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PART IV Thought Groups and Intonation Chapter 8 Thought Groups Chapter 9 Focus Words Chapter 10 Final Intonation 72 An ice cream vendor entertains children in Istanbul, Turkey.
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Page 1: PART IV Thought Groups and Intonation - Cengagengl.cengage.com/assets/downloads/wellsaid4ed_pro0000000610/... · PART IV Thought Groups and Intonation ... Fluent speakers organize

PART IV Thought Groups and IntonationChapter 8 Thought Groups

Chapter 9 Focus Words

Chapter 10 Final Intonation

72

An ice cream vendor entertains children in Istanbul, Turkey.

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C H A P T E R 8 Thought Groups

OBJECTIVES In this chapter, you will learn:• how to divide the stream of speech into thought groups.• how thought groups help listeners process what is being said.

SUMMARY Fluent speakers organize what they say into meaningful groups of words called thought groups. They. Do. Not. Speak. Word. By. Word. They speak in thought groups or chunks. For example:

“Hello. / This is 707- / 555- / 7575. / I can’t answer the phone right now, / but please leave a brief message, / and I’ll return your call / as soon as I can.”/

In written English, we use punctuation such as commas and periods to signal the ends of thought groups. In spoken English, we use our voices to signal thought-group boundaries.

A Do you hear one thought group or two? Circle a for one or b for two. TR:XX

1. a. 7-week-long vacations b. 7 / week-long vacations

2. a. 3-hour-long exams b. 3 / hour-long exams

3. a. 49-cent stamps b. 40 / 9-cent stamps

4. a. Please call me Ben. b. Please call me, / Ben.

5. a. Who’s hiring Julia? b. Who’s hiring, / Julia?

6. a. Slow men working b. Slow / Men working

B Check your answers with your class. Then listen again. Can you hear the difference between a and b? TR:XX

A Close your book and listen to this radio advertisement. TR:XX

EX ER CISE 1

EX ER CISE 2

Notice

Th o u g h t Gro u p s 7 3

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74 Ch apt er 8

B Open your book and listen for breaks that signal the ends of thought groups. Mark the end of each thought group with a slash (/). TR:XX

“An old Japanese proverb says / that without tea, / a person is incapable /

of understanding truth and beauty. / The Imperial Japanese Tea House offers a

solution to those who seek truth, beauty, and a strong cup of tea. Sip fine teas

poured by expert servers in ceremonial dress. To book your authentic Japanese

Tea Ceremony, call us at 202-222-2020.”

C With your class, compare your answers to part B. Then listen again. TR:XX

A Listen to the conversation. Mark the end of each thought group with a slash (/). Some punctuation has been omitted. TR:XX

X: So, / who’s coming to dinner next Friday? / How many have responded? /

Y: Let’s see. Of course, I’ve heard from Kate.

X: Good but what about Joe?

Y: Yeah we need to count Kate and Joe and I’ve also heard from Jay and Lu and Carlos.

X: Okay so far that’s Kate and Joe and Jay and Lu and Carlos.

EX ER CISE 3

B Work with a partner. Based on the grouping of the words in part A, answer these questions.

1. Who is probably coming to dinner alone?

2. Who is probably coming to dinner together?

C Discuss your answers with your class. Then listen to the conversation in part A again. TR:XX

Rules and Practice

Pausing

Listen to the same sentence spoken in two different ways. What indicates the end of one thought group and the start of another? TR:XX

A woman without her man / is lost.

A woman / without her / man is lost.

RULE 8.1 In English, we often signal the end of a thought group with a brief pause.*

*Note: Speakers also use a fall in pitch to signal the end of a thought group. You will learn more about pitch movement in thought groups in Chapters 9 and 10.

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76 Ch apt er 8

Chunking

Listen to these examples of chunks that form logical thought groups. TR:XX

• Short sentences: I have to study. / Where did I put my book?

• Clauses: If you speak in thought groups, / you’ll be easier to understand.

• Phrases: Steve Jobs / dropped out of college / after six months.

• Transitions: In fact, thought groups make you sound more fluent.

• Common Single-Word Expressions: Well, I heard from Kate.

• Common Multi-Word Combinations: What I’m trying to say is, I lost my economics book.

RULE 8.2 In general, thought groups are chunks of words that go together, such as grammatical units and common word combinations.

A With a partner, take turns reading what these celebrities did before they became famous. Monitor your partner’s speech for thought groups.

Thought Group A Thought Group B Thought Group C

1. Bill Gates started a software company

at the age of 15.

2. Lucy Liu studied linguistics at the University of Michigan.

3. Fashion designer Tommy Hilfiger

sold blue jeans from the trunk of his car.

4. Jennifer Lopez worked in a law office before becoming a superstar.

5. Brad Pitt was a limousine driver before he became an actor.

6. Matthew McConaughey

cleaned chicken coops as an exchange student.

B As a class, listen and say the sentences from part A with the speaker. TR:XX

EX ER CISE 5

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Th o u g h t Gro u p s 7 7

A Work with a partner. Circle the sentence, a or b, with the correct thought group divisions.

1. a. Last month / I went to San Francisco and walked / across the Golden Gate Bridge.

b. Last month / I went to San Francisco / and walked across the Golden Gate Bridge.

2. a. As far as I know, / his favorite snack / is popcorn.

b. As far as / I know, his favorite / snack is popcorn.

3. a. John wants to be an airline pilot, / but he’s color-blind.

b. John wants / to be an airline pilot, but he’s / color-blind.

4. a. I just remembered / that I wanted to tell you about / my dream.

b. I just remembered / that I wanted to tell you / about my dream.

B Discuss your answers with your class. Then listen and repeat only the correct sentences from part A. TR:XX

There is more than one correct place to divide speech into thought groups. Thought groups vary depending on the individual speaker and the situation.

In casual speech, thought groups tend to be longer.Just wondering if you were still going to the movie tonight. / (11 words)

In more formal speech, thought groups tend to be shorter and pauses are more frequent.

Tonight, / fi rst of all, / I want to thank everyone / who made this award possible. / (3.5-word average)

EX ER CISE 6

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78 Ch apt er 8

A Work in a small group. First, use slashes (/) to mark the thought groups in these passages from famous graduation speeches. Then practice reading the passages.

1. “Work hard, be kind, and amazing things will happen.” (Conan O’Brian, 2011)

2. “The only formula is that there is no formula. There is no easy way to get from point A to point B, nor is there any right way.” (Meredith Vieira, 2008)

3. “Learn from every mistake because every experience, particularly mistakes, are there to teach you and force you into being more who you are.” (Oprah Winfrey, 2008)

4. “Stay hungry. Stay foolish. Thank you all very much.” (Steve Jobs, 2005)

B What is one important piece of advice you would give to today’s graduates? Write it below and mark the thought groups with slashes (/).

C In a small group, take turns delivering your graduation advice. Discuss your advice with your group.

Communicative Practice Graduation Advice

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Th o u g h t Gro u p s 7 9

A With a partner, mark logical thought groups in these quotes and song lyrics.

1. And in the end the love you take is equal to the love you make.—John Lennon and Paul McCartney

2. We will meet your physical force with soul force.—Martin Luther King, Jr.

3. You cannot escape the responsibility of tomorrow by evading it today.—Abraham Lincoln

4. The earth does not belong to man. Man belongs to the earth.—Chief Seattle

5. We see things not as they are; we see them as we are.—Anaïs Nin

6. That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.—Neil Armstrong

7. If you want to make the world a better place, take a look at yourself and make a change.—Michael Jackson

8. A pessimist thinks the glass is half-empty; an optimist thinks the glass is half-full.—Unknown Source

9. Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.—John F. Kennedy

10. You can’t always get what you want. But if you try sometimes you just might find you get what you need. —Mick Jagger

B Compare answers with your class. Practice saying the quotes and lyrics.

C Add your favorite quote or song lyric and mark the thought groups. Say the quote to your classmates. Then tell them why you like it.

D Select five quotes and lyrics from part A and record yourself saying them. Monitor your recording for thought groups and pausing. Submit the recording to your teacher.

Pronunciation Log Thought Groups and Pausing

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