Pest Management Essential Standard 8.00- Compare distinguishing chrematistics of pest.
Feb 23, 2016
Pest Management
Essential Standard 8.00- Compare distinguishing chrematistics of pest.
Objective 8.01• Discuss the anatomy and life
cycle of pest.
What is an insect?• Small animals that have three
body regions and three pairs of legs equaling six legs
• Body regions– head – thorax– abdomen
Types of Insects• The five types of mouthparts
are important in identifying and controlling insects.– Chewing– Piercing– Rasping– Siphoning– Sponging
Chewing Insects• Insects tear, chew or grind food• Examples
– grasshopper– beetle
Piercing Insects• Punctures plant and sucks the
sap
Rasping insect• Rasps or breaks surface and
sucks sap• Example
– thrips
Siphoning insects• Have a coiled tube they dip
into liquid food such as nectar and draw it in
• Example– butterfly
Sponging Insects• Have two sponge-like
structures that collect liquid food and move it into the food canal
• Example– housefly
Life Cycles• Complete metamorphosis has
four stages– egg– larva-worms or caterpillars– pupa– adult-flies, beetles, etc.
Life Cycles• Incomplete metamorphosis has
three stages– egg– nymph– Adult
• Insects must be killed when they are feeding or actively moving on the plant
Life Cycles
Chewing Insects• Parts of leaves are eaten away
– beetles– cutworms– caterpillars– grasshoppers
Chewing Insects• Beetles
– eat leaves, stems, flowers, fruit and nuts
• Cutworms– usually attack stems, but may eat
other plant parts
Chewing Insects• Caterpillars
– larva of moths and butterflies– fuzzy or hairy– eat young leaves and stems– roll up in leaves making leaves
curl• Grasshoppers
– eat all parts of plants
Sucking Insects• Aphids• Leaf bugs• Mealy bugs• Scale• Thrips• Whiteflies
Aphids• Pierce and suck juices• known as plant lice• cause stunted growth and
yellow spotted leaves• causes sticky substances and
black mold• will attract ants
Aphids
Leaf Bugs• Cause plants to look unhealthy• plants will lose their normal
color and wilt
Leaf Bugs
Mealy Bugs• Pierce and suck from underside
of leaves and in leaf axils causing yellow appearance and sticky secretions
Mealy bugs
Scale• Appear as black or brown
raised lumps attached to stems and underside of leaves causing yellow leaves and stunted growth
Scale
Thrips• Chew and then suck causing
plant tissue to become speckled or whitened, leaf tip to wither, curl up, or die
Thrips
Whiteflies• Feed on underside of young
leaves causing yellowing• will look like flying little white
specks when plants are shaken
Whiteflies
Mites• Attack underside of leaves
causing gray to grayish-green spots
• severe infestations cause webbing
Mites
Plant Diseases
Objective 8.02• Discuss diseases and viruses.
Diseases• A disease is a plant disorder
caused by an infectious pathogen or agent
Diseases• There are 3 conditions
necessary for diseases in plants– host plant– disease causing organism or
pathogen must be present– favorable environment for
disease organism to develop
Pathogens• There are four groups of
pathogens– bacteria– fungi– viruses– parasitic plants (attach to plants)
• mistletoe• dodder • lichens
Bacteria• Single celled microorganisms• Examples of common bacteria
diseases:– Leaf spot
• Rings of different shades of brown, green or yellow spots on leaves.
– Blight• cause plant to quickly turn brown or
black as if they had been burned
Blight
Leaf Spots
Fungi• Cannot make their own food
– They develop hyphae, structures that grow and absorb nutrients from the host plant
– Many fungi are spread by spores.
Examples of common fungi diseases:
• Damping off causes young plants and seedling to rot off at the soil level.
• Rust cause small spots on the leaves that resemble yellow, orange, brown or red rust mainly on the underside of leaves.
• Powdery mildew grows on the upper and lower leaf surface as white or gray powdery substance. It is a common disease of houseplants
• Galls are round swellings or growths usually on tree branches or leaves.
Damping off• A fungal disease that causes
young plants and seedlings to rot off at soil level
Damping Off
Rust• Causes small spots on leaves
that resemble yellow, orange, brown or red rust mainly on the underneath side of leaves
Rust
Mildew• Grows on leaf surfaces--both
upper and lower--as white, gray or purple spots
Gall• Swellings or growths on plants
Viruses• Viruses are pathogens with an
extremely narrow host range– Examples of common viruses:
• Tobacco mosaic virus which attacks tomatoes, peppers, poinsettias and tobacco.
– Can be transfer from human hands of a smoker
– Be sure to wash your hands before working with plants to control the spread of this virus
– Cause leave to have irregular mottled areas with patterns ranging from dark to light green and yellow to white
Mosaic• Caused by viruses that make
the leaves have irregular mottled areas with patterns ranging from dark green to light green to yellow to white
Mosaic
Others Diseases
Canker• Causes open wounds on woody
plants
Canker
Rots• Cause plant to decay and die
Smut• A black, powdery disease that
causes blisters that burst open releasing black spores
Smut
Wilt• A disease that blocks the
uptake of water in plant stems causing plants to wilt
Wilt