Parenting and Development. Parenting Diana Baumrind

Parenting and Development

Parenting

Diana Baumrind

Dimensions of Parenting1. Punitiveness

Dimensions of Parenting1. Punitiveness2. Withdrawal of Love

Dimensions of Parenting1. Punitiveness2. Withdrawal of Love 3. Encourages give-and-take

Dimensions of Parenting1. Punitiveness2. Withdrawal of Love 3. Encourages give-and-take4. Demandingness

Dimensions of Parenting1. Punitiveness2. Withdrawal of Love 3. Encourages give-and-take4. Demandingness5. Restricts Autonomy

Dimensions of Parenting1. Punitiveness2. Withdrawal of Love 3. Encourages give-and-take4. Demandingness5. Restricts Autonomy6. High Power

Dimensions of Parenting1. Punitiveness2. Withdrawal of Love 3. Encourages give-and-take4. Demandingness5. Restricts Autonomy6. High Power7. Firm Control

AuthoritarianPunitivevariesLove w/drawalvariesGive & takelowDemandshighAutonomylowExerts powerhighFirm controlhigh

What does the Authoritarian parent do? Attempts to shape, control, and evaluate the childs behavior and attitudes based on the parents own set of standards, which are usually rigid and absolute

Values obedience, believes in keeping the child in his/her place and in restricting the child's autonomy

Does not encourage verbal give-and-take; believes child should take the parent's word for whats right

AuthoritarianPermissivePunitivevarieslowLove w/drawalvariesvariesGive & takelowhighDemandshighlowAutonomylowhighExerts powerhighlowFirm controlhighlow

What does the Permissive parent do? Consults with the child about all decisionsMakes few demands regarding chores & responsibilitiesDoes not view herself as a resource as an active agent responsible for shaping or changing the child's behaviorsAllows child to regulate own activitiesAvoids exercising control

AuthoritarianPermissiveAuthoritativePunitivevarieslowlowLove w/drawalvariesvarieslowGive & takelowhighhighDemandshighlowmoderateAutonomylowhighmoderateExerts powerhighlowmoderateFirm controlhighlowhigh

What does the Authoritative parent do?Encourages verbal give-and-takeShares with child the reasons behind expectations and rulesValues both autonomy and disciplined conformityExerts consistent and firm, but not excessive, controlAffirms child's qualities but sets standards of behaviorDoes not base decisions solely on child's desires

outcomes of authoritarian parentinglow social & cognitive competencelow self-esteemlittle initiativeanxious, withdrawnwhen frustrated, respond with hostilityboys: anger and defiancegirls: dependence and retreat from challengeif authoritarian and punitive: more severe problems

outcomes of permissive parentingimmaturelow impulse controllittle responsibilitylittle independencedisobedient of demands that conflict with own desiresdemanding of adultsaggression

outcomes of authoritative parentinghigh social and cognitive competenceself-reliant, self-controlledmoral maturitygirls: high achievement orientationboys: high social cooperation

Neglecting/Uninvolved ParentingLow responsiveness Low demandingness/control May be neglectful Sometimes related to parental depression

Outcomes: antisocial behavior, poor self-regulation, low academic and social competence

Effective versus ineffective discipline strategiesEffective Remain CalmPick battlesNegotiate from a position of authorityBe authoritative, but respect the childs autonomyBe consistentBe contingent

Ineffective Harsh language or behaviorPersonal attacksThreats (particularly idle threats)Lack of follow throughPermissivenessLong winded explanations

Responding to negative emotionsAnger, Fear, Hurt/Disappointment

Reinforce the distinction between words and actionsDo not negate or suppress the expression of negative emotions in pro-social waysContain and withstand childs emotions

Parent ChildChilds temperament influences parental behaviors.

Parent ChildChilds temperament influences parental behaviors.Childs characteristics influence outcomes of discipline.

Parent ChildChilds temperament influences parental behaviors.Childs characteristics influence outcomes of discipline.Parents tend to parent different children differently

Parent ChildChilds temperament influences parental behaviors.Childs characteristics influence outcomes of discipline.Parents tend to parent different children differentlyParents of hyperactive children change their parenting style when their children go on medication.

Parent ChildChilds temperament influences parental behaviors.Childs characteristics influence outcomes of discipline.Parents tend to parent different children differentlyParents of hyperactive children change their parenting style when their children go on medication.

Not a unidirectional relation!

The Transition to Parenthood:

Preparing for a chronic emergency

Transition to ParenthoodCross-sectional Studiesmarital satisfaction declines over the first 15 years of marriage

similar curves for parents and non-parents, but childless couples tend to be more satisfied

U shaped curve (but least satisfied couples may have divorced)

Transition to ParenthoodLongitudinal Studiesmarital satisfaction declines after birth of babylack of comparison group of childless couples

continuity over time in new parents marital qualitybabies dont appear to create severe stress where it was not present beforeinitially, babies do not bring parents closer together

a normal consequence of the transition to parenthood is

polarization

Changes inidentity and inner life

Changes inidentity and inner life

the roles and relationships within the marriage

Changes inidentity and inner life

the roles and relationships within the marriage

the three-generational roles and relationships

Changes inidentity and inner life

the roles and relationships within the marriage

the three-generational roles and relationships

roles and relationships outside of the family

Changes inidentity and inner life

the roles and relationships within the marriage

the three-generational roles and relationships

roles and relationships outside of the family

new parenting roles and expectations

Factors that affect the quality of the couple relationship during the transitionCapacity to balance individuality and mutuality

Factors that affect the quality of the couple relationship during the transitionCapacity to balance individuality and mutualityCommunication skills of both parents

Factors that affect the quality of the couple relationship during the transitionCapacity to balance individuality and mutualityCommunication skills of both parentsRealistic expectations about what the baby will bring

Factors that affect the quality of the couple relationship during the transitionCapacity to balance individuality and mutualityCommunication skills of both parentsRealistic expectations about what the baby will bringDivision of labor in ways that are consistent with both parents beliefs

Factors that affect the quality of the couple relationship during the transitionCapacity to balance individuality and mutualityCommunication skills of both parentsRealistic expectations about what the baby will bringDivision of labor in ways that are consistent with both parents beliefsConflict management skills (regulation of affect)

Marriage is a developmental phenomenon rooted in the individuals early family experience

Marital satisfaction affects parental competence