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Parenting. Parenting Styles Authoritarian: parents attempt to control, shape and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of children in accordance with a.

Jan 02, 2016

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Logan Dean
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Page 1: Parenting. Parenting Styles Authoritarian: parents attempt to control, shape and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of children in accordance with a.

Parenting

Page 2: Parenting. Parenting Styles Authoritarian: parents attempt to control, shape and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of children in accordance with a.

Parenting Styles

• Authoritarian: parents attempt to control, shape and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of children in accordance with a set code of conduct

• Democratic/Authoritative: adolescents participate in the decisions affecting their lives

• Permissive/Laissez-faire: children have the final say; parents are less controlling and have a non-punishing, accepting attitude toward children.

• Uninvolved parents: egocentric in childrearing, uncommitted to the role of a parent and distant from their children.

Page 3: Parenting. Parenting Styles Authoritarian: parents attempt to control, shape and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of children in accordance with a.

Style Emotional Involvement

Authority Autonomy

Authoritative Parent is warm, attentive and sensitive to child’s needs and interests

Parent makes reasonable demands for the child’s maturity level; explains/ enforces rules

Parent permits child to make decisions in accord with developmental readiness

Authoritarian Parent is cold and rejecting; frequently degrades the child

Parent is highly demanding; may use coercion by yelling commanding, criticizing and reliance on punishment

Parent makes most decisions for the child; rarely listens to child’s viewpoint

Permissive Parent is warm but may spoil the child

Parent makes few or no demands-often out of misplaced concern for child’s self esteem

Parent permits child to make decisions before the child is ready

Uninvolved Parent is emotionally detached, withdrawn and inattentive

Parent makes few of no demands-often lacking in interest or expectations for the child

Parent is indifferent to child’s decisions and point of view.

Page 4: Parenting. Parenting Styles Authoritarian: parents attempt to control, shape and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of children in accordance with a.

Other factors, such as genetic

tendencies, poverty, and sociohistorical

circumstances Children’s lack of self-control

Permissive parenting

Children’s lack of self-control

Permissive parenting

Permissive parenting

Children’s lack of self-control

and

causes

both

cause

causes

Observed correlation: as permissive parenting increases, children’s self-control decreases

Figure 2.9

Possible Explanations for Correlational Data

Page 5: Parenting. Parenting Styles Authoritarian: parents attempt to control, shape and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of children in accordance with a.
Page 6: Parenting. Parenting Styles Authoritarian: parents attempt to control, shape and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of children in accordance with a.

Attachment Theory

• Imprinting: a sudden, biologically primed form of attachment displayed by newborn animals when they encounter new stimuli in their environment (Lorenz’s goslings) Humans: about 6 months of age, after object permanence is learned.

• Attachment refers to the strong emotional bond that develops between children and their primary caregivers– Indiscriminate Attachment

Behavior: newborns cry and smile toward everyone, eliciting care

– Discriminate Attachment Behavior: 3 mos.+ infants direct their attachment toward familiar caregivers

– Specific Attachment Behavior: 7-8 mos. Meaningful attachment is formed; caregiver is a secure base from which to explore

Page 7: Parenting. Parenting Styles Authoritarian: parents attempt to control, shape and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of children in accordance with a.

Attachment Theory: Harry Harlow

• Monkeys raised with two artificial mothers.

• Frightened or stressed: preferred the cloth mother

• Demonstrated the importance of physical comfort in the formation of attachment.

Page 8: Parenting. Parenting Styles Authoritarian: parents attempt to control, shape and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of children in accordance with a.

Attachment Theory: Mary Ainsworth

• Placed human infants into novel situations.

• Observed infant reaction when their parents left them alone for a short period of time.

• Secure attachment (66%): explored the novel environment while parents were present, are distressed when they leave, come to parents when they return

• Avoidant attachment (21%): resist being held, will explore the novel environment, do not return to parents for comfort when they return

• Anxious/Ambivalent attachment (12 %): show extreme stress when parents leave, but resist being comforted when they return

Page 9: Parenting. Parenting Styles Authoritarian: parents attempt to control, shape and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of children in accordance with a.

Anxiety caused by Attachments

• Stranger Anxiety: distress over contact with unfamiliar people– Begins: 6-7 mos– Ends: 18 mos

• Separation Anxiety: distress over being separated from a primary caregiver– Begins: 12-16 mos– Ends: 2-3 years

Page 10: Parenting. Parenting Styles Authoritarian: parents attempt to control, shape and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of children in accordance with a.

Attachment Deprivation

• Being raised without a secure attachment to a real, interactive caregiver produces long-term social impairment.

• Victor, the wild boy of Aveyron vs. Czechoslovakian Twins

Page 11: Parenting. Parenting Styles Authoritarian: parents attempt to control, shape and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of children in accordance with a.

Child-Care ControversyStay-at-home care vs. Daycare

• National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Research Network’s 2007 Study– 1,400 American children

studied from birth– High-quality ‘daycare’ vs.

parental care• High quality: stimulating

environment, low staff turnover, low child to caregiver ratio

Results• Attachment: not disrupted by

daycare, even when they attended for many hours per week; compounding negative factors (low SES, insensitive parents) increased the risk of insecure attachment

• Social Behavior: virtually no significant differences through age 4 ½; some behavior problems were increased, but disappeared by third grade

• Cognitive Performance: no significant differences through age 4 1/2 .

Page 12: Parenting. Parenting Styles Authoritarian: parents attempt to control, shape and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of children in accordance with a.

Effects of ChoresEffects of Chores

• While long hard work may teach discipline, responsibility and appreciation, there is little evidence that it produces positive changes in cognitive development.

• American children also spend less time doing school work than children in other developed countries (though more than American children did in the past).

Page 13: Parenting. Parenting Styles Authoritarian: parents attempt to control, shape and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of children in accordance with a.

Leisure TimeLeisure Time

• U.S. children have more free time than children in any other country.

• In nonindustrialized societies, children average 6 hours of a day working at some sort of chores or labor.

• The typical American child spends less than ½ hour doing chores.

• A good portion of American children’s time is spent watching TV, talking on the phone, surfing the internet, or “hanging out.”

• Many children spend the majority of their free time in structured activities like clubs or sports teams.

• Are our children spending their time productively?