Persuasion and Rhetorical Devices Persuasive Speeches and Essays.

Persuasion and Rhetorical Devices

Persuasive Speeches and Essays

PERSUASIONPersuasion is used when the writer or speaker

is trying to convince a reader or listener to think or act in a particular way.

Advertisers are masters of persuasion! Their main goal is to convince their audience

to purchase the product that they are selling.

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imgurl=http://www.thebraiser.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/superbowlads-2015.jpg&imgrefurl=http://

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.themarysue.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/darth-vader-commercial.png&imgrefurl=http

PERSUASIVE APPEALS

Appeals to Reason/Logic Logical arguments based on verifiable

evidence, such as facts, statistics, or expert testimony

PERSUASIVE APPEALS

Appeals to Emotion Statements intended to affect

listeners’/readers’ feelings about the subject. These statements often include charged language-words with strong positive or negative associations.

Testing Persuasive Appeals

Is the author’s argument supported by evidence, or is it based on faulty assumptions?

Does the author link ideas clearly or make leaps in logic?

Is the argument consistent or contradictory?

RHETORICAL DEVICES

Speakers use rhetorical devices to: emphasize their ideas help their listeners to remember

the important points arouse an emotional response in

an audience

ALLITERATION

Alliteration is the repetition of initial consonant sounds.

Writers use alliteration to give emphasis to words, to imitate sounds, and to create musical effects.

"With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.“ (King, Jr. “I Have a Dream”)

RHETORICAL QUESTION

A Rhetorical Question is a question with an obvious answer.

A question that you don’t expect people to answer, but it is a question that makes people THINK!

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Calvin and Hobbes on Rhetorical Questions

https://pathwriter.wordpress.com/2012/04/21/calvin-and-hobbes-rhetorical-question/

Here is a REAL example of Rhetorical Question “Can we forge against these enemies a grand and

global alliance, North and South, East and West, that can assure a more fruitful life for all mankind? Will you join in that historic effort?” –JFK Inaugural Address

Former President Kennedy includes this rhetorical question to call the audience to action. By asking if they will join in the historic effort, Kennedy forces the audience to think about what they are willing to do for their country and at the same time, he inspires them to be more American.

REPETITION

Repetition is expressing different ideas using the same words or images in order to reinforce concepts and unify the speech.

Did you know that in “I Have a Dream”, Martin Luther King, Jr., repeats many words many times…

freedom (20 times) we (30 times), our (17 times), you (8 times) nation (10 times), America (5 times), American (4

times) justice (8 times) and injustice (3 times) dream (11 times)

King’s Tagxedo…

RESTATEMENT

Restatement is expressing the same idea in different words to clarify and stress key points.

 In a sense we’ve come to our nation’s capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the “unalienable Rights” of “Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” 

What’s What?

“We will never give up; we will never surrender, we will never be defeated.”

“We will never…” is an example of…

repetitionanaphora(the repetition of a

beginning phrase 3 or more times)alliteration

“Never give up,”“never surrender,” and “never be defeated.” is an example of…

restatement

PARALLELISM

Parallelism is the repetition of a grammatical structure or an arrangement of words in order to create rhythm and make words more memorable.

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Faulty Parallelism Example

Faulty parallelism:

She revels in chocolate, walking under the moonlight, and songs from the 1930s jazz period.

This sentence is not written with parallel structure…you will see why in the next slide!!!

Parallelism Example

Good parallelism: She revels in sweet chocolate éclairs, long moonlit walks, and classic jazz music.

"She revels in”"sweet chocolate éclairs," [Adjective--Adjective--Object]

"long moonlit walks," [Adjective--Adjective--Object]

"and classic jazz music." [Adjective--Adjective--Object]

Another Type of Parallelism

Good parallelism: She loves eating chocolate éclairs, taking moonlit walks, and singing classic jazz.

She revels in""eating chocolate éclairs" [Gerund--Adjective--Object of Gerund]

"taking moonlit walks" [Gerund--Adjective--Object of Gerund]

"and singing classic jazz." [Gerund--Adjective--Object of Gerund]

Parallelism in Speeches

ALLUSION

An allusion is a reference to a well-know person, place, event, literary work, or work of art.

“Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation.”

-Martin Luther King, Jr. Who is Dr. King alluding to? What do we

know because of this allusion?

RHETORICAL TRIANGLE

Rhetorical Triangle Explained Ethos:

What are the writer’s qualifications? How has the writer connected him/herself to the topic being discussed?

Does the writer demonstrate respect for multiple viewpoints by using sources in the text?

Are sources credible? Are sources documented appropriately? Does the writer use a tone that is suitable for the

audience/purpose? Is the diction (word choice) used appropriate for the audience/purpose? Is the document presented in a polished and professional manner?

Note how the author establishes a persona Note how the author establishes credibility Note any revelation of the author's credentials or personal history

Rhetorical Triangle Explained

Logos: Is the thesis clear and specific? Is the thesis supported by strong reasons and credible

evidence? Is the argument logical and arranged in a well-reasoned

order?

Note the claims the author makes, and the insistency of the claims.

Note the data the author provides in support of the claims.

Note the conclusions the author draws.

Rhetorical Triangle Explained

Pathos: Are vivid examples, details and images used to

engage the reader’s emotions and imagination? Does the writer appeal to the values and beliefs of

the reader by using examples readers can relate to or care about?

Note the primary audience for the text Note the emotional appeals the author makes Note the author's expectations of the audience

“I Have a Dream” Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Annotate (label) the

speech for examples of Allusion Parallelism Restatement Repetition Alliteration Rhetorical Question Anaphora

http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--Martin-Luther-King-Jr--Gives-His--I-Have-a-Dream--Speech.html

http://www.centralmaine.com/2012/01/13/i-have-a-dream-speech-called-on-us-to-fulfill-promise-of-equality_2012-01-12/

“I Have a Dream”

Answer each question on the Rhetorical Triangle Worksheet

Give an explanation on the bottom of the worksheet discussing whether Luther King Jr.’s speech appeals more to ethos, pathos, or logos. Make sure you explain why. If he appeals to all three equally, explain that as well. Use textual evidence to support you claims.