Perspecti Perspecti ve ve Time Time Perio Perio d d Focus Focus People People Key Ideas Key Ideas
Dec 29, 2015
Greeks- reliance on observation Copernicus and Galilei-
experimentation through observation
Descartes- link between mind and body (not dualism)
19th century- cells as the building blocks of life
Marmaduke Samson and phrenology- Examining bumps
on a person’s skull to determine intelligence and character traits (mid 1800s)
PerspectiPerspectiveve
Time Time PerioPeriodd
FocusFocus PeoplePeople Key Key IdeasIdeas
StructuralismStructuralism 18791879 The basic The basic elements that elements that make up make up conscious conscious mental mental experiencesexperiences
William William Wundt- First Wundt- First Psych. Psych. Laboratory Laboratory (Leipzig, (Leipzig, Switz.)Switz.)
IntrospectioIntrospection- n-
self report of self report of thoughts thoughts and feelingsand feelings
Wilhelm Wundt- Structuralism
Father of Psychology Reading all of his work
has been estimated to take two and a half years if one was to read 60 pages a day
Also published four books in philosophy! At this time, psychology was not considered something separate from philosophy. In fact, Wundt rejected the idea when someone suggested it to him.
PerspectiPerspectiveve
Time Time PerioPeriodd
FocusFocus PeoplePeople Key Key IdeasIdeas
StructuralismStructuralism 18791879 The basic The basic elements that elements that make up make up conscious conscious mental mental experiencesexperiences
William William Wundt- First Wundt- First Psych. Psych. Laboratory Laboratory (Leipzig, (Leipzig, Switz.)Switz.)
IntrospectioIntrospection- n-
self report of self report of thoughts thoughts and feelingsand feelings
FunctionalismFunctionalism 18901890 The function The function (rather than (rather than the structure) the structure) of of consciousnessconsciousness
William James- William James- First First Psychological Psychological TextbookTextbook
Adaptation Adaptation to the to the EnvironmentEnvironment
William James- Functionalism
Battled depression and suicidal thoughts
Also studied religious experiences
Theory of Emotion- emotion is the mind's perception of physiological conditions (smile so feel happy)
PerspectiPerspectiveve
Time Time PerioPeriodd
FocusFocus PeoplePeople Key Key IdeasIdeas
StructuralismStructuralism 18791879 The basic The basic elements that elements that make up make up conscious conscious mental mental experiencesexperiences
William William Wundt- First Wundt- First Psych. Psych. Laboratory Laboratory (Leipzig, (Leipzig, Switz.)Switz.)
IntrospectioIntrospection- n-
self report of self report of thoughts thoughts and feelingsand feelings
FunctionalismFunctionalism 18901890 The function The function (rather than (rather than the structure) the structure) of of consciousnessconsciousness
William James- William James- First First Psychological Psychological TextbookTextbook
Adaptation Adaptation to the to the EnvironmentEnvironment
Inheritable Inheritable TraitsTraits
Late Late 1800s- 1800s- Early Early 1900s1900s
HeredityHeredity Sir Francis Sir Francis GaltonGalton
Intelligence Intelligence runs in runs in familiesfamilies
Sir Francis Galton- Heritability
Half-Cousin of Charles Darwin
Reading by the age of 2, at age 5 he knew some Greek and Latin
Prepared the first weather map published in the NY Times in 1875
Invented the term eugenics
PerspectiPerspectiveve
Time Time PerioPeriodd
FocusFocus PeoplePeople Key Key IdeasIdeas
StructuralismStructuralism 18791879 The basic The basic elements that elements that make up make up conscious conscious mental mental experiencesexperiences
William William Wundt- First Wundt- First Psych. Psych. Laboratory Laboratory (Leipzig, (Leipzig, Switz.)Switz.)
IntrospectioIntrospection- n-
self report of self report of thoughts thoughts and feelingsand feelings
FunctionalismFunctionalism 18901890 The function The function (rather than (rather than the structure) the structure) of of consciousnessconsciousness
William James- William James- First First Psychological Psychological TextbookTextbook
Adaptation Adaptation to the to the EnvironmentEnvironment
Inheritable Inheritable TraitsTraits
Late Late 1800s- 1800s- Early Early 1900s1900s
HeredityHeredity Sir Francis Sir Francis GaltonGalton
Intelligence Intelligence runs in runs in familiesfamilies
Gestalt Gestalt PsychologyPsychology
Early Early 1900s1900s
Perception is Perception is more than the more than the sum of its sum of its partsparts
Kohler, KofkaKohler, Kofka ““whole whole pattern”pattern”
PerspectiPerspectiveve
Time Time PeriodPeriod
FocusFocus PeoplePeople Key TermsKey Terms
PsychoanalytPsychoanalyticic
Early Early 1900s1900s
Unconscious Unconscious motivations motivations influence influence behaviorbehavior
Sigmund Sigmund FreudFreud
Free Free associationassociation
Dream Dream AnalysisAnalysis
Case StudiesCase Studies
Sigmund Freud- Psychoanalysis
First of eight children ; his parents favored him over his siblings from the early stages of his childhood
“What progress we are making. In the Middle Ages they would have burned me. Now they are content with burning my books”
All of his many sisters would perish in The Holocaust
Card-playing friend who became a Nazi official helped him and his immediate family leave Austria safely
PerspectiPerspectiveve
Time Time PeriodPeriod
FocusFocus PeoplePeople Key TermsKey Terms
PsychoanalytPsychoanalyticic
Early Early 1900s1900s
Unconscious Unconscious motivations motivations influence influence behaviorbehavior
Sigmund Sigmund FreudFreud
Free Free associationassociation
Dream Dream AnalysisAnalysis
Case StudiesCase Studies
BehavioralBehavioral Early-Early-Mid Mid 1900s1900s
Events in the Events in the environment environment influence influence behaviorbehavior
Ivan Ivan PavlovPavlov
John John Watson Watson (founder)(founder)
B.F. B.F. SkinnerSkinner
ObservableObservable
Classical Classical ConditioningConditioning
Operant Cond.Operant Cond.
Behaviorism- Ivan Pavlov (Classical Cond.) Awarded the Nobel Prize
in 1904 for research pertaining to the digestive system
Conscious until his very last moment, Pavlov asked one of his students to sit beside his bed and to record the circumstances of his dying. He wanted to create unique evidence of subjective experiences of this terminal phase of life.
Behaviorism- John Watson
Conducted the controversial Little Albert experiment
“Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.”
Left Johns-Hopkins after having an affair w/ assistant
“Coffee break”
Behaviorism- B.F. Skinner (Operant Cond.) Invented “Skinner
boxes” to help study operant conditioning
Invented the air-crib an easily-cleaned, temperature and humidity-controlled box to assist in the raising of babies.
PerspectiPerspectiveve
Time Time PeriodPeriod
FocusFocus PeoplePeople Key TermsKey Terms
PsychoanalytPsychoanalyticic
Early Early 1900s1900s
Unconscious Unconscious motivations motivations influence influence behaviorbehavior
Sigmund Sigmund FreudFreud
Free Free associationassociation
Dream Dream AnalysisAnalysis
Case StudiesCase Studies
BehavioralBehavioral Early-Early-Mid Mid 1900s1900s
Events in the Events in the environment environment influence influence behaviorbehavior
Ivan PavlovIvan Pavlov
John John Watson Watson (founder)(founder)
B.F. B.F. SkinnerSkinner
ObservableObservable
Classical Classical ConditioningConditioning
Operant Cond.Operant Cond.
HumanisticHumanistic Late Late 1900s1900s
Individual / Individual / self-directed self-directed choices choices influence influence behaviorbehavior
Abraham Abraham MaslowMaslow
Carl RogersCarl Rogers
Personal Personal GrowthGrowth
PotentialPotential
Humanism- Abraham Maslow
“Hierarchy of Needs”
His parents were uneducated Jewish immigrants from Russia
Carl Rogers- Humanism
Originally studied for the ministry
Believes that all creatures strive to make the very best of their existence.
Some of his earliest examples, include seaweed and mushrooms.
Best known for his contributions to therapy- client-centered/reflective
PerspectiPerspectiveve
Time Time PeriodPeriod
FocusFocus PeoplePeople Key TermsKey Terms
PsychoanalytPsychoanalyticic
Early Early 1900s1900s
Unconscious Unconscious motivations motivations influence influence behaviorbehavior
Sigmund Sigmund FreudFreud
Free Free associationassociation
Dream Dream AnalysisAnalysis
Case StudiesCase Studies
BehavioralBehavioral Early-Early-Mid Mid 1900s1900s
Events in the Events in the environment environment influence influence behaviorbehavior
Ivan Ivan PavlovPavlov
John John Watson Watson (founder)(founder)
B.F. B.F. SkinnerSkinner
ObservableObservable
Classical Classical ConditioningConditioning
Operant Cond.Operant Cond.
HumanisticHumanistic Late Late 1900s1900s
Individual / self-Individual / self-directed choices directed choices influence influence behaviorbehavior
Abraham Abraham MaslowMaslow
Carl Carl RogersRogers
Personal Personal GrowthGrowth
PotentialPotential
CognitiveCognitive Late Late 1900s1900s
How we How we process, store, process, store, and retrieve and retrieve information information influences our influences our behaviorbehavior
Jean Jean PiagetPiaget
Noam Noam ChomskyChomsky
LanguageLanguage
Problem Problem SolvingSolving
CreativityCreativity
ThinkingThinking
Cognitive- Jean Piaget
“Only education is capable of saving our societies from possible collapse, whether violent, or gradual”
Teacher- noticed young children's cognitive processes are inherently different from those of adults
Cognitive- Noam Chomsky
Advocated an innate set of linguistic principles shared by all humans known as universal grammar and the theory of generative grammar
Jewish, born in 1928 in Pennsylvania to parents from East Europe
Has received death threats because of his criticisms of US foreign policy – on the Unabomber's list
Still alive
PerspectiPerspectiveve
Time Time PeriodPeriod
FocusFocus PeoplePeople Key TermsKey Terms
Biological/Biological/NeurologicalNeurological
1980s 1980s and and beyondbeyond
Biological Biological Factors Factors influence influence behaviorbehavior
NeuroscieNeuroscientistsntists
PET ScansPET Scans
CAT ScansCAT Scans
Twin StudiesTwin Studies
Socio-Socio-CulturalCultural
RecentRecent Ethnicity, Ethnicity, gender, culture, gender, culture, and economic and economic status influence status influence behaviorbehavior
Belief systemsBelief systems
ImmigrationImmigration