Pencemaran & Bioindikator-Minggu 1

8/13/2019 Pencemaran & Bioindikator-Minggu 1

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PencemaranPerairan

Yusli Wardiatno

Departemen MSPFPIK IPB

[email protected]


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Kualitas air adalah karakter (sifat) air yang

digambarkan oleh nilai-nilai dari berbagai

macam faktor / karakteristik / komponen

kualitas air (yang sering disebut sebagaiparameter kualitas air)

KUALITAS AIR ?


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Parameter Fisik:

1. Warna

2. Kecerahan (kedalaman Secchi)

3. Kekeruhan

4. Padatan tersuspensi (TSS)5. Padatan terlarut (TDS)

6. Daya Hantar Listrik (conductivity)

7. Temperatur

8. Bau

9. Rasa


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Parameter Kimia:

1. Salinitas

2. Alkalinitas3. Kesadahan

4. pH

5. Oksigen terlarut (DO)

6. BOD

7. COD8. N (Amonia, Nitrat, Nitrit)

9. P (total, Orthophosphate)

10. Si

11. Deterjen (surfactant)12. Minyak & lemak, hidrokarbon

13. CN (sianida)

14. H2S (sulfida)

15. Phenols

16. Fe (besi)17. Pestisida (organochlorine,

organophosphate)

18. Logam/logam berat: Hg

Pb Cu

Cd

Cr+6

Zn As

Ni

Se

dll.


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Parameter Mikrobiologi:

1. Coliform

2. Fecal coliform (E. coli)

3. Bakteri pathogen: SalmonellaShigella dysenteriaeVibrio cholerae


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Parameter Fisik: Parameter Kimia: Ket.

1. Warna 1. Salinitas Kenyamanan

2. Kecerahan (kedalaman Secchi) 2. Alkalinitas

3. Kekeruhan 3. Kesadahan4. Padatan tersuspensi (TSS) 4. pH Kenyamanan

5. Padatan terlarut (TDS) 5. Oksigen terlarut (D.O.) Nutrien

6. Daya Hantar Listrik (conductivity) 6. BOD

7. Temperatur 7. COD

8. Bau 8. Ammonia Nitrat, Nitrit (N) Nutrien, Nuiss.

9. Rasa 9. P (total, orthophosphate) Nutrien10. Si Nutrien

11. Deterjen (surfaktan) Nuissance

Parameter Mikrobiologi: 12. Minyak & Lemak, Hydrocarbon Nuissance

1. Coliform 13. CN (sianida) Toxic

2. Fecal coliform (E. coli) 14. H2S (sulfida) Toxic

3. Bakteri pathogen lainnya.. (Salmonella, 15. Phenol Nuissance

Shigella dysenteriae, Vibrio cholerae) 16. Fe (Besi)

17. Logam berat: Hg, Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr6+,Zn, As, Se, Ni, dll.

Toxic

18. Pestisida (organokhlorin, organofosfat) Toxic


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PARAMETER KUNCI

fungsi perairan

potensi pencemaran (jenis kegiatan, limbah)

Baku mutu perairan

sungai, danau, waduk

laut

Baku mutu air limbahsesuai jenis industri/

kegiatan


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KEP-51/MENLH/10/1995Baku Mutu Limbah Cair Kegiatan Industri

KEP-52/MENLH/10/1995Baku Mutu Limbah Cair Kegiatan Perhotelan

KEP-58/MENLH/12/1995Baku Mutu Limbah Cair Kegiatan Rumah Sakit.

Sebagai acuan penentuan Parameter kunci :

Industri soda kostik

pelapisan logam

penyamakan kulit

minyak sawit

pulp dan kertas

karet

gula

tapioka

tekstil

pupuk urea

ethanol

MSG

kayu lapis

susu & mds

minuman ringan

sabun, deterjen & prod.

minyak nabati

industri bir

baterai kering

industri cat

industri farmasi

industri pestisida


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KEP-51/MENLH/10/1995 Baku Mutu Limbah Cair Kegiatan

Industri,

KEP-52/MENLH/10/1995 Baku Mutu Limbah Cair KegiatanPerhotelan,

KEP-58/MENLH/12/1995 Baku Mutu Limbah Cair Kegiatan

Rumah Sakit, KEP-42/MENLH/10/1996 - Baku Mutu Limbah Cair kegiatan

minyak dan gas serta panas bumi,

Kep. MENLH No. 112 Tahun 2003 - Baku Mutu Air LimbahDomestik,

Kep. MENLH No. 113 Tahun 2003 - Baku mutu air limbahkegiatan pertambangan batu bara.


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Kep. MENLH No. 112 Tahun 2003:

Baku Mutu Air Limbah Domestik


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Industri/

Kegiatan:

Pen.

kulit

Miny.

sawit

Pulp

krtas

Ka-

ret

Gu-

la

Tapi

oka

Tek

stil

Pu-

puk

Eta-

nol

MS

G

Kayu

lapis

Susu

&mds

Soft

drink

Bir

BOD l l l l l l l l l l l l lCOD l l l l l l l l l l l l lpH l l l l l l l l l l l l l l

TSS l l l l l l l l l l l l l lMinyak-lemak l l l l l l

Amonia l l l lPhenol l

l

Sulfida l l l lN total l l l lCyanida lCr l

l

Parameter dalam baku mutu air limbah berbagai industri ataukegiatan sesuai SK MENLH (1995, 1996, 2003)

Sigid Hariyadi08


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Parameter

dalam bakumutu airlimbahberbagaiindustriataukegiatansesuai SKMENLH(1995, 1996,2003)

Industri/Kegiatan:

Sabund&mn

Drycell

Cat Farmsi

Psti-sida

Soda/ Cl2

Plpslogam

Ho-tel

RS Mi-gas

LNG Panasbumi

Batubara

Domestik

BOD l l l l l l l lCOD l l l l l l lpH l l l l l l l l l l l l l lTSS l l l l l l l l l l lMinyak-lemak

l l l l l l lAmonia l l l l lPhenol l l l lSulfida lN total lCyanida l lCr l l l lCu l l l lHg l l l lPb l l lCd l lNi l l lZn

l l l lBenzene lToluene lBahanaktif l l H2S Fe

PO4 Mn Ti Cl2 Cl2 As MnColiform, PO3-,radioaktifitas lTemperatur l l lSigid Hariyadi08


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PERATURAN PEMERINTAH (PP) RI No. 82 Th. 2001TENTANG

PENGELOLAAN KUALITAS AIR DAN PENGENDALIAN PENCEMARAN

a. KELAS I: air peruntukan air baku air minum

b. KELAS II: air peruntukan prasarana/sarana rekreasi air,budidaya ikan air tawar, peternakan,

pengairan tanaman (pertanian)

c. KELAS III: air peruntukan budidaya ikanair tawar,

peternakan, pengairan tanaman (pertanian)

d. KELAS IV: air untuk pengairantanaman (pertanian)

KLASIFIKASI MUTU AIR (PASAL 8 ayat 1):


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Keputusan MENLH No. 51 Tahun 2004ttgBAKU MUTU AIR LAUT

Baku Mutu Air Laut untuk PERAIRAN PELABUHAN

Baku Mutu Air Laut untuk WISATA BAHARI

Baku Mutu Air Laut untuk BIOTA LAUT


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BAKU MUTU AIR :

KADAR / KONSENTRASI (mg/L)

BEBAN (kg/ton produk ; g/m3)

BOD = 20 mg/LDebit aliran = 10 L/dt

Beban BOD = 20 mg/L x 10 L/dt = 200 mg/dt= 200 x 60 x 60 x 24

= 17.280.000 mg/hari

= 17,28 kg/hari

Beban BOD = 100 mg/L x 20 m3/ton

= 100 mg/L x 20.000 L/ton

= 2000.000 mg/ton

= 2 kg/ton produk

BOD = 100 mg/L

Vol limbah maks= 20 m3/ton


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What is pollutionPollutionis the introduction by man, directly or indirectly,of substances or energy, to the aquatic environmentresulting in such deleterious effects as harm to living

resources; hazard to human health; hindrance of aquatic

activities including fishing; impairment of the quality for use

of seawater; and reduction of ammenities.

Contaminationis the presence of elevated concentrations of

substances in the water, sediments or organisms, i.e.

concentrations that are above the natural background level for

the area and for the organism.

United Nations Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspectsof Marine Polution GESAMP)


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Non point Source :sources of water pollution that arescatteredor diffuse, not having a specific location.(i.e. from: farm fields, golf courses, cities,

residentials, roads, clearcut forests, plantations,mines).

Point Source : discharge of pollutants from single point.(i.e. from: factories, power plants, sewagetreatment plants, oil wells).


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Watershed Map


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The simple definition:

It's the area of land that catches rain and

snow and drains or seeps into a marsh,

stream, river, lake or groundwater.

What is a Watershed?

Watershed = catchment area = daerah aliran sungai (DAS)


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the ability of a body of water to cleanse itself;its capacity to receive waste waters or toxic

assimilative capacity:

materials without deleterious effects andwithout damage to aquatic life or humanswho consume the water


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lasifikasi limbah(Clark, 1986):

1. Limbah mudah urai(degradable wastes)

2. Limbah mudah luruh(dissipating wastes)3. Partikel (particulate)

4. Limbah konservatif/awet(conservative wastes)


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1 . Limbah mudah urai(degradable wastes)limbah organikdekomposisi (CO2, NH3)

limbah domestik, perkotaan

limbah pertanian, pabrik gula, kertas (pulp) limbah pengolahan makanan, minuman minyak, dll.


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2. Limbah mudah luruh(dissipating wastes) dgn cepat kehilangan daya rusak/racun begitu

masuk ke perairan

panas: faktor debit, arus

asam-basa: laut punya kapasitas buffer yang besar

Cyanide: terdissosiasi dgn cepat di air laut, dampak kecil


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3. Partikel (particulate)

debu/partikel lumpur/tanah, penambangan pasir

abu sisa pembakaran (batubara)

plastik


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4. Limbah konservatif/awet(conservative wastes)tidak dapat terdekomposisi & tidak hilang/luruh

logam berat

halogenated hydrocarbons (pestisida, PCB, POPS)

radioaktifitas


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Infectious Agents (pathogens, parasites, bacteria, virus, etc.) Oxygen-Demanding Wastes (BOD, sampah) Inorganic Chemicals (acids, salts, toxic metals, nutrients) Organic Chemicals (pesticides, PCB, dioxin, oil, detergents,

plastics)

Sediment Particulates) Thermal Pollution Radioactive Pollution Oil Pollution, Detergents, etc.)

Other classification of Pollution Types:


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OXYGEN-DEMANDING WASTES

Examples: Organic waste such as animal manure andplant debris that can be decomposed by aerobic(oxygen-requiring) bacteria

Major Human Sources: Sewage, animal feedlots,paper mills, and food processing facilities

Harmful Effects: Large populations of bacteria

decomposing these wastes can degrade water qualityby depleting water of dissolved oxygen. This causesfish and other forms of oxygen-consuming aquatic lifeto die.


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Pollution of Streams Oxygen sag curve Factors influencing recovery: flow

rates and amount of pollutants


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Ocean Pollution Sources

Fig. 22-11 p. 504

C S d Ch k B


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Case Study: Chesapeake Bay

Largest US estuary

Relativelyshallow

Slow flushingaction to Atlantic

(1% of waste is

flushed into Atlantic

Major problems withdissolved O2 due to

eutrophication (NO3

and P04)

Fallen oyster, crabsand fish harvest due

to pollution,

overfishing and

diseases


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Referensi

5. http://homepage.mac.com/wsscott/Planbook/Environmental%20Studies/Nov132007/4-24-2003.ppt

Water Pollution6. http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~apennima/ENVS/Water-Pollution.ppt Water Pollution & Cleanup

1. APHA. 2005. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 21st

ed. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and

Water Pollution Control Federation. Washington D.C.

2. CLARK, R.B. 1986. Marine Pollution. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 215 p.

3. LAWS, E.A. 1993. Aquatic Pollution : An introductory text. Wiley Interscience,New York. 611p.

4. MASON, C.F. 1991. Biology of freshwater pollution. 2nd ed. Longman Scientific &

Technical, Essex, U.K. 351 p.

7. COASTAL POLLUTION: Effects on L iving Resources and Humans (pdf),

by: Carl J. Sindermann (2006)
http://homepage.mac.com/wsscott/Planbook/Environmental%20Studies/Nov132007/4-24-2003.ppthttp://facstaff.gpc.edu/~apennima/ENVS/Water-Pollution.ppthttp://facstaff.gpc.edu/~apennima/ENVS/Water-Pollution.ppthttp://facstaff.gpc.edu/~apennima/ENVS/Water-Pollution.ppthttp://facstaff.gpc.edu/~apennima/ENVS/Water-Pollution.ppthttp://homepage.mac.com/wsscott/Planbook/Environmental%20Studies/Nov132007/4-24-2003.ppthttp://homepage.mac.com/wsscott/Planbook/Environmental%20Studies/Nov132007/4-24-2003.ppthttp://homepage.mac.com/wsscott/Planbook/Environmental%20Studies/Nov132007/4-24-2003.ppthttp://homepage.mac.com/wsscott/Planbook/Environmental%20Studies/Nov132007/4-24-2003.ppthttp://homepage.mac.com/wsscott/Planbook/Environmental%20Studies/Nov132007/4-24-2003.ppt

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