PHASE 1: GENERAL KNOWLEDGE World War II. When did it begin and end? 1931? – Japan invades Manchuria (China) 1933? – Another/bigger Japanese invasion of.

PHASE 1: GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

World War II

World War II

When did it begin and end?

1931? – Japan invades Manchuria (China)

1933? – Another/bigger Japanese invasion of China

1937? – Japan’s Rape of Nanking in China

1939 – 1945: These dates are generally considered dates for the start/end of WWII. 1939 – Germany invades Poland 1945 – Germany surrenders / The Atomic Bomb

MAIN CAUSES:•FAILED PEACE OF WORLD WAR I•CONFLICTING IDEOLOGIES•IMPERIALISM•APPEASEMENT (LETTING HITLER DO WHATEVER HE WANTED)

How did World War II begin?

Allied Powers vs. Axis Powers

ChinaBritainFrance

And eventually in 1941…

United StatesSoviet Union

JapanGermanyItaly

Allies Axis

China Chiang Kai-Shek

Great Britain Winston Churchill

France Charles de Gaulle

United States Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Soviet Union Joseph Stalin

Japan Hideki Tojo

Germany Adolf Hitler

Italy Benito Mussolini

Important World Leaders

European Theater Pacific Theater

Blitzkrieg takes Paris

Battle of BritainHolocaustHitler invades

Russia and stalls in Stalingrad

D-Day (Allied invasion of France)

Japan’s invasions of China

Pearl HarborBattle of Midway

and other “island hopping” by the United States

Atomic Bombs dropped on Japan

The Two “Theaters” of World War II and Important Events

Important World War II Information

Militarism – Countries should be prepared for military conflicts by building it up

British/French Appeasement of Hitler – Making concessions in hopes of avoiding conflict

U.S. isolationism before 1941 – Stay out of European conflicts (militarily)

Around 40 to 60 million died from WWIIParis Peace ConferenceUnited Nations is formedUnited States and Soviet Union become

superpowers and Cold War Begins

PHASE 2: CAUSES OF WORLD WAR II

World War II

Chronology of WWII Causes

1800’s (19th Century): Militarism, Imperialism, Nationalism and the building of Alliances.

Problems with the Treaty of Versailles after 1919 War Guilt Clause, Reparations, Disarmament,

Territorial ClausesEconomic Problems following 1929Conflicting Ideologies, Nationalism, and Rise

of Dictators (1920’s and 1930’s)British/French AppeasementGerman and Japanese Expansionism

Indirect Causes of WWII

Militarism: Countries building up their military/weapons to be prepared for conflict The Industrial Revolution allowed for technology to

become more efficient and dangerous (especially by 1870 and beyond).

Example: Germany in 1874 = 420,000 professional soldiers and 1.3 million reserve soldiers. 1897 = 545,000 professionals and 3.4 million reserve soldiers.

Indirect Causes of WWII

Imperialism: A country increasing their power/influence through diplomacy and/or military force “A Race for Empires” – Countries before World War II

were more similar to expanding empires than today’s modern day country.

Creates competition and conflict for power, resources, and land.

This also would help lead to the next 2 indirect causes of WWII.

Indirect Causes of WWII

Nationalism: A patriotic feeling about your own country or ethnicity Nothing builds

nationalistic fervor like conflict. If a country attacks you, you are more likely to come together to defend yourselves.

Alliances Militarism,

Nationalism, and imperialism all led to the countries of Europe (and others) to combine to increase their power.

Examples of alliances formed around 1900 = Germany/Austria, Britain/France, Russia/France.

Videos from the Indirect Causes

European Imperialism (1st and last) (Questions about conflict, power)

http://education-portal.com/academy/topic/imperialism-in-the-19th-and-20th-centuries.html

Nationalismhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nosq94oCl

_Mhttp://education-portal.com/academy/topic/th

e-age-of-nationalism-1850-1914.htmlAllianceshttps://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/his

tory/euro-hist/world-war-I-tutorial/v/alliances-leading-to-world-war-i

Videos Assignment

Pre-video Question: Why do you think Militarism creates conflict?

Imperialism: How does imperialism create conflict? How can imperialism change a country?

Nationalism: How can Nationalism be a positive influence? How can Nationalism be negative?

Alliances: The video says that you can debate whether or not alliances are a reason or an excuse for war. Explain.

Video Assignment (Possible Answers)

1.

2.

3.

4.

The End of World War I and Peace(?)

The “Great War” ended in 1918

The Allies (France, Britain, U.S.A., Russia, Italy, and more) defeat the Central Powers (German Empire, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire)

More than 9 million die

The Paris Peace Conference in 1919 was the conference where all countries would decide what would happen to each other

The Treaty of Versailles deals with Germany

U.S. President Woodrow Wilson writes his Fourteen Points

Debate over Peace

The Winners of WWI could not decide how the Losers should be punished.

France Due to their country actually bordering Germany and taking the

majority of the damage from the war, they wanted to punish the losers, especially Germany

Britain Land not as devastated as France, they wanted Germany to pay

but on a far lesser extent than France. More worried about restoring Germany for trade and a poor

Germany would hurt the British economy.United States

Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points outlined the president’s ideas

Wilson’s Fourteen Points and Results

Fourteen Points: Woodrow Wilson’s ideas on how WWI should be resolved. Mainly concerned about improving the European

economy. Encourages self-determination (country’s make their

own decisions), promotes free trade, opposes harsh punishments against Germany, and creates a League of Nations (similar to today’s United Nations).

Idealistic…and make the world safe for democracy. World generally liked it, inspired independence

movements (Ex: Korea), and got him the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize

Actual Result (for Germany) = Treaty of Versailles

Fourteen Points Treaty of Versailles

Save the European Economy/Not harsh punishments against Germany

Don’t punish just one country

Form a League of Nations

Made Germany pay huge reparations ($) 266 gold marks which

equaled $63 billion (that equals $768 billion today).

Was later reduced Germany blamed (War-

Guilt Clause)League of Nations

formed! But U.S.A. does not join =(

Contrasting The Fourteen Points and Treaty of Versailles

14 Points and Treaty of Versailles Videos

14 PointsYouTube – Khan Academy (16 min)

Treaty of VersaillesKhan Academy (Paris Peace Conference and

the Treaty of Versailles) 10 min/6 min respectively

Next Week (or in 2 weeks)

The Treaty of Versailles Description Specific emphasis on the punishments of Germany Germany’s reaction to this

The World Economic Struggles 1929 Great Depression in America spreads globally

Changes in Europe Political extremism Rise of Mussolini

Don’t Forget Japan A look at how Japan’s nationalism, expansionism, and general

problems with China create Germany’s ally in World War II

Treaty of Versailles

Peace treaty at end of WWI between Germany and Allied Powers

Germany had no say in decisionsLed by Wilson’s 14 Points, but some hatred

from France also led to some severe punishments

Germany’s Punishments

The War Guilt Clause Germany had to accept blame for starting the war.

Reparations Germany must pay for all their damage. The committee during

negotiations decided on about $5 billion of gold (or 33 Billion US $$)

Military Restrictions Meant to make Germany incapable of more invasion and to

encourage international disarmament. Maximum of 100,000 men in the army, disarming tanks, subs, etc.

Territorial Takeaways 25,000 sq. miles taken from Germany. Forced to recognize territories for Belgium, Poland, France and a

few others.

Treaty of Versailles Questions

1. Europe praised Wilson as a hero following his Fourteen Points. After the Treaty of Versailles, he was called a “hapless (helpless) villain”…why?

2. How would you feel about the punishments given if it was to your country?

3. Why would David Llyod George (the Prime Minister of Great Britain) want to help Germany?

4. George also said that he didn’t want Germany to become a land of refugees (lost immigrant – not full citizens) and become communists. Explain why he might feel this way.

5. Why does the redrawing of country borders cause problems?

Treaty of Versailles Answers/Opinions

1. Villain – Talked about helping Germany, but Germany gets punished. Why Hapless? – France also had a say, and got some revenge. Wilson looks bad regardless because he led the peace talks.

2. Rebellious, Want to Retaliate (revenge), Anger, Sad/Shameful (they’re right), Indignant (not fair), Nationalistic (everyone’s against us)

3. Germany doesn’t deserve them (?). So Germany doesn’t get mad. (?) Give them another chance (?) Tough to think only one country is at fault. (?) Make themselves look like peacemakers (?) Keep themselves safe because Germany will recognize the help (Alliance) (?) GB wanted Germany as a strong trading partner (a punished Germany won’t help GB’s economy)

4. Communism = Power (correct for modern times, but not 1919). Refugees = Broken countries = new political (communist) uprisings / leaders. (Hitler will be one of those leaders)

5. Lost resources (economic loss), racial and ethnic tension (German people are now sort of not German…makes them angry). Country/border disputes (Germans still feel like the taken land is there’s).

Ferdinand Foch

French Soldier: Ironically disliked the peace treaty because it didn’t demilitarize Germany enough-1918

Germany’s Reactions to the Treaty of Versailles

What are these 2 political

cartoons trying to say?

Germans following the Treaty of Versailles

Words I would associate with German feelings = Outrage, pained, anger, defensive, shameful

Anger was the most prominent for Germany “Diktat” – What Germans called the treaty. Meant it

was forced upon them and had no choice but to sign (there was another option, another invasion by Allied forces)

Some wanted to start the war again, but this wasn’t realistic

Specific German Reactions

Reparations Claimed France/Britain were trying to starve their children Refused to pay at first (1st payment = 1921)

Smaller Army Felt helpless against outside forces

Loss of Territory Felt like it was an attempt to destroy their economy While promoting independence elsewhere, they felt like

part of themselves was stolenFrederick Scheidemann

“May the hand wither that signs this treaty” He resigned as German chancellor immediately following

the signature.

Economic Causes of World War II

Germany must pay a total of 132 billion German marks (their currency), 2.5 billion per year.

1st payment in 1921 started a German financial crises and couldn’t make another payment (and could only pay workers by printing more money) France sent troops to German industrial center to

take reparations from their mines/factories German workers went on strike

Crazy German Inflation

Inflation = A general increase of prices connected with a dramatic fall in the value of money

1914 Germany: 4.2 Marks = 1 U.S. dollarNov. 1, 1923 Germany: 130 billion Marks = 1 U.S. $Dec. 1, 1923 Germany: 4.2 trillion Marks = 1 U.S. $=THEY WERE BROKE

Will lead to political upheavals1924 Dawes Plan ($200 Million loan) was a short,

temporary solution (only helped for 5 years)

The Great Depression

Depression: Period of low economic activity and rising unemployment

1929 and started in United States Affected Germany because the U.S. was helping Germany

with loans to pay reparations After, America had to focus on itself and took money out of

GermanyWorld economic problems

1 in every 4 British workers unemployed 30% of German labor force had no jobs Governments didn’t know how to handle the crises Democracy weakened /Communism strengthened People begin to follow new (and more dangerous) political

leaders

Japanese Imperialism

Military Japan

Japanese Imperialism Beginnings

Possible Beginnings: Japan became upset at Western nations imperialism

on East-Asia in the previous centuries Some Japanese peoples were racially mistreated

Ex: 1924, United States, Exclusion Act that prohibited immigration by Japanese to the U.S.

Economic Problems (especially after 1929) 1930’s saw Japan become Military state Inspiration from the success from the Russo-Japanese

War (Japan gains control of Manchuria (in China) and Korea

Japan Challenges for Control (in WW2?)

1931: Japan attacks Manchuria because Chinese Nationalists were challenging Japanese control of Manchuria

1937: Japan declares full-scale war against China (second Sino-Japanese War) Japan commits atrocities against China including… The Nanking Massacre (The Rape of Nanking)

Japan Paper: Pros and Cons of Japanese Imperialism

2 to 3 pages, double spaces, 12 font, times new roman

Write about the Positive outcomes of Japanese imperialism FOR JAPAN and the negative outcomes FOR JAPAN. (1870-Begininng of Modern Japan to 1939-Beginning of WW2)

Can include… Possible beginnings, positives and negatives for the rest of

the world, Should include…

Your own opinion attached with significance. MOVIE LINK:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kt0tAzJp49U

Japanese Imperialism as a Cause of WWII(From your Papers)

Japan violates anti-imperial rules following WW1

Industrialization/Militarism of Japan makes a world superpower

Creates both territorial and political disputes Also ethnic (racial) disputes

Japan vs. China – Japan vs. Korea – Asia vs. Western

Rebellion leads to changes within country Failed rebellions lead to weakened (or destroyed

governments, culture)…which leads to more changes in the future

Ideological Changes

Ideology = A system of ideas or ideals that usually form economic and/or political theories/policy

Background: Imperialism, revolution, and crisis changed world societies (Industrialize, Globalize, Fight Back)

China Japan

China doesn’t want to westernize

Boxer Rebellion (Slogan=“Destroy the Foreigner”)

Europe (and U.S.) crushes them and weakens Imperial Gov.

Western Influence vs. Confucian Beliefs

1900: Emerging modern power (opened country for western trade, like technology/weapons)

Imperializes land from China and Russia (including Taiwan and Korea)

Imperialisation leads to more wealth and more power

Ideological Change in Asia

Why does Asia (specifically China and Japan) give in to westernization?

To become stronger Defend themselves from European Imperialism (Japan) do some imperialism of their own

For better cropsTechnology

Russian Revolution to USSR(Union of Soviet Socialist Republic)

1917: Bolshevik Revolution – From Czars to Communists

Russian people demanded “peace and bread”, but got neither from leaders, so they revolted and won (economic problems)

Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin, and after a Civil War, they control the country and industrializes

Joseph Stalin takes over by 1928 and controls with an “iron fist”

Fascism in Italy

Benito Mussolini takes over a crisis filled Italy (economic problems)

Fascism = An authoritarian and nationalistic system of government (Glorify country over individual) Ruled by a dictator and controls people by stopping

opposing views

The Rise of Hitler and the Nazis

Adolf Hitler – Extreme Nationalist and knew political parties could use propaganda and terror to control people

Nazi – National Socialist German Workers’ Party

1923 – Hitler tries (fails) to lead a revolt from a beer hall in Munich where 16 die and he is imprisoned for 2 years While in jail, he writes Mein Kampf (“My struggle”)

which outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany

Learns it will have to be a legal takeover of the country

Germany gives Control to Hitler

“Reichstag” = German Parliament. After failing to win presidency, he is named chancellor of Germany (a high position in the government)

German economic problems stemming from the Great Depression caused countries to crave a “savior” to save their countries from ruin

Hitler appeals to Nationalism and Militarism (power) and to the unemployed

March 23, 1933, the Reichstag passes the Enabling Act, giving the government power to ignore their constitution for 4 years to deal with their problems (this basically makes Hitler dictator, especially when their president dies in 1934)

Nazi Control

After Enabling Act…Nazis purge democratic politicians and Jews (who were blamed for the economic problems) Concentration Camps for people who oppose Nazi

ideology, unions are dissolved, and all other political parties are dissolved

Schutzstaffeln (Guard Squadrons), more commonly known as the “SS”, was Hitler’s secret police. Ran by Heirnrich Himmler He also controlled the regular police The “SS” murdered and repressed many Germans

focusing on Hitler’s idea of terror as control

Why did Germany accept Hitler?

THE ECONOMY: Due to a massive rearmament program, Germany went from 5 million unemployed in 1932, to 2.5 million in 1934, to less than 500,000 in 1937

Used massive political rallies (Nuremberg Party Rallies), propaganda (“Triumph of the Will”), and the youth to teach Nazi ideas and promote Hitler’s extreme nationalistic ideals

Hitler Out of Control

Kristallnacht, or “the night of broken glass”, where Hitler led the burning of synagogues, destroyed 7,000 businesses, at least 100 Jews were killed, and around 30,000 Jewish males were sent to concentration camps

Violates Treaty of Versailles: Germany rearms themselves, has a military draft, creates a Air Force

1936: Hitler takes over the demilitarized RhinelandBritain and France use the policy of Appeasement \Hitler aligns with Italy, Japan, and helps Spain,

annexes Austria and signs a non-Aggression pact with Stalin and the Soviets

Other Test Information from Previous Work

Ch. 23 and Ch. 24 Vocab WorksheetMein Kampf worksheetCh. 24 reviewsSlide 13, Video AssignmentTreaty of Versailles Question

Test will be Monday, March 10th. If you have any questions, don’t hesitate to ask in class or on Classjump. Everything from slide 8 to here is fair game, so a lot to study, but a lot of time to prepare.

Help for your WWII Cause Test

Ch. 23/24 Vocabulary Worksheet – Know the terms… Armistice, total war, militarism, propaganda Dictatorship, Fascism, Kristallnacht, Nazi, purge,

reparationsMein Kampf

What is Hitler’s Ideology and understand his ideas on propaganda

The other questions from the videos are in your notes and they are all possible. Good luck!

PHASE 3 : THE ACTIONS AND KEYS OF WORLD WAR I I

World War II

Different ways of Learning about the War

We will learn about the war from many different perspective in many different ways. What else would you like to learn?

By theater (Pacific and European)Year-by-YearIn-depth Country reviews

Egypt, Australia, Greece, AustriaHighlighting the stories of key

battlesWeapons and Technology

Air Balloons?, Airplanes, Submarines, Tanks, Spear of Destiny?, Tanks on Normandy, Improved and Popular Guns, Weapons only certain countries had

Movies: What would you like to see? Saving Private Ryan, Schindler’s List,

The Pianist, Band of Brothers, The Pacific?, Red Tails

The Beginning of World War II

1931? – Japan invades Manchuria (colonial area of China) 1933? – Japan leaves League of Nations and Hitler becomes

dictator of Germany 1935? – Italy invades Ethiopia (League of Nations does nothing) 1936-1939? – Spanish Civil War: Germany and Italy help the

dictator Francisco Franco win 1937? – Japan invades China: This is when the Nanking Massacre

(Rape of Nanking) occurs and the fighting doesn’t stop until 1945. Also, Germany aligns with Italy

1938? – Japan invades Mongolia/Soviet Union: Territorial/Colonial conflict. Also, Hitler aligns with Japan and annexes Austria and Czechoslovakia

1939? – Hitler invades Prague and Poland and signs a Non-Aggression pact with Stalin (USSR)

1941? – Japan attacks Pearl Harbor in Hawaii bringing the USA into the war.

Japan against China: A Terrible Conflict

Imperial Japan

1931 – Japan Invades Manchuria (a colonial territory disputed between Soviet Union, China, and Japan) The Mukden Incident

Japanese rebels dressed as Chinese men and set off dynamite by a Japanese railway, then Japan blamed China for the incident.

This was a sign that the military part of Japan was overtaking the country because this was done without political permission

Western reactions to the attacks are negative, but no actions are taken

THE RAPE OF NANKING

The Nanking Massacre

The Rape of Nanking Video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQnBvs3LTZw

A 6 week period starting in 1937 where tens, or possibly hundreds of thousands (records were destroyed by the Japanese) Chinese persons were murdered and/or raped.

Nanking Massacre – Important Information

From the Students…

Japan – 1939 to 1941 (Pearl Harbor)

Background/Reminder – By 1938, Japan controlled much of China and their longtime capital of Nanking

While war raged on in Europe, Japan basically militarized while focusing on their colonial territories

1940 – Japan occupy the French colony of Indochina (Vietnam and other countries south of China) American responds by cutting off oil exports to Japan which they

hoped would limit their ability to expandEarly/Mid-1941; Imperial Japan tells United States to

“prepare for war” and General Hideki Tojo takes over political control as Prime Minister

Japanese diplomats go to Washington D.C. to try and avoid war

Japanese Attacks Begin

November, 1941 – Japan secretly sends 6 aircraft carriers with attack planes towards Pearl Harbor

December 7th, 1941 (“A date which will live, in infamy”) Japan attacks Pearl Harbor and at the same time,

attacks Wake and Guam, 2 American islands in the Pacific

Japan also attacks Asian areas of Burma, Hong Kong and Thailand

Later that day, America declares war on Japan (see pic on slide 61), and 3 days later, Germany and Italy declare war on the United States

December 7th, 1941: Pearl Harbor

Japan attacks (8am) U.S. naval base, kills more than 2,000 Americans, destroys 20 U.S. naval vessels (includes 8 huge battleships) and over 200 airplanes

Japan’s Goal: To neutralize the entire American navy and control all of East Asia and the Pacific Ocean to force western settlements This was a failure. Battleships were not as important as aircraft

carriers and oil storages, shipyards, and submarine docks are left unpunished. American navy recovers fast.

Surprise Attack: The U.S. didn’t think Japan would attack America. It was 4,000 miles from Japan and Hawaii. Pearl Harbor was mostly undefended and planes were tightly

packed for easy destruction.

The Attack on Pearl Harbor

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WIwSv8BVrsg

(Class) What were the failures of the attack on Pearl Harbor?

“A date which will live, in infamy”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l7ifuqnIUXs

Franklin Delano Roosevelt's speech following the attack on Pearl Harbor

The American Response to Pearl Harbor

Shock, for a few reasons Size, of both the country and their people. Stereotyped Japanese

people were short and wore “dorky” coke-bottle rimmed glasses. Shock turns to Anger (The “Yellow Peril”)

American leaders quickly declare war on Japan (Congress votes unanimously minus one person)

American people also practice racism towards Japanese people in America. Over 100,000 Japanese people (majority American citizens) are moved to (relocation or concentration) camps from the West Coast (full description below).

http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/wwii/ahf/mineta/background.htm

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mr97qyKA2s (Japanese Internment in America)

Anger turns to Revenge Besides the Internment Camps, America will destroy much of

Imperial Japan and eventual drop 2 Atomic Bombs on the mainland of Japan

European Theater (before 1939)

Pre-Attack Actions 1930’s – Formation of Alliances 1933 – Germany passes the Enabling Act making Hitler dictator of Germany

1934-Austrian Civil War Ends – Austrofacist Victory 1934 – The “Night of the Long Knives”

Nazi/Hitler rivals are killed throughout Germany 1935 – Italy invades Ethiopia

Exposes weakness of the League of Nations Possibly inspires Hitler’s future actions

1935 - Germany creates a new air force (the Luftwaffe) and increases their military (through a draft) from 100,000 troops to 500,000 (violates Treaty of Versailles)

1936 – Germany sends troops and remilitarizes the Rhineland (violating Treaty of Versailles)

1937 – Germany and Italy help fight the Spanish Civil War to bring a dictator to power

1938 – Kristallnacht and Soviets are fighting colonial battles with Japan 1938 – Hitler announces Anschluss, or union, with Austria. They invade

Austria to “help” Austria 1939 (pre Poland) – Nazi Germany takes Czechoslovakia

Responses to Events before 1939

Axis Alliances Alliances are formed by Allied Powers

Hitler becomes dictator Uncertainty – Hitler, so far, had strengthened Germany, but before

1935, had not violated the Treaty of Versailles. But, his ideas were known, which were threatening

Japanese and Italian attacks Mostly seen as colonial attacks. Hard to respond to for France and

Britain since they were so colonial.Germany remilitarizing and the Anschluss

Appeasement – This was a direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles, but some in Britain actually thought this was reasonable for Germany since the treaty was very punishing.

A quick meeting was called between Britain, France, Germany, and Italy, and Britain and France basically every single demand Hitler had and left his violations alone

Pre-1939 Events Assignment

Of all the pre-1939 events (including those in Japan), which were the three (rank them from 1 to 3) most important and, in your opinion, why? Half to a Full Page, written.

Some common answers from students… 1933: Hitler becomes dictator (mastermind/villain of World War II)

1934: Hitler establishes his domination in Germany with “The Night of the Long Knives

1935’s German re-militarization: directly violates Treaty of Versailles 1936: German invasion of Rhineland (violated Treaty of Versailles) 1937: Nanking Massacre – Japanese aggression, violence, and it’s the

first invasion of World War II

Germany Invades Poland

September 1, 1939 – The German Army (“Wehrmacht”) invades Poland 53 German divisions supported by 1600 aircraft.

Division = a military unit or formation with about 10,000 to 30,000 troops.

Poland only had 24 divisions and had no armored or air support…completely dominated.

Britain and France declare war on Nazi Germany 2 days later. So do British territories Australia and New Zealand. Canada 10 days later. British Prime Minister – Neville Chamberlin forms a war cabinet that

includes Winston Churchill (who was anti appeasement). Results – Polish leaders try to leave but are captured. Germany loses about 10,000 troops, Poland loses around 50,000 and

750,000 are captured. Nazis and Soviet Union divide Poland

The German Blitzkrieg

a

Germany’s Blitzkrieg

“Blitzkrieg” means lightning war Goal – Gain total victory on an enemy in a single,

powerful offensive through speed, firepower, and mobility.

General Heinz Guderian – Wrote Achtung! Panzer! (Attention, Tank!). Discusses this strategy, largely inspired from the costly style of trench warfare from World War I.

Strategy – Destroy lines of supply and communication and quickly destroy the isolated forces.

Very successful early on (in Poland and France) while older commanders did not adjust to this new style of warfare.

Main weapons/mobile machines include Tanks (Panzers), Aircraft, Trucks, and infantry (soldiers).

Significant Side Notes of 1939

Naval warfare has begun throughout the world, mostly between Britain and Germany

British Royal Air Force makes the first counter-attacks against Germany

Sep. 5 – United States declares neutralitySep. 29 – Soviet Union and Germany divide

PolandHitler assassination failsSoviet Union attacks Finland and is

subsequently expelled from the League of Nations

The Winter War (A War within a War)

The Winter War

1939-1940 conflict between Finland and the Soviet UnionSoviets invaded because they wanted land concessions to

protect them in World War II, especially LeningradSoviets had 3 times the soldiers, 3o times as many

aircraft, and 100 times as many tanks, but inexperience and strong Finnish morale caused struggles.

RESULTS Finland offered the land concessions and Soviets accepted after a

few months (Treaty of Moscow) 25,000 Finns die, and 200,000 Soviet Troops die Prevents Allies from any attack through Sweden against Germany Possibly influenced Hitler to attack Soviet Union because of their

poor performance/organization

World War II–1940 (The Fall of Western Europe)

By this time, Germany had conquered most of Western Europe. The only thing that possibly saves the Allies from defeat is German defeats in the air against Britain and North American aid.

Important European Theater Events - 1940

April 9 – Nazis invade Denmark and Norway German naval force, 1000 aircraft, and blitzkrieg mobile forces

dominate. Example: Norway only had 6 divisions with no tanks or effective artillery weapons

More than 10,000 Allied troops from Britain, France and Poland come Norway t0 help, but fail. Ill prepared vs. planes and artillery, poor communication with Norway, and poor arctic warfare.

The Prime Minister of Great Britain, Neville Chamberlain, resigns due to complaints from people/government. Winston Churchill replaces him.

May 10 – Nazis invade France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Netherlands The countries put up more of a fight, but again, poor organization and

brilliant strategic German planning wins for GermanyJuly 10 – Battle of Britain begins

Group Assignment

You are a family from one of the invaded countries (Denmark, Norway, France, Belgium, Netherlands, or Luxembourg). Choose a person in the family and create a story. Give yourself a name, age, etc. What is your reaction and what are you going to do?

Also, as a group, what should your country do in response? Each of these combined should = half to a full page

written Your group will present your response

World War 2 – 1940 Video

This video summarizes the last 5 or 6 slides.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-JRhk9xFvYQ

1940 – The Battle of France/The Fall of France

Had to get through (and defeat) the countries on the way to France

German Bombers led the attack and crippled the air defense for France (and other nations)

Attacked on the ground through Belgium (Allies expected) in the north and (surprisingly) to the south through the Luxembourg. The Germans trapped them in the middle

The BEF (British Expeditionary Force) were pushed towards the sea on the coast of France and retreated to Britain, making French defeat imminent.

June 22, 1940: France signs an armistice with Germany Hitler had it done in the same place that Germany signed the Treaty of

Versailles in 1918 (Nationalism for Germany)Reasons for Defeat

Better technology for Germans, more soldiers, and poor preparation for France.

Germany/Hitler in Paris

Test Help – Phase 3, part 1

Japan’s treatment of ChinaPearl Harbor details are good to knowIt would be helpful (though not mandatory) to know the

dates of European theater events pre-1939Be able to explain your topic from “significant side notes”Discuss the German/Axis wartime position by 1940Discuss the possible feelings people have from an

invaded countryGood luck on the Test. Most of the test will come from

the PowerPoint. It will be around 40 points. Hopefully, you’ve been studying since I told you about the test last week. If you have any questions, please email me.

6 more weeks of school…

Goal: Finish WWII, Phase 3b in 4 weeks (this will hopefully get us to the end of the war.

The final 2 weeks will be consequences and significances that came from the end of WWII.

Subjects left to discuss: Germany’s invasion of Soviet Union. America’s involvement in the Pacific and European Theater. Weapon technology including the Nuclear Bomb. The fall of Hitler/the Nazis.

What else would you like to hear about???

Weaponry of World War II

10 Very Important Infantry Weapons

Use the link provided. You don’t have to memorize each of the 10 (though we will talk about each), but as far as the test will be concerned, these individual weapons are the ones to remember.

The M1 GarandThe PPSh-41The KA-BAR KnifeThe Luger PO8The Grenadehttp://www.toptenz.net/top-10-wwii-infantry-wea

pons.php

Artillery Weapons

Artillery definition – Large caliber weapons (Big Bullets)

Howitzer -----------------Tanks – Panzer and T-34

http://www.ghqmodels.com/store/hc1.htmlAircraft – Messerschmitt Me262 (Sep. 1944),

1st fighter jet (best plane), North American P-51 Mustang (best fighter of the war), Spitfire, and the B-17 Flying Fortress http://www.aircraftaces.com/best-aircraft.htm

British Soldier German Soldier

The Typical World War II Soldier

1940 – The Battle of Britain

The RAF defeats the Luftwaffe

July 1940 – German Air Force (aka the Luftwaffe), led by General Hermann Goering, attacked Britain to gain air and naval superiority over Britain

RAF = Britain’s Air Force (Royal Air Force) 1st major campaign to be completely fought by air forces Germans bombed British shipping, then airfields, factories,

infrastructure, and politically significant places including London British respond by bombing Berlin and meeting the planes in the sky British advantages

Radar: They were able to anticipate the German attacks and ambush them. Home-Field: Could fly longer because they were closer to fueling supplies, and

people that ejected from planes land in Britain (Germans captured and British put back in to planes)

Oct. 31 1940, Germany concedes defeat. They lost over 1700 aircraft and almost 4000 men. RAF only lost 800 aircraft and 1000 men.

Prevented Operation Sea Lion (German amphibious/airborne invasion of mainland Britain)

Technology

Radar (radio waves) and Sonar (sound waves) Helped Allies spot enemy subs, planes, and/or ships Allowed Allies to anticipate Axis attacks in 1940…

Atomic Bomb (Manhattan Project)Chemical Warfare – Tear Gas, Mustard Gas,

“Blister Agents”, Nerve Gas, Phosphorous, Napalm

(Germans said they couldn’t make a gas mask for horses, so they didn’t use it much). Most of the main countries used it, though Britain didn’t and said they wouldn’t except if they were invaded as a last-ditch effort.

Chemical Warfare Pictures

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Videos to help with this information (from class)

We watched a video on the Battle of Britain, but it was from a DVD from this class. Here is a different option from YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=battle

+of+britainHere’s a rather entertaining video on the

German operation against the USSR (Operation Barbarossa) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JhXKlYnSWjA

Here’s the video we watched on weapons https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDA1vSjVp4g

Germany Attacks the Soviet Union –Operation Barbarossa

Hitler’s Reasons for Invading Soviet Union

Soviet Union showed poor military success in the Winter War

Destroy the perceived threat of CommunismHitler wrote in Mein Kampf that he believed

there was “Jewish-Bolshevik” plot against Germans

Also believed that Germany needed “Lebensraum” or “Living Space” for the new German Aryan Nation that would supposedly spread throughout the world

Believed that defeating the Soviets would leave the Allies trapped and defeated

Plans and Attacks of Operation Barbarossa

June 22, 1941 (less than 2 years after the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact) and named after a Holy Roman Emperor who wanted to dominate Europe in the 12th Century

134 fighting divisions with 74 to back them up Around 4 million Germans and over 600,000 from Finland and

Romania and more later from other Axis countries Used Blitzkrieg tactics like Airplane attacks to start and cutting off

supply lines and trapping SovietsWould attack north towards Leningrad (would become

Stalingrad), south towards Kiev (present-day capital of Ukraine) and east towards Moscow

Early success for Germans, especially in the South (Ukraine)

Significance of Operation Barbarossa

One of the war’s turning points The Nazi’s/Axis’ had been mostly dominating until this point Becomes a failure/disaster for German because they can’t

overtake the Russians and they are stuck fighting a two-front war against the Allies which now have superior resources

This operation lasts for about 4 years and is the cause of 95% of German casualties (possibly 4 million soldiers and 900,000 other axis soldiers die) and around 65% of Allied casualties happened, but Soviets are most damaged Soviet soldier deaths is numbered around 8 or 9 million, but

unfortunately, probably around 20 million civilian deaths

Failures of Operation Barbarossa (for Germany)

Reasons for Failures Had to travel long distances (thousands of miles) Underestimated their enemy and their enemy improved (especially

technologically) over time Soviets mobilized over 800 divisions and more than 10 million soldiers Also, Stalin wouldn’t let his people back down

Not prepared for the harsh Soviet winters (Germany thought they could win within 6 to 8 weeks)

Invaded as conquerors who meant to murder the Jews and enslave the rest This caused the fighting to be merciless and ruthless (Ideological struggle)

Russian rains and cold caused German tanks/trucks to be less effective

“No one conquers Russia, unless you are, wait for it…the Mongols”

What are the Problems of a Two-Front War?

Definition – To be fighting a battle and/or war on opposite sides (of your army)

Hitler’s decision to attack the Soviet Union made Hitler’s war, a Two-Front War

Problems: Two-Front Wars require a division of power and supplies, therefore, weakening one side for the benefit for the other (while the other side can focus their entire energy and power on you).

Distance makes for big problems in supplying your army.

Battle for Moscow and Battle of Stalingrad

Moscow - Very important to Hitler (‘Cut out heart of Russia)

Orders that Germany would NOT accept surrender (= death)

Moscow wasn’t defended early, but delays gave them time to build up big defenses (400+ miles of ditches to stop tanks, 800+ miles of barbed wire, 30 thousand firing points and much more soldiers and supplies)

Germany gets within 18 mi.

Stalingrad – Very important industrial city with oil fields

German blitzkrieg tactics started off well, but severe Soviet tactics held their ground Soviet officers life expectancy

was less than 3 days The rubble from all the

damage AND the bad weather caused tanks and trucks to be not as useful

Massive resistance from the USSR gives them victory on Feb. 2, 1943.

(Refer to notes for info)

The Holocaust

Begins in the 1930’s (1933 or 1938) and ends when the Nazis lose in 1945 Hitler taking power and Kristalnacht are both possible beginnings

Defined as the persecution and eventual planned execution of over 6 million (around 2/3 of European Jews and over million of which were children) Jews (and possibly 11 million total) during the time of World War II We know it is a Genocide, what comes to an “ethnic cleansing”, to kill

off a people and their culture“Holocaust” comes from a Greek word that means “sacrifice

by fire”They also targeted homosexuals, gypsies, the

disabled/handicapped, and Jehovah’s witnessMost famous concentration camp: Auschwitz

Good supplements for future classes

http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-worldwar/6002 (about science and technology in WWII – good for Phase 4)

http://world-war-2.info/facts/ (Interesting facts about WWII)

http://io9.com/11-jaw-dropping-weapons-from-world-war-ii-you-probably-511010752 (Crazy, weird, but true weapons of WWII)

May 5th Paper

2 to 4 pages long, double spaced, 12/Times New Roman font

Introduce your topic with a strong thesis and restate that thesis in your conclusion. Write about some background on your topic, along with a summary and significance of the event.

TOPICS: Battle of Midway, Manhattan Project (Atomic Bombs), The Battle of Normandy (D-Day), or the Battle of the Bulge

The paper is due by Thursday, May 8th at midnight.Good luck

The Allied Turnaround

The Allies, partly due to the American entry in WW2, partly due to the British hold against Germany, and mostly due to Germany’s decision to invade the Soviet Union whose massive army and massive land and technological improvement, put the Axis Powers on the ropes.

During 1942, the Allies begin their simultaneous attacks in the European and Pacific Theaters. In Europe, the Allies decide to begin from Africa and head

north. Once deep enough, the Allies would also come from the north.

In the Pacific, the American tactic of “Island Hopping” leads to American led Allied defeat of the Japanese.

The North African Campaign

North Africa: the Doorway to Europe

Actually began in 1940 and lasted until almost 1944Much of the early attacks were colonial disputes

Example: Libya was owned by Italy and Britain owned neighboring Egypt. They fought each other as soon as they Italy declared war on Britain in 1940.

Britain used their colonial countries, like India, for soldiers. The British commonwealth was the prime Allied country involved.

Hitler sent his “Afrika Korps”, led by General Erwin Rommel The fights went back and forth until the Second Battle of El Alamein:

British army broke the Axis forces1943: Operation Torch brings thousands of British and

American forces to North Africa, winning this and then the final Tunisia Campaign to conquer Africa and bring Europe into the picture.

Italy loses all their colonies there and they become the first Axis country to be conquered by the Allies.

Nazi Europe falls to the Allies

Operation Overlord and the Battle of Normandy

Stalin’s efforts on Eastern Front of Europe made Germany weaker in the West and the Allies had regained the Mediterranean and North Africa

Invasion of Normandy: June 6, 1944, the largest amphibious invasion ever led by US General (and future president) Dwight D. Eisenhower.

D-Day saw many Allied nations led by America, the UK, Canada, and France regain Europe starting with this invasion.

The attack began with massive air attacks, parachute landings, then naval assault crafts landing on the beaches, defended by the Germans.

Over 400,000 soldiers died with over 200,000 Allied causalities. But the Allies won the battle.

(More) Significance: The Allies liberate Paris/France, putting Germany on the run, and helped the Soviets by bringing attention away from them onto the Allies in the West (#TwoFrontWarProblems)

Allies Win in Europe

1943, after the success in Africa, the Allies start the Invasion of Sicily (Italy’s Island that the boot is kicking) in July

The Italians realized their defeat was imminent, so they signed an armistice with them very quickly. But Hitler wasn’t having that, as he set up defensive lines across Italy, but the Allies broke through and captured Rome on June 4, 1944.

June 6, 1944 (D-Day) Two days later on D-Day, the largest amphibious invasion in history took place. Nearly 200,000 Allied troops boarded 7,000 ships and more than 3,000 aircraft and headed toward Normandy. Some 156,000 troops landed on the French beaches , 24,000 by air and the rest by sea, where they met stiff resistance from well-defended German positions across 50 miles of French coastline. Allies win after fierce fighting and many reinforcements and liberate Paris on August 25th.

With the liberation of France and the advancement of the Soviets in the East, Germany was ready to be conquered

After a last-ditch attempt by Germany to take the war back into their hands with attack, the Battle of the Bulge, they’re depleted resources were no match for the Allies by 1945

Hitler commits suicide in April, 1945, and Germany surrenders soon after in May, 1945

The Battle of the Bulge

Dec. 1944 to Jan. 1945, this was Germany’s last ditch effort to win World War 2

Germans go through the Ardennes Forest in France and surprise attack the Allies (Allies also were overconfident and didn’t expect another German attack)

Regardless of early success, good weather gave the Allied ample opportunity for air attacks against the Germans

Significance: Allies win and Germany depleted their resources to the point where they would surrender 4 months later. Was also the costliest battle for the United States in World War 2. (Compare to Pacific)

The Pacific Theater: Blood on the Beach

The Allies (led mostly by America) vs. Japan from Dec. 7, 1941 to Aug. 14, 1945 Allies were led by Admiral Chester Nimitz (Allied Naval leader) and General Douglas

MacArthur (US) 1942: Back and forth battles with Japan fighting off Allied forces

America uses the tactic of “island-hopping”, which is going from island to island in the Southeast Asia to take control of them from Japan. Prevents them from being surrounded.

1943: Battle of Guadalcanal: Victory for Allies puts Japan on the defensive for the rest of the war

Fighting with Japan would prove extremely difficult because many Japanese soldiers had an honor code known as “Bushido” where they often fought to their death. For example, in the Battle of the Philippians Sea, the United States faced an enemy well dug-in and prepared to fight. Of the 30,000 Japanese troops who defended Saipan, less than 1,000 remained alive when it ended July 9. Even hundreds of civilians committed suicide rather than being captured.

October 1944: Battle of Leyte Gulf: Allies destroy the Japanese Navy (at least their effectiveness) First Kamikazes (on a big scale) happen and 65,000 Japanese die and 15,000 Americans

are killed or wounded

The End of the War in the Pacific

Though the Allies were winning most of the battles through the end of the war, the Philippines Campaign (fought largely in Jungles) was one of the most deadly of the entire war. Japan would lose over 400,000 soldiers in this campaign.

The Battle of Iwo Jima (Feb. 1944) – Needed the island for airstrips for American B-29 Flyers (bomber airplanes). 7,000 Marines and 24,000 are wounded.

Battle of Okinawa (April 1945): Though war was all but captured for the Allies (Germany had surrendered), the Japanese kept fighting. So, to prepare for a mainland (Japan) invasion, they needed this island. Became a bloody battle of attrition against (enemy concealed in complex

underground defense systems). When the island was finally secured, more than 12,000 U.S. soldiers and Navy personnel were dead or missing and more than 36,000 were wounded. Seventy thousand soldiers of the Japanese 32nd Army died on Okinawa, joined by as many as 100,000 to 150,000 civilians trapped in the crossfire.

This battle probably inspired President Harry Truman (USA) the 2 Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August, 1945

Japan surrendered on August 14, 1945

Test Help Sheet (Test 3B)

The Test is on slides 81 to 109No test Q’s on 84-86The PowerPoint will be the main part of the

test, but don’t forget… The Stalingrad Packet…

As always, there will be many options for CAQs. SOME of the topics of these Complete Answer Questions are… Hitler’s Invasion of Stalingrad/the Battle, the decision

to drop the Atomic Bomb, a battle (of your choice) to describe in detail, Japanese honor, 2-Front War

The Test will be Wednesday, May 13th