Petroleum Products Handbook 5866

8/11/2019 Petroleum Products Handbook 5866

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xv

Contents

Contributing Editors ........................................................ vii

Preface ........................................................................... xi

Guide for Handbook Users ............................................. xiii

Petroleum Flow Chart from the Well through the

Refinery ..................................................................... xv

Section 1. The Raw Material, Crude Petroleum

and Natural Gas ....................................................... 1-1

Part I. Petroleum, Our Man of all Work .................................. 1-1

Nature and Occurrence of Petroleum ................................. 1-3

How the Oil Industry Functions ............................................ 1-6

Nature and Composition of Crude Oil ................................. 1-9

Transforming Crude Oil into Products ................................. 1-10

Products from Petroleum and Natural Gas ......................... 1-14

Bibliography ......................................................................... 1-28

Part II. Natural Gasoline a Source of Liquid Products ........... 1-30

Birth in the Early Pennsylvania Oil Fields ............................ 1-32

Research for Broader Markets ............................................ 1-35

Wider Use in Motor Fuel ...................................................... 1-35

Specifications and Properties .............................................. 1-37


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xvi Contents

Testing Methods .................................................................. 1-37

References ........................................................................... 1-38

Bibliography ......................................................................... 1-38

Guide to Current and Primary Reference Data ................... 1-39

Appendix A: Check List of Commercial Petroleum

Products ......................................................................... 1-40

Section 2. Additives for Petroleum Products ............ 2-1

General Properties of Additives ........................................... 2-3Selection and Control of Additives ...................................... 2-4

Liquid Fuel Additives ............................................................ 2-6

Additives for Automotive Lubricants .................................... 2-18

Additives in Oil Specifications .............................................. 2-24

Additives for Industrial Oils .................................................. 2-30

Bibliography ......................................................................... 2-42

Section 3. Liquefied Petroleum Gas .......................... 3-1

Properties of LP-Gas Hydrocarbons ................................... 3-2

Production and Treating of LP-Gas ..................................... 3-6

Specifications and Test Methods ........................................ 3-10Storage and Handling of LP-Gas ........................................ 3-13

Rules, Regulations, and Standards ..................................... 3-18

Distribution Methods ............................................................ 3-21

Utilization of LP-Gas ............................................................ 3-25

Sizing of Tanks and Piping .................................................. 3-29

Receipt of Shipments ........................................................... 3-30

Taxes Applicable to LP-Gas ................................................ 3-34

Toxicity of LP-Gas Hydrocarbons ........................................ 3-35

Securing Maximum Performance ........................................ 3-35

References ........................................................................... 3-39


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Contents xvii

Glossary of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Terms ...................... 3-40


Section 4. Gasoline ..................................................... 4-1

General Performance Requirements .................................. 4-6

Chemical Composition of Gasoline ..................................... 4-8

Motor Fuel Gasoline ............................................................ 4-11

Alcohol Blends ..................................................................... 4-37

Aviation Gasoline ................................................................. 4-38Marine Gasoline ................................................................... 4-42

Gasoline Tractor Fuel .......................................................... 4-44

References ........................................................................... 4-45

Bibliography ......................................................................... 4-47

Appendix A: Tentative Specifications for Gasoline ............. 4-48

Appendix B: Tentative Specifications for Aviation

Gasolines ....................................................................... 4-51


Section 5. Aircraft Gas Turbine Fuels and

Lubricants ................................................................ 5-1

Principles of Operation and Types ...................................... 5-2

Fuel Developments and Specifications ............................... 5-6

Aircraft Gas Turbine Fuel Manufacture ............................... 5-10

Fuel Requirements and Properties ...................................... 5-10

Aircraft Gas Turbine Lubricants ........................................... 5-23

References ........................................................................... 5-27

Section 6. Diesel Fuel Oils .......................................... 6-1

Diesel Fuel Economics ........................................................ 6-1

Composition of Fuel an Important Factor ............................ 6-4


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xviii Contents

Properties Determining Fuel Performance .......................... 6-5

Test Methods for Diesel Fuel Oils ....................................... 6-9

Significance of Tests on Diesel Fuels ................................. 6-12

Utilization of Diesel Fuels .................................................... 6-13

Growth Trends in Diesel-Engine Field ................................. 6-29

Storage, Shipping, and Handling ......................................... 6-31

References ........................................................................... 6-32

Bibliography ......................................................................... 6-32


Section 7. Distillate Heating Oils ................................ 7-1

Status of the Heating-Oil Industry ........................................ 7-3

Burners, Controls, and Tanks .............................................. 7-9

Central-Heating Systems ..................................................... 7-15

Specifications and Testing ................................................... 7-24

Burning Qualities in Oils ...................................................... 7-28

Stability in Heating Oils ........................................................ 7-37

Handling and Delivery .......................................................... 7-46

References ........................................................................... 7-50

Bibliography ......................................................................... 7-51


Section 8. Residual Fuel Oils ...................................... 8-1

Historical .............................................................................. 8-1

Statistical .............................................................................. 8-2Specifications for Residual Fuels ........................................ 8-3

Properties of Commercial Residual Fuels ........................... 8-11

Detailed Inspections of Heavy Fuels ................................... 8-23

End Uses of Residual Fuel Oils ........................................... 8-27

Problems Associated with Utilization ................................... 8-30


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Contents xix

The Combustion of Residual Fuels ..................................... 8-36

Specific Heat of Fuel Oils .................................................... 8-48

Residual Fuel Oil Burners .................................................... 8-49

References ........................................................................... 8-50

Bibliography ......................................................................... 8-50


Section 9. Lubricating Oils and Greases ................... 9-1

Part I. Automotive Oils ........................................................... 9-1

Performance Characteristics ............................................... 9-2

Fluid Characteristic - Viscosity ............................................ 9-5

"Boundary" Lubrication ........................................................ 9-24

Stability and Chemical Inertness ......................................... 9-28

Evaluating Automotive Lubricants ....................................... 9-28

References ........................................................................... 9-31

Part II. Industrial Lubrication .................................................. 9-34

Engine and Machine Oils ..................................................... 9-34

Steam Cylinder Oils ............................................................. 9-37Diesel Engine Oils ................................................................ 9-41

Steam Turbine Oils .............................................................. 9-43

Speed Reduction Gear Lubrication ..................................... 9-47

Compressor Oils .................................................................. 9-49

Electric-Motor Bearing Oils .................................................. 9-53

Hydraulic Fluids ................................................................... 9-56

Industrial Circulating Oils ..................................................... 9-58

Wire-Rope Lubrication ......................................................... 9-62

Industrial Gear Oils .............................................................. 9-64

Spindle Oils .......................................................................... 9-65


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xx Contents

Instrument Lubricants .......................................................... 9-67

Pneumatic Tool Oils ............................................................. 9-68

Oil-Spray Lubrication ........................................................... 9-70

Insulating and Transformer Oils .......................................... 9-71

Metalworking and Cutting Oils ............................................. 9-72

Bibliography ......................................................................... 9-74

Part III. Lubricating Greases .................................................. 9-75

Functions of a Lubricating Grease ...................................... 9-78Evaluating Lubricating Greases ........................................... 9-79

Properties that Influence Selection ...................................... 9-85

Availability of Specific Greases ........................................... 9-90

Types of Bearings to Be Lubricated .................................... 9-91

Specific Industry Applications .............................................. 9-96

Special Greases and Trends ............................................... 9-120

Handling and Storing Greases ............................................ 9-121

References ........................................................................... 9-122

Bibliography ......................................................................... 9-123

Part IV. Reclaiming Lubricating Oils ...................................... 9-124Contaminants from Two Sources ........................................ 9-127

Effects of Oil Contamination ................................................ 9-128

Oxidation .............................................................................. 9-128

Oil-Reclamation Methods .................................................... 9-129

Section 10. The Petroleum Waxes ............................. 10-1

Wax Production Methods .................................................... 10-2

Petroleum-Wax Uses by Volume ........................................ 10-6

Paraffin Waxes, Natural and Synthetic ................................ 10-6

Microcrystalline Waxes ........................................................ 10-11


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Contents xxi

Petrolatums .......................................................................... 10-13

Petroleum-Wax Industrial Uses ........................................... 10-17

The Future of Petroleum Waxes ......................................... 10-28

Bibliography ......................................................................... 10-28

Section 11. Miscellaneous Light Oils ......................... 11-1

Part I. Kerosine (Illuminating Oils) ......................................... 11-1

The Essential Properties of Kerosine .................................. 11-3

References ........................................................................... 11-7


Part II. Industrial Naphthas .................................................... 11-8

Chemistry of Industrial Solvents .......................................... 11-9

Manufacture of Industrial Naphthas .................................... 11-12Distributing Methods Modernized ........................................ 11-14

Utilization and Standardization ............................................ 11-15

Physical and Chemical Tests .............................................. 11-18

Safety Precautions Essential ............................................... 11-23

Guide to Current and Primary Reference Data ................... 11-24Appendix A: Properties of Standard Industrial

Naphthas and Related Materials ................................... 11-25

References ........................................................................... 11-29

Part III. Use of Petroleum as Pesticides ................................ 11-30

Insecticides .......................................................................... 11-30Herbicides ............................................................................ 11-42

Fungicides ............................................................................ 11-44

Solvents for Agricultural Pesticides ..................................... 11-44

References ........................................................................... 11-51


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xxii Contents

Section 12. Petrochemicals ........................................ 12-1

History of Petrochemicals .................................................... 12-2

Growth Pattern, Past and Future ......................................... 12-4

Three Types of Petrochemicals ........................................... 12-7

Petrochemical Statistics ....................................................... 12-9

Where Petrochemicals Come from ..................................... 12-12

Marketing Petrochemicals ................................................... 12-25

Glossary of Petrochemicals ................................................. 12-29

References ........................................................................... 12-39

Section 13. Petroleum Asphalt ................................... 13-1

Types of Petroleum Asphalt ................................................ 13-1

Asphalt Cement ................................................................... 13-2

Liquid Asphalts ..................................................................... 13-5Blown Asphalts .................................................................... 13-12

Uses of Petroleum Asphalt .................................................. 13-13

References ........................................................................... 13-17

Bibliography ......................................................................... 13-18

Section 14. Petroleum Coke ....................................... 14-1Economics of Coking ........................................................... 14-1

Commercial Coking Processes ........................................... 14-3

Petroleum-Coke Quality ....................................................... 14-6

Utilization of Raw Petroleum Coke ...................................... 14-12

Utilization of Calcined Coke ................................................. 14-15Bibliography and References .............................................. 14-20

Section 15. Carbon Black ........................................... 15-1

Manufacturing Processes and Types of Carbon

Blacks ............................................................................. 15-2


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Contents xxiii

Properties and Evaluation ................................................... 15-7

Applications and Uses ......................................................... 15-10

References ........................................................................... 15-15

Section 16. Reference Data Section ........................... 16-1

Introduction .......................................................................... 16-1

Contents ............................................................................... 16-1

Part I. Reference Data Directory ............................................ 16-2

Part II. Sampling and Measurement of Liquid Petroleum

Products ............................................................................ 16-10

Sampling Petroleum Products ............................................. 16-10

Measurement and Calculation of Volume ........................... 16-10

The ASTM-IP Petroleum Measurement Tables .................. 16-12Nomograph for Volume and Gravity Corrections ................ 16-15

Tables of Volumetric and Weight Measures ....................... 16-16

Sources for General Reference Data .................................. 16-18

Part III. Test Methods, Product Specifications, and

Antiknock Scale Conversions ........................................... 16-19

Guide to ASTM Petroleum Product Test Methods .............. 16-19

ASTM Specifications for Petroleum Products by Title ........ 16-25

Federal Specifications for Petroleum Products

by Title ............................................................................ 16-27

Federal Specifications for Commercial Products ................ 16-28Crankcase-Oil Viscosity Classification, SAE

Recommended Practice ................................................ 16-43

Transmission and Axle-Lubricant Classification, SAE

Recommended Practice ................................................ 16-44

Conversions of Antiknock Scales ........................................ 16-45


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xxiv Contents


Part IV. Storage, Handling, and Transportation of

Petroleum Products .......................................................... 16-56

General Reference Data Sources ....................................... 16-56

Part V. Directory of United States Petroleum

Refineries .......................................................................... 16-57


Part VI. Motor Fuel Tax and Tax Refund Procedures;

Product Inspection by States ............................................ 16-67

Motor Fuel Tax Refund Procedures .................................... 16-67

Petroleum Product Inspection by States ............................. 16-77


Part VII. Petroleum Products Supply-Demand,

Utilization, and Price Statistics .......................................... 16-79

General Reference Data Sources ....................................... 16-93

Section 17. Petroleum Trade Glossary ...................... 17-1

Abel Tester toAzeotropic Distillation ................................... 17-1

Balanced Gasoline toByproduct ......................................... 17-3

C toCylinder Stock ............................................................. 17-5

Deasphalting toDry Point .................................................... 17-8

Emulsification toExtractive Distillation ................................ 17-10

F (Degrees Fahrenheit) toFurnace Oils ............................ 17-11

Gallon (Imperial) toGum Tests ........................................... 17-13

Heart Cut toHydrometer ...................................................... 17-14

IBP (Initial Boiling Point) toIsopropyl Alcohol,

Isopropanol [(CH3)2CHOH] ............................................ 17-15


20/970

Contents xxv

Jet Engine (Aircraft) toJump ............................................... 17-16

K-factor toKnock Suppressor .............................................. 17-16

Lacquer toLubricity .............................................................. 17-17

Mahogany Acids toMultipurpose-type Grease ................... 17-18

Naphtha to Normal (N) Heptane ......................................... 17-20

Octane (C8H18) toOzokerite ................................................ 17-21

Painters' Naphtha toPyrethrum .......................................... 17-22

Qualitative Test toQuenching Oil ........................................ 17-24

Raffinate toRVP (Reid Vapor Pressure) ............................. 17-25

SAE Numbers toSynthetic Rubber ..................................... 17-26

Tackiness Agent toTurnaround .......................................... 17-30

Ullage toUSP Acid Test ...................................................... 17-31

Vacuum Distillation toVolatility ............................................ 17-32

Wash toWorked Penetration ............................................... 17-33Xylenes, Xylol [C6H4(CH3)2] ................................................. 17-34

Yellow Scale toYield ........................................................... 17-34

Index .............................................................................. I-17


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818/970


819/970


820/970


821/970


822/970


823/970


824/970


825/970


826/970


827/970


828/970


829/970


830/970

I-1

Index

Index terms Links

A

Abrasive solids, effect on diesel engines 6-13

Abrasive wear in engines 2-19 2-21

Abrasiveness, of lubricating grease 9-84

of lubricating oils 9-121

Absolute viscosity, definition of 9-7 9-8

Absorption, recovery of hydrocarbons by 1-6

Acetaldehyde 12-16 12-17 12-21 12-29

12-34

Acetate rayon 12-29

Acetates 12-29 12-34 12-35 12-38

Acetic acid 12-7 12-17 12-21 12-29

Acetic anhydride 12-7 12-29

Acetic oxide 12-29

Acetone 12-3 12-7 12-19 12-22

12-30 12-35

Acetone cyanhydrin 12-35

Acetyle oxide 12-29

Acetylene 1-10 12-3 12-17 12-18

Acetylene black 12-30

Acetylene carbon black 15-5 15-14

Acetylenic hydrocarbons 1-10

Acid treating of fuel oil stocks 7-40


831/970

I-2

Index terms Links

Acidifying agents 12-29

Acidity, corrosion and 9-43

Acrolein 12-20 12-30

Acrylates 2-37

Acrylic aldehyde 12-30

Acrylic polymers 2-31 2-32

Acrylonitrile 12-17 12-19 12-30

Activated charcoal in LP-Gas manufacture 3-8

Additive industry, scope of 2-2

Additive resistance 9-61

Additives 1-12 2-2

antiknock agents for gasoline 2-7 2-8 4-34 4-35

4-42 4-43

for automotive lubricants 2-18 2-47 2-48

in aviation gasoline 4-42

cetane number improvers, diesel fuels 1-18 2-13 2-15 6-6

6-7

color dyes, gasoline 2-12 2-13 4-36 4-42

lubricating greases 9-76lubricating oils 2-48

compatibility of 1-24 2-4

fuel oils 2-17

greases 2-27

compounded oils and greases 1-25

corrosion inhibitors and rust preventives,

diesel fuel 2-13

distillate fuel oils 1-21 2-15 7-41

gasoline 2-9 2-10 4-36

jet fuels 2-13 5-19 5-20

lubricating greases 9-76 9-83


832/970

I-3

Index terms Links

Additives(Continued)

lubricating oils 2-19 2-28 2-47 9-43

9-58 9-66

residual fuel oils 2-17 2-18 8-31 8-33

definition of 2-1

deicing, antistall agents, gasoline 2-10 2-11 4-36 5-18

detergent-dispersant inhibitors, for distillate

fuel oils 7-40 7-41

for lubricating oils 2-21 2-22 2-30 2-34

2-36 2-37 2-47 9-42

for residual fuel oils 2-17 8-36

for diesel fuels 1-18 2-15 2-16

for distillate fuel oils 1-21 2-14 2-15

extreme-pressure, for lubricating greases 9-84for lubricating oils 2-30 2-34 2-35 2-47

in ferrous metallurgy 14-15 14-16

foam inhibitors for lubricating oils 2-23 2-24 2-30 2-37

2-48 9-46 9-58 9-61

9-62

gasoline 1-17 2-6 4-34 4-42table 2-7

gum inhibitors, gasoline 4-42

for hydraulic fluids 2-29 9-57 9-58

for industrial oils 2-20 2-47 2-48

for light heating oils 7-40 7-41

for LP-Gas 2-2 2-6

lubricant, table of properties and

functions of 2-47 2-48

for lubricating grease 2-2 2-3 2-29 9-75

9-84 9-121 12-36

table 9-76


833/970

I-4

Index terms Links


metal deactivators, for distillate fuel oils 1-21 7-41

for gasoline 2-9 4-36

for jet fuels 1-19 2-13

for lubricating greases 9-76

for lubricating oils 2-47

for natural gasoline 1-17

odorants, for LP-Gas 2-6 3-5 3-6

in oil specifications 2-24

automatic transmission fluid 2-26 2-27

aviation lubrication 2-27

railroad diesel 2-25 2-26

oxidation inhibitors and stability improvers,

for diesel fuels 2-15 2-16 9-41 9-42for distillate fuel oils 2-15 7-40

for gasoline 2-8 2-9 4-36 4-42

for jet fuels 2-13 5-18 5-19

for lubricating greases 9-76

for lubricating oils 2-19 2-30 2-32 2-47

9-57 9-59 9-60 9-67

for residual fuel oils 2-18 8-36

petrochemicals as 12-29

pour point depressants, for lubricating oils 2-23 2-30 2-32 2-48

preignition, for gasoline 2-11 4-36 4-37

properties of, general 2-3 2-4

for residual fuel oils 2-16 8-30 8-36

selection and control of 2-4 2-5

starter fluids, for diesel fuels 2-15 2-16

tests for effectiveness of 2-5 2-6

upper-cylinder lubricants, gasoline 2-11 2-12 4-37


834/970

I-5

Index terms Links


viscosity-index improvers, lubricating oils 2-22 2-23 2-30 2-48

9-11 9-12 9-48 9-61

Adhesives from petrochemicals 12-30 12-33 12-34 12-39

Adipates 12-30

Adipic acid 12-22 12-24 12-30 12-33

Adiponitrile 12-17 12-30

Adsorption plants 3-8Aerosols 11-30 11-37 12-32 12-36

examples of, table 11-39

sales of, graph and table 11-38

tests for 11-41 11-42

Africa, crude oil production in 1-3

malaria control in 11-34

petroleum reserves in 1-4

relative production and consumption

of oil in 1-4

Afterburning 5-5

Aging in residual fuel oils 8-35Agricultural sprays, toxicity of 11-24

Agriculture in United States 6-29

Air, humidity in 8-44

solubility of 5-21

graph 5-23

Air compressors, oil for 9-50 9-51

Air filters in oil reclaiming 9-129

Air flow to burner, metering of 8-41

Air-fuel ratio 8-41

Air-fuel ratio control 6-19

8/11/2019 Pe

Petroleum Products Handbook 5866

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