Phil – 10 into to philosophy lecture 13 - kant

1. Phil 10 Introduction to Philosophy Kant

2. Mid-term As stated on the syllabus you will be able to correct your own exam for credit. Instead of one or two sentences I expect a paragraph typed for each question. Turned in NO LATER than Tuesday October16th. Thats 5 days!

3. Mid-term questions What is the structure of the republic that Plato suggests in The Republic? Merchant class, warrior/soldier class, Philosopher Kings What is the problem with his proof for the existence of God? We can clearly and distinctly thing which do not exist. Example: Perfect Circles, irrational numbers etc. The Greeks became critical of myth as explanation, why and how is this related to the idea of the Truth? What kind of explanation did they want instead of myth? They wanted Naturalistic explanations

4. Extra Credit Philosophy Center (sign in and shoot me an email letting me know) Location: FOB 231 Hours: T-W 11-4 Presentations Shoot me an email letting me know your interested 2-5 min To Kill a Mocking Bird bring a ticket stub Wednesday 7 Thursday 7 Friday 7 Saturday 7 Give a free-form response to the play 1 page Have you encountered racism? Do you think racism still exist? Even if race does not exist scientifically, does the societal conception of it still effect society?

5. Rationalism Empiricism Immanuel Kant (17241804)

6. Was a follower of Liebniz Read Hume and was woken from his dogmatic slumber Categories the mind structures reality. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =Z8jAs0utwxo

7. Immanuel Kant (17241804) He synthesized early modern rationalism and empiricism and addressed the crisis of the enlightenment. The Critique of Pure Reason (1781, 1787) The Critique of Practical Reason (1788) The Critique of the Power of Judgment (1790)

8. Kants Epistemology He argues that the human understanding is the source of the general laws of nature that structure all our experience Human reason gives itself the moral law, which is our basis for belief in God, freedom, and immortality.

9. Kants Epistemology Scientific knowledge, morality, and religious belief are mutually consistent and secure because they all rest on the same foundation of human autonomy

10. Kants Epistemology Human autonomy is also the final end of nature according to the teleological worldview of reflecting judgment that Kant introduces to unify the theoretical and practical parts of his philosophical system.

11. Kants Epistemology The Critique of Pure Reason Kant defines metaphysics in terms of the cognitions after which reason might strive independently of all experience, and his goal in the book is to reach a decision about the possibility or impossibility of a metaphysics in general, and the determination of its sources, as well as its extent and boundaries, all, however, from principles (Axii. See also Bxiv; and 4:255 257).

12. Kants Epistemology Kant wrote the Critique toward the end of the Enlightenment, which was then in a state of crisis. Enlightenment (Newton) was optimistic about reason traditional authorities were increasingly questioned http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =MKXszzCp2_U

13. Kants Epistemology For why should we need political or religious authorities to tell us how to live or what to believe, if each of us has the capacity to figure these things out for ourselves?

14. Kants Epistemology . The Enlightenment commitment to the sovereignty of reason was tied to the expectation that it would not lead to any of these consequences but instead would support certain key beliefs that tradition had always sanctioned.

15. Kants Epistemology Physics (Newton) taken as ideal Determinism If nature is entirely governed by mechanistic, causal laws, then it may seem that there is no room for freedom, a soul, or anything but matter in motion. This threatened the traditional view that morality requires freedom.

16. Kants Epistemology Threatened to undermine traditional moral and religious beliefs that free rational thought was expected to support. This was the main intellectual crisis of the Enlightenment.

17. Kants Epistemology The Critique of Pure Reason is Kants response to this crisis.

18. Kants Epistemology Kants Main Goal: To show that a critique of reason by reason itself, unaided and unrestrained by traditional authorities, establishes a secure and consistent basis for both Newtonian science and traditional morality and religion. In other words, free rational inquiry adequately supports all of these essential human interests and shows them to be mutually consistent. So reason deserves the sovereignty attributed to it by the Enlightenment.

19. Kants Epistemology Phenomena vs Noumina noumenon, plural Noumena: the thing- in-itself (das Ding an sich) as opposed to what Kant called the phenomenonthe thing as it appears to an observer. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =Sz6qunm6q30

20. Kants Epistemology Kant now recognizes the Power of reason as well as its Limitations A Priori A Posteriori Analytic Synthetic

21. Kants Epistemology Analytic sentences, such as Ophthalmologists are doctors, are those whose truth seems to be knowable by knowing the meanings of the constituent words alone. all bachelors are unmarried men

22. Kants Epistemology synthetic ones, such as Ophthalmologists are ill-humored, whose truth is knowable by both knowing the meaning of the words and something about the world.

23. Kants Epistemology A priori knowledge is knowledge that rests on a priori justification. A priori justification is a type of epistemic justification that is, in some sense, independent of experience.

24. Kants Epistemology a posteriori knowledge or justification is dependent on experience or empirical evidence (for example "Some bachelors are very happy"). A posteriori justification makes reference to experience; but the issue concerns how one knows the proposition or claim in questionwhat justifies or grounds ones belief in it.

25. Kants Epistemology Our mind has categories Examples: space, time (forms of intuition), relation, cause and effect These categories constrain our experience Thus we experience Phenomena (constrained experience) rather than Noumena (thing-in-itself). We constitute the objects of experience

26. Kants Epistemology Kants idealism: The view that the world is constituted by our ideas was a radical view of knowledge. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =7M-cmNdiFuI

27. Kants Deontology Kants morality The word deontology derives from the Greek words for duty (deon) and science (or study) of (logos).

28. Kants Deontology http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =79hOZdh4PkQ stand in opposition to consequentialists.

29. Kants Deontology deontology falls within the domain of moral theories that guide and assess our choices of what we ought to do (deontic theories), in contrast to (aretaic [virtue] theories) that fundamentally, at least guide and assess what kind of person (in terms of character traits) we are and should be.

30. Kants Deontology Consequentialists hold that choices acts and/or intentions are to be morally assessed solely by the states of affairs they bring about.

31. Kants Deontology However much consequentialists differ about what the Good consists in, they all agree that the morally right choices are those that increase the Good. Moreover, consequentialists generally agree that the Good is agent-neutral.

32. Kants Deontology Consequentialism -criticized for what it seemingly permits and requires. It seemingly may demand (and thus, of course, permit) that innocents be killed, beaten, lied to, or deprived of material goods to produce greater benefits for others.

33. Kants Deontology Consequences and only consequences can conceivably justify any kind of act, no matter how harmful it is to some.

34. Kants Deontology deontological theories judge the morality of choices by criteria different than the states of affairs those choices bring about. Roughly speaking, deontologists of all stripes hold that some choices cannot be justified by their effects that no matter how morally good their consequences, some choices are morally forbidden.

35. Kants Deontology For deontologists, what makes a choice right is its conformity with a moral norm.

36. Kants Deontology The way in which Kant organizes his argument is supposed to lead any rational being towards the Categorical Imperative. He does this through a series of steps; from good will to duty, duty to law, and finally from law to universal law

37. Kants Deontology Good Will: essential to the Kantian framework - is good without qualification. For example understanding, happiness, and moderation can in some lights look to be intrinsically good, yet we find that if there is an ill will involved, then they can be turned into negatives

38. Kants Deontology Duty: . Good will is always enticed to come away from its duty by physical pleasures or a vast number of other temptations

39. Kants Deontology Good will Duty Law: The third proposition, which follow from the other two, can be expressed thus: Duty is the necessity of an action done out of respect from the law (Kant 13).

40. Kants Deontology Since I have deprived the will of every impulse that might arise for it from obeying any particular law, there is nothing left to serve the will as principle except the universal conformity of its actions to law as such (14). The above paragraph outlines the path that Kant believes will lead every rational man to Universal Law which is the basis for his Categorical Imperative.

41. Categorical Imperative The Categorical Imperative has three main formulations and two sub-formulations. the Formula of Universal Law Formula for the Law of Nature the Formulation of Humanity Formula of Autonomy Formulation of the Kingdom of Ends

42. Categorical Imperative the Formula of Universal Law which states: act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law (Kant 30).

43. Categorical Imperative the Formula for the Law of Nature, which goes thusly: act as if the maxim of your actions were to become through your will a universal law of nature (Kant 30).

44. Categorical Imperative Formulation of Humanity is: Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of another, always at the same time as an end and never simply as a means (Kant 36).

45. Categorical Imperative Formula of Autonomy and states: The idea of the will of every rational being as a will that legislates universal law. According to this principle all maxims are rejected which are not consistent with the wills own legislation of universal law (Kant 38).

46. Categorical Imperative Formulation of the Kingdom of Ends which says: Every being must so act as if he were through his maxim always a legislating member in the universal kingdom of ends (Kant 43).

47. Terms to know (see last lecture also) A priori Categorical imperative A posteriori Formula of Universal Law Analytic Synthetic Formula for the Law of Deontology Nature Formulation of Humanity Consequentialism Formula of Autonomy Phenomena Formulation of the Noumenon Kingdom of Ends

48. Summery http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= xwOCmJevigw

Phil – 10 into to philosophy lecture 13 - kant

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