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Apr 05, 2018

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Israrul Haque
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    CERTIFICATEThis is to certify that this PDD project entitled REMOTECONTROLLED FAN

    REGULATOR has been completed by Abhishek Gupta, Anurag Pandey,

    ArunSaini, Bhatat Kumar, Israr-Ul-Haque, Mohit Sjwal5thsemester students from

    FATHER AGNEL POLYTECHNIC affiliated to BTE DELHI have completed their

    project to my entire satisfaction and as per requirement of the course.

    MR. SURESH

    Project Guide

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    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTWe would like to take an opportunity to thank all the people in collecting the

    necessary information and making of the report. We are grateful to all of them

    for their time and wisdom.

    Our project becomes a reality only because of cooperation of many people

    who had helped us in completing this project. We sincerely extend our

    gratitude to Mr. Suresh who has given us this golden opportunity to have aninsight in the corporate world and who has been a source of guidance and

    support.

    ABHISHEK GUPTA

    ANURAG PANDEY

    ARUN SAINI

    BHARAT KUMAR

    ISRAR-UL-HAQUE

    MOHIT SEJWAL

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    CONTENTS

    1. Abstract 32. Introduction 43. Block Diagram 64. Block Diagram Description 75. Circuit Diagram 166. Working of the Circuit 177. Component List 198. PCB Fabrication 209. Soldering 2310. PCB Layout 2411. Component View 2512. Application 2613. Advantages 2714. Conclusion 2815. Reference 29

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    ABSTRACTRemote controlled Fan Regulator is one of the applications of electronics to

    increase the facilities of life. Fan is one of the unavoidable Electronic

    equipment in our day today life. It has become essential element without

    which people cant lead a smooth life. The presence of a fan in a house or

    office is not now considered as a luxury on the other hand it is included in

    the basic requirement. The uses of new electronic theories have been put

    down by expertise to increase the facilities given by the existing appliance.

    Here the facility of ordinary fan is increased by the making it controlled by a

    remote.

    In remote controlled fan regulator we can regulate the speed of the fan

    by using a remote. Here the variation in the firing angle of triac is used

    for regulating the speed.

    Any button on the remote can be used for controlling speed of the fan.

    Using this circuit, we can change the speed of the fan from our couch or

    bed. This circuit is used for controlling the speed of the fan in 5 levels.

    This innovation can be a success only if people are made aware about

    its advantages and how user-friendly it is. The circuit can be used to

    regulate the intensity of light. This innovation finds its use mainly to help

    old age people who dont want to walk in order to control the speed of

    fan. It also finds its use of somebody wants to change the speed while

    sleeping.

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    INTRODUCTION

    A circuit that allows total control over your equipments without having to

    move around is a revolutionary concept. Total control over the speed of

    the fan is a boon to many. This product brings to you this very concept.Remote control facilitates the operation of fan regulators around the

    home or office from a distance. It provides a system that is simple to

    understand and also to operate, a system that would be cheap and

    affordable, a reliable and easy to maintain system of remote control and

    durable system irrespective of usage. It adds more comfort to everyday

    living by removing the inconvenience of having to move around to

    operate a fan regulator. The system seeks to develop a system that is

    cost effective while not undermining the need for efficient working.

    The first remote control, called lazy bones was developed in 1950 by

    Zenith Electronics Corporation (then known as Zenith Radio

    Corporation). The device was developed quickly, and it was called

    Zenith space command, the remote went into production in the fall of

    1956, becoming the first practical wireless remote control device. Today,

    remote control is a standard on electronic products, including VCRs,

    cable and satellite boxes, digital video disc players and home audio

    players. In the year 2000, more than 99 percent of all TV set and 100

    percent of all VCR and DVD players sold are equipped with remote

    controls. The average individual these days probably picks up a remote

    control at least once or twice a day.

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    Basically, a remote control works in the following manner. A button is

    pressed. This completes a specific connection which produces a Morse

    code line signal specific to that button. The transistor amplifies the signal

    and sends it to the LED which translates the signal into infrared light.

    The sensor on the appliance detects the infrared light and reacts

    appropriately.

    The remote controls function is to wait for the user to press a key and

    then translate that into infrared light signals that are received by thereceiving appliance. The carrier frequency of such infrared signals is

    typically around 36kHz.The aim of this work is to design and construct a remote control for a fan

    regulator. The remote control device sends an infra-red beam, which is

    received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator and the speed of the

    fan is increased.One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver

    the best product or the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the

    end user. The system was found to meet the expected results.

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    BLOCK DIAGRAM

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    BLOCKDIAGRAMDESCRIPTION

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    Infrared ReceiverModule

    Infrared receiver module is used for receiving the signals transmitted by

    the remote control.Here, TSOP 1738 is used as infrared receiver Module. It is capable of

    receiving signals up to 38 KHz.

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    MonostableMultivibrator

    A multivibrator is an electronic circuit used to implement a variety of

    simple two-state systems such as oscillators, timers and flip-flops. A

    monostable multivibrator, as its name indicates, has a stable state and a

    quasi-stable state. An external trigger must be applied to change from

    the stable state to the quasi-stable state.

    Here, two NE 555 ICs are wired as monostable multivibrators. The

    trigger to the first multivibrator is the signals from the infrared receiver

    module. This multivibrator is used to delay the clock pulse of the decade

    counter. The second multivibrator is triggered by the opto coupler.

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    DecadeCounter

    In digital logic and computing, a counter is a device which stores (and

    sometimes displays) the number of times a particular event or process

    has occurred, often in relationship to a clock signal. Decade counter is a

    counter that counts through 10 states. It is also known as a mod-10

    counter.

    Here, CD 4017 is used as decade counter. Here actually ten outputs are

    there from which five are used (Q0 to Q4), Q5 is not used and Q6 is

    used to reset. The output of monostable multivibrator(IC1) is used to

    delay the clock pulse of the decade counter.

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    Transformer

    A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit

    to another through inductively coupled conductors the transformer's

    coils or "windings". Transformer is used here to step down the supply

    voltage to a level suitable for the low voltage components.The transformer used here is a 230/(12V-0-12V) step down transformer.

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    RegulatorSection

    A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically

    maintain a constant voltage level.

    IC 7809 is used here. It is a 9V regulator. It regulates the rectified 12V to

    9V. This 9V is supplied to the whole circuit.

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    OptoCoupler

    An Opto coupler is used to transmit either analog or digital information

    from one voltage potential to another while maintaining isolation of

    potentials. It is used for low voltages.

    MCT2E is the opto coupler used here. MCT2E is NPN silicon planar

    phototransistor optically coupled to a gallium arsenide infrared emitting

    diode. It is used to trigger the monostable multivibrator(IC3).

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    OptoIsolator

    An Opto isolator is used to transmit either analog or digital information

    from one voltage potential to another while maintaining isolation of the

    potentials. Its operating voltage is higher than that of an Opto coupler.

    Here, MOC3021 is used as opto isolator. It is used to drive the Triac

    BT136.

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    Triac BT 136

    A TRIAC, or TRIode for Alternating Current is an electronic component

    approximately equivalent to two silicon-controlled rectifiers

    (SCRs/thyristors) joined in inverse parallel (paralleled but with the

    polarity reversed) and with their gates connected together. The formal

    name for a TRIAC is bidirectional triode thyristor. This results in a

    bidirectional electronic switch which can conduct current in either

    direction when it is triggered (turned on) and thus doesn't have anypolarity. It can be triggered by either a positive or a negative voltage

    being applied to its gateelectrode (with respect to A1, otherwise known

    as MT1). Once triggered, the device continues to conduct until the

    current through it drops below a certain threshold value, the holding

    current, such as at the end of a half-cycle of alternating current (AC)

    mains power. In addition, applying a trigger pulse at a controllable point

    in an AC cycle allows one to control the percentage of current that flows

    through the TRIAC to the load (phase control).The triac used here is BT136. It is thyristor with a firing angle nearly 45o.

    A snubber circuit consisting of a resistor and capacitor is used to control

    the firing angle of Triac. This firing angle determines the speed of the

    fan.

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    CIRCUIT DIADGRAM

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    WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT

    The 230 V from AC mains is stepped down to 12V and Regulated by

    IC7809, capacitor and Diodes to 9V. This filtered 9V is used for

    providing supply to the entire circuit. Any button of remote control can be

    used to control the speed of the fan. The remote control produces

    infrared rays which is received by the TSOP infrared receives module.

    The TSOP used here is TSOP 1738. It is capable for receiving signals

    up to 38 KHZ. The infrared rays are received by the TSOP sensor and

    its output is given as a trigger to the first monostable multivibrator NE555 through a LED and Resistor R4.This NE555 which is wired as Monostable multivibrator is used to delay

    the clock to decade counter CD 4017. We can directly give the output of

    TSOP to decade counter, but while doing so all the small pulse or noises

    may also act as clock to counter and counter starts counting. The

    decade counter has ten outputs from Q0 to Q9. But here we are using

    only Q0 to Q4. Q5 is not used and Q6 is used to reset the counter. The

    output of decade counter is taken through Resistors R5 to R9. The

    resistor R5 to R9 and capacitor C5 controls the pulse width which is

    actually determining the speed of the fan. If the Q0 output is high the

    capacitor C5 is charged through R5, if Q1 is high capacitor C5 is

    charged through R6 and so on, thereby controlling the speed of the fan

    accordingly. Here we are controlling the speed of the fan in five levels

    that is why we are taking five outputs (A0 to Q4).

    Another NE 555 is used here which is also wired as monostable

    multivibrator. This monostable multivibrator is triggered by pulses from

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    opto coupler MCT2E. It is wired as Zero crossing detector. The output

    from decade counter is given to NE555 and this is given to the transistor

    BC548. It is given to the Opto isolator MOC 3021. It is used for driving

    the Triac BT136. Triac is a type of thyristor. Here the resistor R13

    (470hm) and capacitor C7 (0.01F) combination is used as snubber

    network for the Triac.

    The Resistors R5 to R9 and capacitor C5 are used to control the pulse

    width. When Q0 output is high the pulse width is maximum, when Q1output is high pulse width is decreased slightly. As the pulse width

    decreases firing angle of the triac increases and speed of the fan also

    increases. By using remote control we are actually controlling pulse

    width, which in turn varies the firing angle of triac, and there by varying

    the speed of the fan.

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    COMPONENTS LIST

    1.IR Receiver Module - TSOP 1738

    2.IC NE555

    3.Opto Coupler - IC MCT2E

    4.Opto Isolator - IC MOC 3021

    5.Voltage Regulator - IC 7809

    6.Decade Counter - IC CD4017

    7.Transformer 230/(12V -0-12V)

    8.Light Emitting Diode

    9.Diodes - IN4148, IN 4007

    10.Transistor - BC548

    11.Triac - BT13612.Resistors - 1K, 100K, 330, 47K , 33K, 27K, 20K,

    12K, 3.3K, 470 , 5.6 K, 10 K, 47 13.Capacitors - 0.01 F /400V, 4.7 F /16V, 10 F /16V,

    1F /16V, 0.22F, 470 /50V

    14.Zener Diode - 5.1V

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    PCB FABRICATION

    Printed Circuit Boards play a vital role here in determining the overall

    performance of the electronic equipment. A good PCB design ensures that

    the noise introduced as a result of component placement and track layout

    is held within limits while still providing components years of assembly

    maintenance and performance reliability.

    WHERE AND WHY ARE PCBS USED?Printed circuits boards are used to route electric signals through copper

    track which are firmly bonded to an insulating base.Advantages of PCB over common wiring are:

    1. PCBs are necessary for connecting a large number of electronic

    components in a very small area with minimum parasitic effects.

    2. PCBs are simulated with mass production with less chance of

    writing error.3. Small components are easily mounted.

    4. Servicing in simplified.

    The base materials used for PCBs are glass epoxy, epoxy paper,

    polyester etc. Copper foil used for copper clad is manufactured by the

    process of electronic deposition.

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    The properties of copper foil are:

    Thickness35 meter

    Thickness tolerance+5 meter

    Purity of Copper99.8%

    Resistivity at 20oC.0.1594

    PREPARATION OF SINGLE SIDED PCB

    In a single sided PCB the conductor tracks run only on one side of copper clad

    board. Thus crossing of conductors is not allowed. Base materials are selected

    according to application. It is mechanically and chemically cleansed. The photo resist

    is an organic solution which when exposed to light of proper wavelength, changes

    their solubility in developer but after exposure to light is not soluble. Laminate

    coating of photo resist is done by

    (i) Spray coating(ii) Dip coating

    (iii) Roller coating.

    The coated copper clad and laminated film negative is kept in intimate

    contact with each other.

    The assembly is exposed to UV light and is rinsed in the developer tank.

    Proper developer has to be used for a particular photo resist and then the

    PCB is dyed in a tray. The dye reveals the flux to be used for a particular

    photo resist. Then the PCB is dyed in a tray.

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    LAYOUT

    The layout can be done either by hand or by using PCB designing

    software like ORCAD or PROTEL.

    FABRICATION

    The required circuit is designed and the layout of the circuit is done on

    the component side as well as the copper clad side. Spaces are

    provided for holes to insert the respective components. Etch resistant ink

    coatings are given on the interconnecting marks.

    ETCHING

    The copper clad PCB is etched with ferrous chloride solution containing a

    small amount of Hydro Chloric Acid for increasing activeness of Ferric

    Chloride in etching. Wherever the varnish coating is there the copper

    remains. Then it is washed with water and Oxalic Acid.

    DRILLING

    The required holes of suitable size are drilled using twist drill. Now the

    Printed Circuit Board(PCB) is complete and ready for soldering.

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    SOLDERING

    Soldering is the process of joining of two metals using an alloy solder

    consisting of Tin and Lead (Sn-Pb). Tin determines the melting whereas the

    Lead is used to reduce the cost. After the PCB fabrication is done, the various

    components are arranged at proper locations on the PCB and then the

    soldering is done. All liquids consist of particles which attract each other. Thesurface is always trying to shrink and this is because of surface tension. The

    principle behind soldering is that when liquid particles are brought in contact

    with the walls of the solid surface, it may happen that the solid attracts the

    liquid surface. This property is called adhesive property. Care must be taken

    that the melting point of solder is below that of the metal so that its surface is

    melted without melting without the metal.

    NEED FOR FLUX

    During the soldering process the flux acts as a medium for improving the

    degree of melting. The basic functions of flux are mentioned below:1. Removes oxide from the surface.2. Assists the transfer of heat from the source to the joining and

    provides a liquid cover including air gap.

    3. Removal of residue after the completion of the soldering operation.

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    PCB LAYOUT

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    COMPONENT VIEW

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    APPLICATION

    controlled Fan Regulator is used to control the speed of fan from

    our bed or couch.

    The same circuit finds its use to control the Intensity of light at

    various levels.

    This circuit also finds it use for switching ON and OFF any

    electronic circuit.

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    ADVANTAGES

    This circuit is simple to use and efficient.

    It can be assembled with ease.

    It is cheap and hence very economic.

    It is small in size.

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    CONCLUSION

    With the knowledge of new techniques in Electronics we are able to

    make our life more comfortable. One such application of electronics is

    used in REMOTE CONTROLLED FAN REGULATOR.

    The same circuit finds its use in many more applications. By this the

    intensity of light can be controlled using a remote. The intensity of light

    can be controlled in five levels from off position to maximum intensity

    possible. So it finds use as a night lamp by keeping the intensity of lamp

    in low level.

    The circuit also finds its use for switching ON and OFF any electronic

    circuitry. Our normal T.V remote can be used for all these purposes. So

    it is very useful or a real help to old age and sick people, since they can

    control the speed from the place where they are sitting.We feel that our product serves something good to this world and we like

    to present it before this prosperous world.

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    REFERENCE

    www.electronicsforyou.com

    www.howstuffworks.com

    www.wikipedia.org

    Electronics for You MagazineElectronic Devices and Circuits J. B.Gupta

    Linear Integrated circuits Gaykwad