino

. Kun

g hi

ndi r

aw n

apat

alsi

k an

g da

ting

pan

gulo

, ani

Sen

ador

Bon

g-bo

ng M

arco

s, m

alam

ang

kaha

nay

na a

ng P

ilipi

nas

ng m

auun

lad

na

bans

ang

gaya

ng

Sing

apor

e.

Ngu

nit

kung

sus

uriin

g m

abut

i an

g yu

gton

g iy

on n

g ka

say-

saya

n, h

indi

mai

tata

nggi

ng

isa

iyon

sa

mga

pan

ahon

g su

kdul

ang

nais

adla

k sa

ka

hira

pan

ang

mga

m

amam

ayan

. N

ang

ipat

upad

ni

Mar

-co

s an

g B

atas

Mili

tar

noon

g Se

tyem

bre

21,

1972

, hi

ndi

agar

ang

nara

mda

man

ni J

uan

dela

C

ruz

ang

pagk

alug

mok

. “M

as m

a-be

nta

noon

, ts

aka

mas

mur

a an

g bi

lihin

,” an

i A

ling

Flor

a, i

sang

tin

-de

ra n

g m

ani.

Bila

ng b

ahag

i ng

pagt

atag

uyod

ni

Mar

cos

ng “

Bag

ong

Lipu

nan,

” si

n-im

ulan

niy

a an

g m

ga p

roye

kton

g pa

ng-e

kono

miy

a na

na

gdul

ot

sa

pagt

aas

ng G

ross

Nat

iona

l Pro

duct

(G

NP)

ng

bans

a. K

abila

ng s

a m

ga

proy

ekto

ng i

to a

ng M

asag

ana

99,

na n

agla

yong

map

aram

i ang

ani

ng

mga

mag

sasa

ka. P

agda

ting

ng

1978

, sa

pat

na a

ng p

rodu

ksyo

n ng

pal

ay

para

sa

pang

anga

ilang

an n

g ba

nsa.

M

ula

1973

han

ggan

g 19

79,

pu-

mal

o sa

6 p

orsy

ento

ang

tau

nang

G

NP

grow

th r

ate

ng P

ilipi

nas.

Tu-

maa

s ng

5

pors

yent

o ta

un-t

aon

ang

bila

ng n

g m

ga P

ilipi

nong

may

tr

abah

o m

ula

1972

han

ggan

g 19

77.

Upa

ng m

aipa

gpat

uloy

ang

pag

la-

kas

ng e

kono

miy

a, n

angu

tang

ang

Pi

lipin

as s

a ib

a’t i

bang

lend

-in

g in

stit

utio

n.

Unt

i-un

ting

ru

-m

upok

ang

eko

nom

i-ya

ng

Mar

cos

na

na-

kasa

ndig

sa

paut

ang

ng

dayu

han,

bat

bat

ng k

o-ru

psyo

n, a

t pi

naiin

og n

g m

ga k

aibi

gan

o m

ga “c

rony

” ng

pan

gulo

. Noo

ng 1

984,

um

abot

sa

46.

7 po

rsye

nto

ang

anta

s ng

pag

-ta

as n

g pr

esyo

ng

mga

bili

hin—

ang

pina

kam

ataa

s na

nai

tala

ng i

nfla-

tion

rate

mul

a 19

80 h

angg

ang

2010

, ay

on

sa

Inte

rnat

iona

l M

onet

ary

Fund

. Mah

igit

2.5

mily

ong

Pilip

ino

rin

ang

naw

alan

ng

trab

aho

noon

g 19

85, a

yon

sa IB

ON

Fou

ndat

ion.

B

ilang

sol

usyo

n sa

mal

awak

ang

kahi

rapa

n, i

tinu

lak

ni M

arco

s an

g m

ga P

ilipi

no n

a m

angi

bang

-bay

an.

WH

EN

FO

RM

ER

FI

RST

LA

DY

Imel

da M

arco

s fa

mou

sly

fore

told

th

at h

er n

ame

wou

ld s

omed

ay b

e lis

ted

in t

he d

icti

onar

y to

den

ote

“ost

enta

tiou

s ex

trav

agan

ce,”

wha

t sh

e pr

obab

ly h

ad i

n m

ind

was

her

va

st a

nd fa

med

col

lect

ion

of s

hoes

, je

wel

ry, a

nd c

outu

re g

owns

. Her

s w

as t

he o

ft-q

uote

d m

axim

whi

ch

proc

laim

s th

at t

he o

nly

thin

gs

wor

thy

of o

ur a

spir

atio

ns

are

“the

true

, the

goo

d, a

nd

the

beau

tifu

l.”

Yet

her

idea

of

ho

w

thes

e m

ust

be r

ealiz

ed is

ap

pare

nt, n

ot o

nly

in h

er

opul

ent

disp

lays

of

wea

lth,

bu

t al

so,

and

perh

aps

mor

e no

tabl

y so

, in

the

man

y va

nity

pro

-je

cts

she

and

her h

usba

nd s

o en

thu-

sias

tica

lly p

ursu

ed t

hrou

ghou

t he

r fa

mily

’s 21

yea

rs in

pow

er.

App

oint

ed a

s bo

th G

over

nor

of

Met

ropo

litan

Man

ila a

nd M

inis

ter

of H

uman

Set

tlem

ent

duri

ng t

he

Mar

tial

Law

yea

rs,

Imel

da s

pear

-he

aded

the

con

stru

ctio

n of

sev

eral

“b

eaut

ifica

tion

ca

mpa

igns

,” w

hich

tr

ansl

ated

into

mak

eshi

ft a

nd s

ub-

stan

dard

hou

sing

pro

ject

s, re

sult

-

ing

in t

he v

iole

nt e

vict

ion

of u

rban

sq

uatt

ers

in la

rge

num

bers

. In

one

inst

ance

, she

eve

n ha

d la

rge

pain

t-ed

wal

ls e

rect

ed a

roun

d co

mm

uni-

ties

in

depr

esse

d ar

eas

to c

once

al

pove

rty

from

the

gaz

e of

for

eign

di

gnit

arie

s vi

siti

ng th

e co

untr

y.

Styl

ing

hers

elf

as p

atro

ness

of

the

arts

, Im

elda

als

o w

ent

on t

o co

mm

issi

on

mul

tim

illio

n-do

llar c

ompl

exes

, suc

h as

th

e C

ultu

ral

Cen

ter

of

the

Phili

ppin

es a

nd th

e M

anila

Film

Cen

ter,

at

a ti

me

whe

n po

vert

y w

as w

ides

prea

d. F

rom

a

pove

rty

leve

l of 2

4 pe

r-ce

nt i

n 19

74,

the

prop

or-

tion

of

peop

le l

ivin

g be

low

the

po

vert

y lin

e in

the

cit

ies

alon

e ha

d ri

sen

to 4

0 pe

rcen

t by

1986

.Th

ese

glit

zy i

niti

ativ

es u

nder

-sc

ored

he

r hu

sban

d’s

dire

ne

ed

to e

nfor

ce a

sem

blan

ce o

f or

der,

stab

ility

, an

d pr

ogre

ss.

Whi

le t

he

coun

try

regi

ster

ed p

osit

ive

nom

i-na

l ec

onom

ic g

row

th r

ates

dur

-in

g M

arti

al L

aw, t

he b

oom

did

not

tr

ansl

ate

to r

eal,

gras

sroo

ts t

erm

s an

d w

as d

ue m

ostl

y to

an

over

-

Tum

aas

ang

bila

ng n

g O

FW m

ula

sa

36,0

29 n

oong

197

5 tu

ngon

g 37

2,78

4 no

ong

1985

. Nag

biga

y di

n si

Mar

cos

ng m

ga in

sent

ibo

sa m

ga d

ayuh

ang

mam

umuh

unan

, ga

ya n

g pa

gbab

a ng

tari

pa p

ara

sa b

anya

gang

kal

aka-

lan.

Sa

halip

na

mak

abut

i, na

ging

da

hila

n pa

ito

upa

ng l

alon

g hu

mi-

na a

ng m

ga l

okal

na

indu

stri

ya s

a ba

nsa.

B

agam

an

kila

la

sa

kani

lang

pa

gigi

ng

mat

iisin

, na

kita

ng

m

ga P

ilipi

no a

ng p

anga

n-ga

ilang

ang

mag

balik

was

sa

pam

umun

o ni

Mar

cos.

May

“p

rote

st

ban”

m

an,

mat

agum

pay

pa r

ing

nai-

luns

ad a

ng w

elga

ng

mga

m

angg

agaw

a sa

La

Tond

eña

noon

g 19

75. L

ibo-

libon

g Pi

lipi-

no r

in a

ng d

umag

sa s

a ka

haba

an n

g E

DSA

noo

ng P

eopl

e Po

wer

1 n

oong

Pe

brer

o 19

86 k

ung

kaila

n tu

luya

ng

napa

tals

ik s

a pw

esto

si M

arco

s. “N

ang

naki

ta k

o sa

TV

na

nag-

tata

wag

sila

na

mag

rally

sa

ED

SA,

nagl

akad

[na

] ka

mi

papu

nta

roon

,” an

i M

ang

Alla

n,

isan

g se

curi

ty

guar

d.La

bing

-ani

m n

a ta

on n

a an

g lu

-m

ipas

, lim

ang

pang

ulo

na a

ng n

ag-

daan

, ng

unit

hi

ndi

mai

kaka

ilang

nana

nati

li pa

rin

ang

mar

ami

sa

mga

kon

disy

ong

nagp

ahir

ap s

a m

ga

Pilip

ino.

Pa

tulo

y pa

rin

ang

pan

ging

iban

g ba

nsa

ng

mar

amin

g Pi

lipin

o —

um

abot

na

sa 2

.2 m

ilyon

ang

OFW

no

ong

Sety

embr

e 20

11,

ayon

sa

ta

la n

g N

atio

nal

Stat

isti

cs O

ffice

. W

alan

g pa

mba

nsan

g in

dust

riya

an

g Pi

lipin

as, a

t m

alak

i pa

rin

ang

ut

ang

panl

abas

ng

bans

a. D

ulot

nit

o,

inaa

ngko

p pa

rin

ng

pam

a-ha

laan

ang

mga

kon

disy

-on

ng

m

ga

lend

ing

inst

itut

ion,

tu

lad

ng

pagb

aba

ng b

adye

t sa

m

ga

serb

isyo

ng

pan-

lipun

an, a

yon

sa I

BO

N

Foun

dati

on.

“Wal

a na

man

g pa

g-ba

bago

ka

y N

oyno

y ng

ayon

. La

hat

[ng

pres

yo n

g m

ga b

ilihi

n],

nagm

amah

al,”

ani

Alin

g C

elia

, 62

, m

anin

inda

ng

bana

na c

ue.

Hig

it

tatl

ong

deka

da

mat

apos

m

apat

alsi

k an

g re

him

eng

Mar

cos,

la

gana

p pa

rin

ang

kah

irap

an s

a ba

nsa.

Nan

anat

ili p

a ri

n an

g m

ga

bata

yang

su

liran

in

ng

lipun

ang

mal

ulun

asan

lam

ang

sa p

atul

oy n

a pa

glab

an n

g m

amam

ayan

.

flow

of

fore

ign

capi

tal

and

exce

s-si

ve g

over

nmen

t sp

endi

ng. W

ages

w

ere

froz

en a

nd la

bor

unio

ns w

ere

clam

ped

dow

n to

mak

e th

e do

mes

-ti

c bu

sine

ss e

nvir

onm

ent a

ttra

ctiv

e to

fore

ign

inve

stor

s.A

lmos

t ha

lf a

cent

ury

henc

e,

thou

gh t

he S

teel

But

terfl

y’s

phys

i-ca

l fa

cade

s of

“be

auty

” and

“or

der”

no

lon

ger

dom

inat

e th

e la

nd-

scap

e, t

he p

rese

nt g

over

n-m

ent’s

ow

n po

litic

al a

nd

econ

omic

ag

enda

ar

e ne

ithe

r le

ss d

ecep

tive

nor

le

ss e

xtra

vaga

nt.

Whi

le

gove

rnm

ent

fund

ing

for

basi

c so

cial

se

rvic

es f

all

belo

w t

he l

evel

s ne

eded

for

the

ope

rati

ons

of p

ub-

lic

inst

itut

ions

, th

e go

vern

men

t si

mul

tane

ousl

y w

aste

s m

illio

ns o

f pe

sos

on p

rogr

ams

whi

ch s

eem

to

follo

w Im

elda

’s sk

ewed

idea

of w

hat

cons

titu

tes

publ

ic s

ervi

ce.

In t

he p

ropo

sed

nati

onal

bud

get

for

2013

al

one,

th

e go

vern

men

t pl

ans

to f

urth

er i

ncre

ase

fund

ing

for

its

Con

diti

onal

Cas

h Tr

ansf

er

prog

ram

, des

pite

bot

h lo

cal a

nd in

-te

rnat

iona

l stu

dies

whi

ch p

rove

the

inef

ficie

ncy

of c

ash

dole

-out

s in

re

solv

ing

pove

rty

in m

any

coun

-tr

ies

like

Mex

ico.

Ev

en i

n it

s bu

dget

for

edu

ca-

tion

, the

gov

ernm

ent’s

pen

chan

t fo

r m

isgu

ided

spe

ndin

g is

not

h-in

g le

ss t

han

evid

ent.

Whi

le t

he

adm

inis

trat

ion

does

not

hes

itat

e to

pou

r fun

ds in

to th

e im

plem

en-

tati

on o

f th

e K-

12 p

olic

y,

mor

e ur

gent

pri

orit

ies,

su

ch a

s th

e sh

orta

ge

of t

each

ers

and

fa-

cilit

ies,

are

bani

shed

to

the

mar

gins

of t

he

gove

rnm

ent’s

bl

ue-

prin

t of “

prog

ress

.”Ye

t hi

stor

y ha

s de

m-

onst

rate

d th

at t

he p

oten

cy o

f m

anuf

actu

red

real

itie

s, ho

wev

er

“tru

e,” “

good

,” an

d “b

eaut

iful”

they

m

ay a

ppea

r, ca

n ne

ver

trul

y is

o-la

te t

he p

eopl

e fr

om t

heir

ow

n ha

rsh

mat

eria

l co

ndit

ions

. A

nd

as t

he n

arra

tive

s of

Mar

tial

Law

ha

ve

show

n,

fals

e fa

cade

s an

d op

pres

sive

str

uctu

res

can

neve

r av

ail a

gain

st th

e pe

ople

’s st

rugg

le

for

trut

h an

d so

cial

just

ice.

BALI

K-AR

AL

UN

DER

PRES

SURE

VA

NIT

Y F

AIR

J oh n

Mal co lm

S . A

n iag

Gloiza Plam

enco

Bat

as n

g pa

g-ak

las: Bat

as n

g p

ag-a

klas

Mg

a h

inan

go

ng

ara

l sa

ika-

40

tao

n n

g B

atas

Mili

tar

victor Limon

LAN

DAS

NG

PAG

BABA

LIKW

AS

Page 7

LATH

ALAI

N

Miy

erku

les

19 S

etye

mbre

2

012

LAT

HA

LAIN

Miy

erku

les

19 S

etye

mbr

e

20

12

BAG

O P

A M

AN T

UM

UN

TON

G S

A

UP

ang

mar

ami

sa m

ga i

skol

ar n

g ba

yan,

m

ahig

pit

na

ang

tagu

bilin

ng

kan

ilang

mga

mag

ulan

g na

hu-

wag

mag

ing

aktib

ista

. Ngu

nit

kung

m

atam

ang

baba

likan

ang

kasa

ysay

an

ng a

ktib

ism

o sa

pam

anta

san,

hin

di

mai

kaka

ila a

ng m

alak

ing

pape

l na

gi

nam

pana

n ni

to s

a pa

ghub

og n

g U

P

at n

g lip

unan

.Ila

ng

taon

pa

la

man

g an

g na

kara

raan

mat

apos

itat

ag

ang

UP,

sum

ibol

na

ang

prog

resi

bong

ka

ma-

laya

n sa

pam

anta

san.

M

ula

1917

ha

ngga

ng

deka

da

‘50s

, na

ging

m

atal

as n

a kr

itiko

ang

m

ga m

ag-a

aral

ng

UP

ng

mga

pat

akar

ang

sum

usup

il sa

sob

eran

ya n

g ba

nsa.

Sa p

agpa

sok

ng d

ekad

a ‘6

0s, b

inuo

ng

dat

ing

prop

esor

sa

liter

atur

a na

si

Jose

Mar

ia S

ison

ang

pro

gres

ibon

g or

gani

sasy

on n

a St

uden

t Cu

ltura

l As

soci

atio

n of

th

e U

P (S

CAU

P).

Sini

mul

an

ng

SCAU

P an

g m

ga

disk

usyo

n sa

mga

caf

eter

ia a

t si

lid-

akla

tan

ng U

P hi

nggi

l sa

kal

agay

an

ng li

puna

ng P

ilipi

no.

Kina

laun

an, b

inuo

ni S

ison

, kas

a-

NO

OTH

ER

PE

RIO

D IN

PH

ILIP

PIN

E

hist

ory

reve

als

the

pola

rize

d na

ture

of m

edia

out

fits m

ore c

lear

ly

than

the

Mar

tial

Law

era

. D

urin

g th

is

peri

od,

Filip

inos

w

itne

ssed

th

e st

ark

cont

rast

be

twee

n st

ate-

cont

rolle

d m

edia

–

whi

ch p

ortr

ayed

mas

sive

dev

elop

-m

ent

and

prog

ress

bro

ught

abo

ut

by th

e M

arco

s di

ctat

orsh

ip, a

nd th

e gr

im p

ictu

re p

aint

ed b

y th

e un

der-

grou

nd a

lter

nati

ve p

ress

.Im

med

iate

ly

afte

r de

clar

ing

Mar

tial

Law

, Pre

side

nt F

er-

dina

nd

Mar

cos

swift

ly

mov

ed

to

sile

nce

the

oppo

siti

on. H

is fi

rst

let-

ter

of in

stru

ctio

n un

der

mar

tial

ru

le

orde

red

for

the

sequ

estr

atio

n of

al

l ra

dio,

te

levi

sion

an

d ne

wsp

aper

out

lets

. A m

onth

la

ter,

Mar

cos

rele

ased

Pre

side

ntia

l D

ecre

e N

o. 3

3 w

hich

led

to t

he im

-pr

ison

men

t of

peo

ple

the

regi

me

tagg

ed a

s “s

ubve

rsiv

es,”

incl

udin

g kn

own

med

ia c

riti

cs.

Mos

t med

ia in

stit

utio

ns fe

ll in

to

the

hand

s of

kno

wn

Mar

cos

cro-

nies

, inc

ludi

ng G

ilber

to D

uavi

t an

d R

ober

to B

ened

icto

, w

ho t

oget

her

owne

d m

ost l

ocal

TV

cha

nnel

s an

d th

e Ph

ilipp

ine

Dai

ly E

xpre

ss,

the

only

nat

iona

lly-d

istr

ibut

ed n

ews-

pape

r du

ring

that

tim

e.Th

e st

ate-

cont

rolle

d m

edia

so

ught

to

build

the

dic

tato

rshi

p’s ma

ang

80 m

ga e

stud

yant

e at

gur

o ng

UP,

ang

dem

okra

tikon

g or

gan-

isas

yong

Kab

ataa

ng M

akab

ayan

(KM

) na

nan

awag

an p

ara

sa m

alaw

akan

g pa

gbab

agon

g pa

nlip

unan

. Sa

lo

ob

ng is

ang

taon

, hal

os 2

5,00

0 an

g na

-pa

kilo

s ng

KM

sa

mga

pro

test

a la

ban

sa m

ga k

asun

duan

g La

urel

-Lan

gley

Ag

reem

ent

at

US

Mili

tary

B

ases

Ag

reem

ent.

Mul

ing

nasu

bok

ang

laka

s ng

ki-

lusa

ng k

abat

aan

noon

g de

kada

‘70

s. N

ang

tum

aas

ng ta

tlong

se

ntim

os

ang

pres

yo

ng

lang

is,

halo

s 50

,000

es

-tu

dyan

te a

ng n

agpr

otes

ta

sa u

nang

tatlo

ng b

uwan

ng

1970

, na

kini

lala

bila

ng F

irst

Q

uart

er S

torm

(FQ

S).

Bun

sod

ng F

QS,

hig

it pa

ng lu

-m

akas

ang

kilu

sang

kab

ataa

n. “

Nag

-in

g fr

eque

nt a

ng m

ga d

iscu

ssio

n gr

oups

[sa

UP]

tun

gkol

sa

prob

lem

a ng

Phi

lippi

ne s

ocie

ty,”

ani S

atur

Oc-

ampo

, isa

sa

mga

lid

er-e

stud

yant

e ng

pan

ahon

g iy

on.

Nag

ing

isa

sa m

ga p

angu

nahi

ng

dahi

lan

ni M

arco

s an

g pa

pala

kas

na

kilu

sang

kab

ataa

n, k

asam

a an

g ib

a pa

ng s

ekto

r ng

lipu

nan,

sa

pagp

apa-

tupa

d ng

Bat

as M

ilita

r.

imag

e ev

en if

it m

eant

con

juri

ng il

-lu

sion

s of

pro

gres

s. “In

tho

se d

ays,

the

mai

nstr

eam

m

edia

wer

e fil

led

wit

h ei

ther

gov

-er

nmen

t pr

opag

anda

or

ente

rtai

n-m

ent

[to

calm

the

mas

ses]

,” sa

ys

acti

vist

pla

ywri

ght B

onifa

cio

Ilaga

n.W

hile

the

cron

y pr

ess

cont

inue

d to

wea

ve g

over

nmen

t pr

opag

anda

, a

smal

l po

rtio

n of

the

pre

ss, c

om-

pose

d of

cam

pus

publ

icat

ions

and

ne

wsp

aper

s w

ith

rela

tive

ly s

mal

ler

circ

ulat

ion,

ba

nded

to

geth

er

and

form

ed w

hat w

ill g

o do

wn

in

hist

ory

as t

he “

mos

quit

o pr

ess”

– r

elat

ivel

y sm

all-

er i

n re

ach,

yet

abl

e to

pu

blis

h st

ingi

ng a

rtic

les

agai

nst t

he r

egim

e.“W

e di

dn’t

like

this

m

onop

oly

of

info

rma-

tion

. Kno

win

g th

at t

here

was

an

othe

r un

repo

rted

sid

e to

eve

ry

stor

y, w

e de

cide

d to

tel

l ou

r si

de

of t

he s

tory

,” sa

ys t

hen-

colu

mni

st

of a

nti-

dict

ator

ship

new

spap

er P

a-ha

yaga

ng M

alay

a Sa

tur

Oca

mpo

.D

espi

te t

he l

oom

ing

dang

er o

f im

pris

onm

ent

and

tort

ure,

th

e m

osqu

ito

pres

s pr

esen

ted

the

grim

es o

f th

e M

arti

al L

aw p

erio

d,

repo

rtin

g ne

ws

that

was

abs

ent

in

the

mai

nstr

eam

med

ia –

tha

t m

a-jo

rity

of

Filip

inos

liv

ed b

elow

the

po

vert

y lin

e; t

hat

peop

le w

ere

not

happ

y of

the

curf

ews,

agra

rian

pol

i-ci

es, a

nd t

he g

over

nmen

t’s s

pend

-Sa d

ekla

rasy

on n

g B

atas

Mili

tar,

nana

him

ik

ang

buon

g la

nsan

gan.

N

guni

t pi

nagd

adam

pot

ng m

ilita

r an

g m

aram

ing

aktib

ista

. “D

alaw

ang

bese

s ak

ong

nahu

li…

pina

upo

ako

sa y

elo,

at b

inuh

usan

ng

tubi

g sa

ilon

g bi

lang

wat

er c

ure,”

ani

Pr

of. J

udy

Tagu

iwal

o, d

eten

idon

g pu

-lit

ikal

noo

ng B

atas

Mili

tar.

H

indi

bab

aba

sa h

alos

70,

000

ang

nabi

lang

go, 3

4,00

0 an

g tin

or-

tyur

at

3,24

0 an

g pi

nata

y no

ong

Bat

as

Mili

tar,

ayon

sa

grup

ong

Am-

nest

y In

tern

atio

nal.

Sa

pagb

agsa

k ng

re

him

eng

Mar

cos,

naka

laya

an

g ila

n sa

m

ga

naku

long

, sa

man

-ta

lang

mar

ami

ang

hind

i na

ka

ilanm

an n

atag

puan

. An

g ila

n ay

na

num

balik

sa

no

rmal

na

bu

hay,

sa

man

tala

ng m

ay i

lan

ding

pin

il-in

g ip

agpa

tulo

y an

g pa

kiki

baka

sa

kana

yuna

n.Ay

on ki

na S

ison

, Oca

mpo

at T

agu-

iwal

o, k

ahit

apat

na

deka

da n

a an

g na

kalip

as m

atap

os ip

ataw

ang

Bat

as

Mili

tar,

nana

natil

i pa

rin

ang

mga

ko

ndis

yong

nag

paki

los

sa s

ekto

r ng

ka

bata

an.

“[Stu

dent

m

ovem

ents

]

are

very

sig

nific

ant.

[The

y] e

xpre

ss

the

dem

ands

of t

he s

tude

nts

as w

ell

as th

ose

of th

e en

tire

peop

le fo

r na

-tio

nal i

ndep

ende

nce,

dem

ocra

cy, d

e-ve

lopm

ent,

soci

al ju

stic

e an

d w

orld

pe

ace,”

pal

iwan

ag n

i Sis

on.

“Sin

asab

i ng

mga

kri

tiko

na p

assé

na

daw

ang

akt

ibis

mo

ngun

it hi

ndi

nila

nak

ikita

na

kaila

ngan

g bu

mal

ik

sa h

isto

rika

l na

ugat

nito

– a

ng [t

ung-

galia

n sa

lipu

nan]

,” ani

Oca

mpo

. Pa

ra

sa

mga

be

tera

nong

ak

tibis

ta

ng

Bat

as

Mili

tar,

kina

kaila

ngan

g m

agpa

tu-

loy

ng k

abat

aan

sa p

aggi

it

ng k

anila

ng k

arap

atan

, lal

o na

sa

hara

p ng

tum

itind

ing

kris

is s

a se

ktor

ng

eduk

asy-

on. “A

ng m

aipa

payo

ko [s

a m

ga

isko

lar n

g ba

yan]

ay

to a

lway

s per

-si

st in

the

stru

ggle

,” ani

Tag

uiw

alo.

Hin

di

mai

kaka

ilang

m

alak

i an

g pa

pel

ng k

abat

aan

sa p

aghu

bog

ng

kasa

ysay

an, l

alo

na s

a pa

glab

an a

t pa

gpap

atal

sik

sa r

ehim

eng

Mar

cos.

Bao

n an

g m

ga a

ral

ng a

ktib

ism

o m

ula

sa p

anah

on n

g B

atas

Mili

tar,

nara

rapa

t m

agpa

tulo

y sa

pag

kilo

s an

g ka

bata

an a

t m

agin

g m

apan

uri

sa

mga

um

iiral

na

tu

ngga

lian

sa li

puna

n.

ing

prio

riti

es; t

hat t

ortu

re a

nd o

ther

fo

rms

of s

tate

vio

lenc

e pr

olife

rate

d to

gag

cri

tics

.So

me

of

the

reno

wne

d di

ssi-

dent

s of

the

per

iod

incl

ude

the

Mr.

and

Ms.

Mag

azin

e, w

hich

pub

lishe

d po

litic

al n

ews

mix

ed a

long

art

icle

s in

thei

r so

ciet

y pa

ge; t

he P

hilip

pine

C

olle

gian

, whi

ch c

onti

nued

to

pub-

lish

guer

illa-

styl

e af

ter

bein

g sh

ut

dow

n by

the

reg

ime;

and

the

We

Foru

m, w

hose

col

umni

sts

incl

uded

hu

man

rig

hts

law

yer

Jose

Dio

kno.

H

owev

er, t

he g

over

nmen

t w

as q

uick

to p

ounc

e up

on

thes

e po

cket

s of

dis

sent

. H

orde

s of

jo

urna

lists

w

ere

arre

sted

and

tor

-tu

red

wit

hout

war

rant

, ju

st fo

r pu

blis

hing

mat

e-ri

als

crit

ical

of t

he r

egim

e.In

198

2, W

e Fo

rum

’s ty

pe-

wri

ters

and

pri

ntin

g pr

ess

wer

e co

nfisc

ated

by

auth

orit

ies

and

its

wri

ters

wer

e de

tain

ed f

or w

riti

ng

“sub

vers

ive

mat

eria

ls.”

“I w

as a

vic

tim

. Dur

ing

the

sus-

pens

ion

of W

e Fo

rum

, al

l of

us

wen

t in

to

hidi

ng.

I w

as

caug

ht

and

deta

ined

for

mor

e th

an t

wo

mon

ths

and

lived

long

aft

erw

ards

,” re

coun

ts O

cam

po. “

Som

e, h

owev

er,

are

not

so l

ucky

. Col

legi

an E

dito

r-in

-Chi

ef D

itto

Sar

mie

nto

died

of

asth

ma

whi

ch w

as a

ggra

vate

d by

hi

s in

carc

erat

ion,

” Oca

mpo

add

s.

Fort

y ye

ars

afte

r th

e de

clar

atio

n of

mar

tial

law

, the

con

diti

ons

that

pr

ompt

ed jo

urna

lists

to b

reak

from

th

e no

rm a

nd e

stab

lish

the

alte

rna-

tive

pre

ss s

till

prev

ails

. A

kin

to th

e M

arti

al L

aw e

ra, j

our-

nalis

m in

the

Phili

ppin

es n

owad

ays

is s

till

a de

adly

pro

fess

ion.

“Pe

ople

w

ho e

xerc

ise

thei

r fr

ee s

peec

h ar

e no

t onl

y su

ppre

ssed

but

als

o ki

lled,

” sa

ys I

laga

n. U

nder

Pre

side

nt B

e-ni

gno

Aqu

ino

III’s

term

alo

ne, s

ix

jour

nalis

ts a

nd m

edia

pra

ctit

ione

rs

have

bee

n ki

lled.

Als

o, m

ajor

med

ia c

om-

pani

es

are

still

ow

ned

by

the

indi

vidu

als,

in-

clud

ing

the

Lope

zes

of

AB

S-C

BN

, who

rega

ined

co

ntro

l of

th

e m

edia

co

mpa

ny u

nder

Cor

azon

A

quin

o’s

pres

iden

cy.

“The

pow

erfu

l sti

ll ow

n th

e m

a-jo

r m

edia

com

pani

es.

Of

cour

se,

they

wou

ld f

urth

er t

heir

ow

n se

lf-in

tere

st.

Even

if

it m

eant

dow

n-pl

ayin

g or

exa

gger

atin

g fa

cts,”

say

s O

cam

po.

As

the

mai

nstr

eam

med

ia c

on-

tinu

e to

pre

sent

a lo

psid

ed v

iew

of

soci

ety,

the

re r

emai

ns a

nee

d fo

r th

e pr

ess

to p

rovi

de s

pace

for

the

m

argi

naliz

ed s

ecto

rs o

f soc

iety

and

be

a p

rim

ary

driv

ing

forc

e in

inst

i-ga

ting

soc

ieta

l cha

nge.

MA

DA

LAS

IPA

GM

ALA

KI N

G M

GA

ta

gasu

port

a ni

dat

ing

Pang

ulon

g Fe

rdin

and

Mar

cos

ang

pag-

unla

d na

kan

ya u

man

ong

naid

ulot

sa

ka-

buha

yan

ng m

ga o

rdin

aryo

ng P

ili-

pino

. Kun

g hi

ndi r

aw n

apat

alsi

k an

g da

ting

pan

gulo

, ani

Sen

ador

Bon

g-bo

ng M

arco

s, m

alam

ang

kaha

nay

na a

ng P

ilipi

nas

ng m

auun

lad

na

bans

ang

gaya

ng

Sing

apor

e.

Ngu

nit

kung

sus

uriin

g m

abut

i an

g yu

gton

g iy

on n

g ka

say-

saya

n, h

indi

mai

tata

nggi

ng

isa

iyon

sa

mga

pan

ahon

g su

kdul

ang

nais

adla

k sa

ka

hira

pan

ang

mga

m

amam

ayan

. N

ang

ipat

upad

ni

Mar

-co

s an

g B

atas

Mili

tar

noon

g Se

tyem

bre

21,

1972

, hi

ndi

agar

ang

nara

mda

man

ni J

uan

dela

C

ruz

ang

pagk

alug

mok

. “M

as m

a-be

nta

noon

, ts

aka

mas

mur

a an

g bi

lihin

,” an

i A

ling

Flor

a, i

sang

tin

-de

ra n

g m

ani.

Bila

ng b

ahag

i ng

pagt

atag

uyod

ni

Mar

cos

ng “

Bag

ong

Lipu

nan,

” si

n-im

ulan

niy

a an

g m

ga p

roye

kton

g pa

ng-e

kono

miy

a na

na

gdul

ot

sa

pagt

aas

ng G

ross

Nat

iona

l Pro

duct

(G

NP)

ng

bans

a. K

abila

ng s

a m

ga

proy

ekto

ng i

to a

ng M

asag

ana

99,

na n

agla

yong

map

aram

i ang

ani

ng

mga

mag

sasa

ka. P

agda

ting

ng

1978

, sa

pat

na a

ng p

rodu

ksyo

n ng

pal

ay

para

sa

pang

anga

ilang

an n

g ba

nsa.

M

ula

1973

han

ggan

g 19

79,

pu-

mal

o sa

6 p

orsy

ento

ang

tau

nang

G

NP

grow

th r

ate

ng P

ilipi

nas.

Tu-

maa

s ng

5

pors

yent

o ta

un-t

aon

ang

bila

ng n

g m

ga P

ilipi

nong

may

tr

abah

o m

ula

1972

han

ggan

g 19

77.

Upa

ng m

aipa

gpat

uloy

ang

pag

la-

kas

ng e

kono

miy

a, n

angu

tang

ang

Pi

lipin

as s

a ib

a’t i

bang

lend

-in

g in

stit

utio

n.

Unt

i-un

ting

ru

-m

upok

ang

eko

nom

i-ya

ng

Mar

cos

na

na-

kasa

ndig

sa

paut

ang

ng

dayu

han,

bat

bat

ng k

o-ru

psyo

n, a

t pi

naiin

og n

g m

ga k

aibi

gan

o m

ga “c

rony

” ng

pan

gulo

. Noo

ng 1

984,

um

abot

sa

46.

7 po

rsye

nto

ang

anta

s ng

pag

-ta

as n

g pr

esyo

ng

mga

bili

hin—

ang

pina

kam

ataa

s na

nai

tala

ng i

nfla-

tion

rate

mul

a 19

80 h

angg

ang

2010

, ay

on

sa

Inte

rnat

iona

l M

onet

ary

Fund

. Mah

igit

2.5

mily

ong

Pilip

ino

rin

ang

naw

alan

ng

trab

aho

noon

g 19

85, a

yon

sa IB

ON

Fou

ndat

ion.

B

ilang

sol

usyo

n sa

mal

awak

ang

kahi

rapa

n, i

tinu

lak

ni M

arco

s an

g m

ga P

ilipi

no n

a m

angi

bang

-bay

an.

WH

EN

FO

RM

ER

FI

RST

LA

DY

Imel

da M

arco

s fa

mou

sly

fore

told

th

at h

er n

ame

wou

ld s

omed

ay b

e lis

ted

in t

he d

icti

onar

y to

den

ote

“ost

enta

tiou

s ex

trav

agan

ce,”

wha

t sh

e pr

obab

ly h

ad i

n m

ind

was

her

va

st a

nd fa

med

col

lect

ion

of s

hoes

, je

wel

ry, a

nd c

outu

re g

owns

. Her

s w

as t

he o

ft-q

uote

d m

axim

whi

ch

proc

laim

s th

at t

he o

nly

thin

gs

wor

thy

of o

ur a

spir

atio

ns

are

“the

true

, the

goo

d, a

nd

the

beau

tifu

l.”

Yet

her

idea

of

ho

w

thes

e m

ust

be r

ealiz

ed is

ap

pare

nt, n

ot o

nly

in h

er

opul

ent

disp

lays

of

wea

lth,

bu

t al

so,

and

perh

aps

mor

e no

tabl

y so

, in

the

man

y va

nity

pro

-je

cts

she

and

her h

usba

nd s

o en

thu-

sias

tica

lly p

ursu

ed t

hrou

ghou

t he

r fa

mily

’s 21

yea

rs in

pow

er.

App

oint

ed a

s bo

th G

over

nor

of

Met

ropo

litan

Man

ila a

nd M

inis

ter

of H

uman

Set

tlem

ent

duri

ng t

he

Mar

tial

Law

yea

rs,

Imel

da s

pear

-he

aded

the

con

stru

ctio

n of

sev

eral

“b

eaut

ifica

tion

ca

mpa

igns

,” w

hich

tr

ansl

ated

into

mak

eshi

ft a

nd s

ub-

stan

dard

hou

sing

pro

ject

s, re

sult

-

ing

in t

he v

iole

nt e

vict

ion

of u

rban

sq

uatt

ers

in la

rge

num

bers

. In

one

inst

ance

, she

eve

n ha

d la

rge

pain

t-ed

wal

ls e

rect

ed a

roun

d co

mm

uni-

ties

in

depr

esse

d ar

eas

to c

once

al

pove

rty

from

the

gaz

e of

for

eign

di

gnit

arie

s vi

siti

ng th

e co

untr

y.

Styl

ing

hers

elf

as p

atro

ness

of

the

arts

, Im

elda

als

o w

ent

on t

o co

mm

issi

on

mul

tim

illio

n-do

llar c

ompl

exes

, suc

h as

th

e C

ultu

ral

Cen

ter

of

the

Phili

ppin

es a

nd th

e M

anila

Film

Cen

ter,

at

a ti

me

whe

n po

vert

y w

as w

ides

prea

d. F

rom

a

pove

rty

leve

l of 2

4 pe

r-ce

nt i

n 19

74,

the

prop

or-

tion

of

peop

le l

ivin

g be

low

the

po

vert

y lin

e in

the

cit

ies

alon

e ha

d ri

sen

to 4

0 pe

rcen

t by

1986

.Th

ese

glit

zy i

niti

ativ

es u

nder

-sc

ored

he

r hu

sban

d’s

dire

ne

ed

to e

nfor

ce a

sem

blan

ce o

f or

der,

stab

ility

, an

d pr

ogre

ss.

Whi

le t

he

coun

try

regi

ster

ed p

osit

ive

nom

i-na

l ec

onom

ic g

row

th r

ates

dur

-in

g M

arti

al L

aw, t

he b

oom

did

not

tr

ansl

ate

to r

eal,

gras

sroo

ts t

erm

s an

d w

as d

ue m

ostl

y to

an

over

-

Tum

aas

ang

bila

ng n

g O

FW m

ula

sa

36,0

29 n

oong

197

5 tu

ngon

g 37

2,78

4 no

ong

1985

. Nag

biga

y di

n si

Mar

cos

ng m

ga in

sent

ibo

sa m

ga d

ayuh

ang

mam

umuh

unan

, ga

ya n

g pa

gbab

a ng

tari

pa p

ara

sa b

anya

gang

kal

aka-

lan.

Sa

halip

na

mak

abut

i, na

ging

da

hila

n pa

ito

upa

ng l

alon

g hu

mi-

na a

ng m

ga l

okal

na

indu

stri

ya s

a ba

nsa.

B

agam

an

kila

la

sa

kani

lang

pa

gigi

ng

mat

iisin

, na

kita

ng

m

ga P

ilipi

no a

ng p

anga

n-ga

ilang

ang

mag

balik

was

sa

pam

umun

o ni

Mar

cos.

May

“p

rote

st

ban”

m

an,

mat

agum

pay

pa r

ing

nai-

luns

ad a

ng w

elga

ng

mga

m

angg

agaw

a sa

La

Tond

eña

noon

g 19

75. L

ibo-

libon

g Pi

lipi-

no r

in a

ng d

umag

sa s

a ka

haba

an n

g E

DSA

noo

ng P

eopl

e Po

wer

1 n

oong

Pe

brer

o 19

86 k

ung

kaila

n tu

luya

ng

napa

tals

ik s

a pw

esto

si M

arco

s. “N

ang

naki

ta k

o sa

TV

na

nag-

tata

wag

sila

na

mag

rally

sa

ED

SA,

nagl

akad

[na

] ka

mi

papu

nta

roon

,” an

i M

ang

Alla

n,

isan

g se

curi

ty

guar

d.La

bing

-ani

m n

a ta

on n

a an

g lu

-m

ipas

, lim

ang

pang

ulo

na a

ng n

ag-

daan

, ng

unit

hi

ndi

mai

kaka

ilang

nana

nati

li pa

rin

ang

mar

ami

sa

mga

kon

disy

ong

nagp

ahir

ap s

a m

ga

Pilip

ino.

Pa

tulo

y pa

rin

ang

pan

ging

iban

g ba

nsa

ng

mar

amin

g Pi

lipin

o —

um

abot

na

sa 2

.2 m

ilyon

ang

OFW

no

ong

Sety

embr

e 20

11,

ayon

sa

ta

la n

g N

atio

nal

Stat

isti

cs O

ffice

. W

alan

g pa

mba

nsan

g in

dust

riya

an

g Pi

lipin

as, a

t m

alak

i pa

rin

ang

ut

ang

panl

abas

ng

bans

a. D

ulot

nit

o,

inaa

ngko

p pa

rin

ng

pam

a-ha

laan

ang

mga

kon

disy

-on

ng

m

ga

lend

ing

inst

itut

ion,

tu

lad

ng

pagb

aba

ng b

adye

t sa

m

ga

serb

isyo

ng

pan-

lipun

an, a

yon

sa I

BO

N

Foun

dati

on.

“Wal

a na

man

g pa

g-ba

bago

ka

y N

oyno

y ng

ayon

. La

hat

[ng

pres

yo n

g m

ga b

ilihi

n],

nagm

amah

al,”

ani

Alin

g C

elia

, 62

, m

anin

inda

ng

bana

na c

ue.

Hig

it

tatl

ong

deka

da

mat

apos

m

apat

alsi

k an

g re

him

eng

Mar

cos,

la

gana

p pa

rin

ang

kah

irap

an s

a ba

nsa.

Nan

anat

ili p

a ri

n an

g m

ga

bata

yang

su

liran

in

ng

lipun

ang

mal

ulun

asan

lam

ang

sa p

atul

oy n

a pa

glab

an n

g m

amam

ayan

.

flow

of

fore

ign

capi

tal

and

exce

s-si

ve g

over

nmen

t sp

endi

ng. W

ages

w

ere

froz

en a

nd la

bor

unio

ns w

ere

clam

ped

dow

n to

mak

e th

e do

mes

-ti

c bu

sine

ss e

nvir

onm

ent a

ttra

ctiv

e to

fore

ign

inve

stor

s.A

lmos

t ha

lf a

cent

ury

henc

e,

thou

gh t

he S

teel

But

terfl

y’s

phys

i-ca

l fa

cade

s of

“be

auty

” and

“or

der”

no

lon

ger

dom

inat

e th

e la

nd-

scap

e, t

he p

rese

nt g

over

n-m

ent’s

ow

n po

litic

al a

nd

econ

omic

ag

enda

ar

e ne

ithe

r le

ss d

ecep

tive

nor

le

ss e

xtra

vaga

nt.

Whi

le

gove

rnm

ent

fund

ing

for

basi

c so

cial

se

rvic

es f

all

belo

w t

he l

evel

s ne

eded

for

the

ope

rati

ons

of p

ub-

lic

inst

itut

ions

, th

e go

vern

men

t si

mul

tane

ousl

y w

aste

s m

illio

ns o

f pe

sos

on p

rogr

ams

whi

ch s

eem

to

follo

w Im

elda

’s sk

ewed

idea

of w

hat

cons

titu

tes

publ

ic s

ervi

ce.

In t

he p

ropo

sed

nati

onal

bud

get

for

2013

al

one,

th

e go

vern

men

t pl

ans

to f

urth

er i

ncre

ase

fund

ing

for

its

Con

diti

onal

Cas

h Tr

ansf

er

prog

ram

, des

pite

bot

h lo

cal a

nd in

-te

rnat

iona

l stu

dies

whi

ch p

rove

the

inef

ficie

ncy

of c

ash

dole

-out

s in

re

solv

ing

pove

rty

in m

any

coun

-tr

ies

like

Mex

ico.

Ev

en i

n it

s bu

dget

for

edu

ca-

tion

, the

gov

ernm

ent’s

pen

chan

t fo

r m

isgu

ided

spe

ndin

g is

not

h-in

g le

ss t

han

evid

ent.

Whi

le t

he

adm

inis

trat

ion

does

not

hes

itat

e to

pou

r fun

ds in

to th

e im

plem

en-

tati

on o

f th

e K-

12 p

olic

y,

mor

e ur

gent

pri

orit

ies,

su

ch a

s th

e sh

orta

ge

of t

each

ers

and

fa-

cilit

ies,

are

bani

shed

to

the

mar

gins

of t

he

gove

rnm

ent’s

bl

ue-

prin

t of “

prog

ress

.”Ye

t hi

stor

y ha

s de

m-

onst

rate

d th

at t

he p

oten

cy o

f m

anuf

actu

red

real

itie

s, ho

wev

er

“tru

e,” “

good

,” an

d “b

eaut

iful”

they

m

ay a

ppea

r, ca

n ne

ver

trul

y is

o-la

te t

he p

eopl

e fr

om t

heir

ow

n ha

rsh

mat

eria

l co

ndit

ions

. A

nd

as t

he n

arra

tive

s of

Mar

tial

Law

ha

ve

show

n,

fals

e fa

cade

s an

d op

pres

sive

str

uctu

res

can

neve

r av

ail a

gain

st th

e pe

ople

’s st

rugg

le

for

trut

h an

d so

cial

just

ice.

BALI

K-AR

AL

UN

DER

PRES

SURE

VA

NIT

Y F

AIR

J oh n

Mal co lm

S . A

n iag

Gloiza Plam

enco

Bat

as n

g pa

g-ak

las: Bat

as n

g p

ag-a

klas

Mg

a h

inan

go

ng

ara

l sa

ika-

40

tao

n n

g B

atas

Mili

tar

victor Limon

LAN

DAS

NG

PAG

BABA

LIKW

AS