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Perspective Time Period FocusPeople Key Ideas. Greeks- reliance on observation Copernicus and Galilei- experimentation through observation Descartes-

Dec 29, 2015

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Herbert Ellis
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Page 1: Perspective Time Period FocusPeople Key Ideas.  Greeks- reliance on observation  Copernicus and Galilei- experimentation through observation  Descartes-

PerspectiPerspectiveve

Time Time PerioPeriodd

FocusFocus PeoplePeople Key Key IdeasIdeas

Page 2: Perspective Time Period FocusPeople Key Ideas.  Greeks- reliance on observation  Copernicus and Galilei- experimentation through observation  Descartes-

Greeks- reliance on observation Copernicus and Galilei-

experimentation through observation

Descartes- link between mind and body (not dualism)

19th century- cells as the building blocks of life

Page 3: Perspective Time Period FocusPeople Key Ideas.  Greeks- reliance on observation  Copernicus and Galilei- experimentation through observation  Descartes-

Marmaduke Samson and phrenology- Examining bumps

on a person’s skull to determine intelligence and character traits (mid 1800s)

Page 4: Perspective Time Period FocusPeople Key Ideas.  Greeks- reliance on observation  Copernicus and Galilei- experimentation through observation  Descartes-

PerspectiPerspectiveve

Time Time PerioPeriodd

FocusFocus PeoplePeople Key Key IdeasIdeas

StructuralismStructuralism 18791879 The basic The basic elements that elements that make up make up conscious conscious mental mental experiencesexperiences

William William Wundt- First Wundt- First Psych. Psych. Laboratory Laboratory (Leipzig, (Leipzig, Switz.)Switz.)

IntrospectioIntrospection- n-

self report of self report of thoughts thoughts and feelingsand feelings

Page 5: Perspective Time Period FocusPeople Key Ideas.  Greeks- reliance on observation  Copernicus and Galilei- experimentation through observation  Descartes-

Wilhelm Wundt- Structuralism

Father of Psychology Reading all of his work

has been estimated to take two and a half years if one was to read 60 pages a day

Also published four books in philosophy!  At this time, psychology was not considered something separate from philosophy.  In fact, Wundt rejected the idea when someone suggested it to him.

Page 6: Perspective Time Period FocusPeople Key Ideas.  Greeks- reliance on observation  Copernicus and Galilei- experimentation through observation  Descartes-

PerspectiPerspectiveve

Time Time PerioPeriodd

FocusFocus PeoplePeople Key Key IdeasIdeas

StructuralismStructuralism 18791879 The basic The basic elements that elements that make up make up conscious conscious mental mental experiencesexperiences

William William Wundt- First Wundt- First Psych. Psych. Laboratory Laboratory (Leipzig, (Leipzig, Switz.)Switz.)

IntrospectioIntrospection- n-

self report of self report of thoughts thoughts and feelingsand feelings

FunctionalismFunctionalism 18901890 The function The function (rather than (rather than the structure) the structure) of of consciousnessconsciousness

William James- William James- First First Psychological Psychological TextbookTextbook

Adaptation Adaptation to the to the EnvironmentEnvironment

Page 7: Perspective Time Period FocusPeople Key Ideas.  Greeks- reliance on observation  Copernicus and Galilei- experimentation through observation  Descartes-

William James- Functionalism

Battled depression and suicidal thoughts

Also studied religious experiences

Theory of Emotion- emotion is the mind's perception of physiological conditions (smile so feel happy)

Page 8: Perspective Time Period FocusPeople Key Ideas.  Greeks- reliance on observation  Copernicus and Galilei- experimentation through observation  Descartes-

PerspectiPerspectiveve

Time Time PerioPeriodd

FocusFocus PeoplePeople Key Key IdeasIdeas

StructuralismStructuralism 18791879 The basic The basic elements that elements that make up make up conscious conscious mental mental experiencesexperiences

William William Wundt- First Wundt- First Psych. Psych. Laboratory Laboratory (Leipzig, (Leipzig, Switz.)Switz.)

IntrospectioIntrospection- n-

self report of self report of thoughts thoughts and feelingsand feelings

FunctionalismFunctionalism 18901890 The function The function (rather than (rather than the structure) the structure) of of consciousnessconsciousness

William James- William James- First First Psychological Psychological TextbookTextbook

Adaptation Adaptation to the to the EnvironmentEnvironment

Inheritable Inheritable TraitsTraits

Late Late 1800s- 1800s- Early Early 1900s1900s

HeredityHeredity Sir Francis Sir Francis GaltonGalton

Intelligence Intelligence runs in runs in familiesfamilies

Page 9: Perspective Time Period FocusPeople Key Ideas.  Greeks- reliance on observation  Copernicus and Galilei- experimentation through observation  Descartes-

Sir Francis Galton- Heritability

Half-Cousin of Charles Darwin

Reading by the age of 2, at age 5 he knew some Greek and Latin

Prepared the first weather map published in the NY Times in 1875

Invented the term eugenics

Page 10: Perspective Time Period FocusPeople Key Ideas.  Greeks- reliance on observation  Copernicus and Galilei- experimentation through observation  Descartes-

PerspectiPerspectiveve

Time Time PerioPeriodd

FocusFocus PeoplePeople Key Key IdeasIdeas

StructuralismStructuralism 18791879 The basic The basic elements that elements that make up make up conscious conscious mental mental experiencesexperiences

William William Wundt- First Wundt- First Psych. Psych. Laboratory Laboratory (Leipzig, (Leipzig, Switz.)Switz.)

IntrospectioIntrospection- n-

self report of self report of thoughts thoughts and feelingsand feelings

FunctionalismFunctionalism 18901890 The function The function (rather than (rather than the structure) the structure) of of consciousnessconsciousness

William James- William James- First First Psychological Psychological TextbookTextbook

Adaptation Adaptation to the to the EnvironmentEnvironment

Inheritable Inheritable TraitsTraits

Late Late 1800s- 1800s- Early Early 1900s1900s

HeredityHeredity Sir Francis Sir Francis GaltonGalton

Intelligence Intelligence runs in runs in familiesfamilies

Gestalt Gestalt PsychologyPsychology

Early Early 1900s1900s

Perception is Perception is more than the more than the sum of its sum of its partsparts

Kohler, KofkaKohler, Kofka ““whole whole pattern”pattern”

Page 12: Perspective Time Period FocusPeople Key Ideas.  Greeks- reliance on observation  Copernicus and Galilei- experimentation through observation  Descartes-

PerspectiPerspectiveve

Time Time PeriodPeriod

FocusFocus PeoplePeople Key TermsKey Terms

PsychoanalytPsychoanalyticic

Early Early 1900s1900s

Unconscious Unconscious motivations motivations influence influence behaviorbehavior

Sigmund Sigmund FreudFreud

Free Free associationassociation

Dream Dream AnalysisAnalysis

Case StudiesCase Studies

Page 13: Perspective Time Period FocusPeople Key Ideas.  Greeks- reliance on observation  Copernicus and Galilei- experimentation through observation  Descartes-

Sigmund Freud- Psychoanalysis

First of eight children ; his parents favored him over his siblings from the early stages of his childhood

“What progress we are making. In the Middle Ages they would have burned me. Now they are content with burning my books”

All of his many sisters would perish in The Holocaust

Card-playing friend who became a Nazi official helped him and his immediate family leave Austria safely

Page 14: Perspective Time Period FocusPeople Key Ideas.  Greeks- reliance on observation  Copernicus and Galilei- experimentation through observation  Descartes-

PerspectiPerspectiveve

Time Time PeriodPeriod

FocusFocus PeoplePeople Key TermsKey Terms

PsychoanalytPsychoanalyticic

Early Early 1900s1900s

Unconscious Unconscious motivations motivations influence influence behaviorbehavior

Sigmund Sigmund FreudFreud

Free Free associationassociation

Dream Dream AnalysisAnalysis

Case StudiesCase Studies

BehavioralBehavioral Early-Early-Mid Mid 1900s1900s

Events in the Events in the environment environment influence influence behaviorbehavior

Ivan Ivan PavlovPavlov

John John Watson Watson (founder)(founder)

B.F. B.F. SkinnerSkinner

ObservableObservable

Classical Classical ConditioningConditioning

Operant Cond.Operant Cond.

Page 15: Perspective Time Period FocusPeople Key Ideas.  Greeks- reliance on observation  Copernicus and Galilei- experimentation through observation  Descartes-

Behaviorism- Ivan Pavlov (Classical Cond.) Awarded the Nobel Prize

in 1904 for research pertaining to the digestive system

Conscious until his very last moment, Pavlov asked one of his students to sit beside his bed and to record the circumstances of his dying. He wanted to create unique evidence of subjective experiences of this terminal phase of life.

Page 16: Perspective Time Period FocusPeople Key Ideas.  Greeks- reliance on observation  Copernicus and Galilei- experimentation through observation  Descartes-

Behaviorism- John Watson

Conducted the controversial Little Albert experiment

“Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.”

Left Johns-Hopkins after having an affair w/ assistant

“Coffee break”

Page 17: Perspective Time Period FocusPeople Key Ideas.  Greeks- reliance on observation  Copernicus and Galilei- experimentation through observation  Descartes-

Behaviorism- B.F. Skinner (Operant Cond.) Invented “Skinner

boxes” to help study operant conditioning

Invented the air-crib an easily-cleaned, temperature and humidity-controlled box to assist in the raising of babies.

Page 18: Perspective Time Period FocusPeople Key Ideas.  Greeks- reliance on observation  Copernicus and Galilei- experimentation through observation  Descartes-

PerspectiPerspectiveve

Time Time PeriodPeriod

FocusFocus PeoplePeople Key TermsKey Terms

PsychoanalytPsychoanalyticic

Early Early 1900s1900s

Unconscious Unconscious motivations motivations influence influence behaviorbehavior

Sigmund Sigmund FreudFreud

Free Free associationassociation

Dream Dream AnalysisAnalysis

Case StudiesCase Studies

BehavioralBehavioral Early-Early-Mid Mid 1900s1900s

Events in the Events in the environment environment influence influence behaviorbehavior

Ivan PavlovIvan Pavlov

John John Watson Watson (founder)(founder)

B.F. B.F. SkinnerSkinner

ObservableObservable

Classical Classical ConditioningConditioning

Operant Cond.Operant Cond.

HumanisticHumanistic Late Late 1900s1900s

Individual / Individual / self-directed self-directed choices choices influence influence behaviorbehavior

Abraham Abraham MaslowMaslow

Carl RogersCarl Rogers

Personal Personal GrowthGrowth

PotentialPotential

Page 19: Perspective Time Period FocusPeople Key Ideas.  Greeks- reliance on observation  Copernicus and Galilei- experimentation through observation  Descartes-

Humanism- Abraham Maslow

“Hierarchy of Needs”

His parents were uneducated Jewish immigrants from Russia

Page 20: Perspective Time Period FocusPeople Key Ideas.  Greeks- reliance on observation  Copernicus and Galilei- experimentation through observation  Descartes-

Carl Rogers- Humanism

Originally studied for the ministry

Believes that all creatures strive to make the very best of their existence.

Some of his earliest examples, include seaweed and mushrooms.

Best known for his contributions to therapy- client-centered/reflective

Page 21: Perspective Time Period FocusPeople Key Ideas.  Greeks- reliance on observation  Copernicus and Galilei- experimentation through observation  Descartes-

PerspectiPerspectiveve

Time Time PeriodPeriod

FocusFocus PeoplePeople Key TermsKey Terms

PsychoanalytPsychoanalyticic

Early Early 1900s1900s

Unconscious Unconscious motivations motivations influence influence behaviorbehavior

Sigmund Sigmund FreudFreud

Free Free associationassociation

Dream Dream AnalysisAnalysis

Case StudiesCase Studies

BehavioralBehavioral Early-Early-Mid Mid 1900s1900s

Events in the Events in the environment environment influence influence behaviorbehavior

Ivan Ivan PavlovPavlov

John John Watson Watson (founder)(founder)

B.F. B.F. SkinnerSkinner

ObservableObservable

Classical Classical ConditioningConditioning

Operant Cond.Operant Cond.

HumanisticHumanistic Late Late 1900s1900s

Individual / self-Individual / self-directed choices directed choices influence influence behaviorbehavior

Abraham Abraham MaslowMaslow

Carl Carl RogersRogers

Personal Personal GrowthGrowth

PotentialPotential

CognitiveCognitive Late Late 1900s1900s

How we How we process, store, process, store, and retrieve and retrieve information information influences our influences our behaviorbehavior

Jean Jean PiagetPiaget

Noam Noam ChomskyChomsky

LanguageLanguage

Problem Problem SolvingSolving

CreativityCreativity

ThinkingThinking

Page 22: Perspective Time Period FocusPeople Key Ideas.  Greeks- reliance on observation  Copernicus and Galilei- experimentation through observation  Descartes-

Cognitive- Jean Piaget

“Only education is capable of saving our societies from possible collapse, whether violent, or gradual”

Teacher- noticed young children's cognitive processes are inherently different from those of adults

Page 23: Perspective Time Period FocusPeople Key Ideas.  Greeks- reliance on observation  Copernicus and Galilei- experimentation through observation  Descartes-

Cognitive- Noam Chomsky

Advocated an innate set of linguistic principles shared by all humans known as universal grammar and the theory of generative grammar

Jewish, born in 1928 in Pennsylvania to parents from East Europe

Has received death threats because of his criticisms of US foreign policy – on the Unabomber's list

Still alive

Page 24: Perspective Time Period FocusPeople Key Ideas.  Greeks- reliance on observation  Copernicus and Galilei- experimentation through observation  Descartes-

PerspectiPerspectiveve

Time Time PeriodPeriod

FocusFocus PeoplePeople Key TermsKey Terms

Biological/Biological/NeurologicalNeurological

1980s 1980s and and beyondbeyond

Biological Biological Factors Factors influence influence behaviorbehavior

NeuroscieNeuroscientistsntists

PET ScansPET Scans

CAT ScansCAT Scans

Twin StudiesTwin Studies

Socio-Socio-CulturalCultural

RecentRecent Ethnicity, Ethnicity, gender, culture, gender, culture, and economic and economic status influence status influence behaviorbehavior

Belief systemsBelief systems

ImmigrationImmigration

Page 25: Perspective Time Period FocusPeople Key Ideas.  Greeks- reliance on observation  Copernicus and Galilei- experimentation through observation  Descartes-