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Paragraph Development by Cause and Effect

Apr 14, 2018

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Marie Gonzales
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    Cause/effect models can be found in manykinds of writing and can be used for any of thewriters purposes:

    To justify or condemn some action

    To prove or disprove an idea, belief orassertion

    To explain or to give an account of somethingor situation

    To convince, or To draw a conclusion

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    Sample C

    Attention men: if you use a laptop and wish to father children

    someday, you may want to remove the computer from your lap. In

    studies conducted by Dr. Yefim Sheynkin, a urology professor of

    the State University of New York and director of the Institution for

    Male Infertility and Microsurgery Department, reveal that

    computer laptops produced significant elevation of scrotal

    temperature. A rise in scrotal temperature leads to slow spermproduction. Other studies have also suggested that driving for long

    periods and sedentary jobs may affect sperm production. This is

    because the said activities require men to sit down for long periods

    of time with their legs put together, thus, heating the scrotal sac

    located outside the male human body. Sperm thrives in an

    environment a couple of degrees cooler than the temperature of the

    human body. In the meantime that no therapeutic measures are on

    hand, consider turning a laptop into a desktop.

    Too Hot for a Man PDI

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    With the average hours of TV viewing reaching an alarming eight hours a day or more,

    it is obvious that the general population has abandoned reading as a leisure activity. Tocounter this undesirable trend, it is important to understand why reading interest has

    waned and what the results are. Some name the advent of technology--- Internet,

    iPads, ipods, film, TV, video games, cell phones, and radio--- as one cause of the decline

    in reading. Aside from the old-time high of public involvement with technology, there is

    a de-emphasis on reading and reading skills in the public school system. Reading has

    become a less valuable activity; thus, interesting it and the ability to read fall. Anotherfactor is the rapid pace of life today. As a consequence, people depend on quick

    information from seventh-grade-level news stories rather than from insightful and

    complete descriptions of events in books and periodicals. People, too, no longer read

    at the levels they once did. Altogether, the effects of decline in reading appear critical.

    People are grossly misinformed of issues and histories. Because of this situation, they

    tend to lose the ability to think to actively participate in intellectual and mentalprocesses that require agile minds. Without the ability to think clearly, the capacity to

    make decisions and solve problems is likely to be impaired. Ultimately, thinking tasks

    for a safe and healthy future may be waylaid. Yet, reading for advancement, as well as

    for entertainment, is critical if the world is to successfully meet challenges of

    tomorrow.

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    Cause

    Advent of techonology

    De-emphasis on reading and reading skills in the public school system

    Rapid pace of life

    Effect

    Cause

    Decline in reading

    Effect

    Cause

    Misinformation on issues and histories

    Tendency to lose the ability to think

    Failure to actively participate in intellectual and mental processes

    Effect

    Cause

    Impairment of decision-making and problem-solving ablities

    Effect Wayland of thinking tasks for a safe and healthy future

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    Cause-to-Effect Pattern:

    In the cause-to-effect pattern, the topic

    sentence of a paragraph states the main

    idea in such a way that some cause

    produces some effects.

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    EXAMPLE:

    A copper industry depression in Arizona hascaused great losses. One effect of the copperindustry depression is the loss of more than 46

    million dollars in wages last year alone.Another is that Arizona business lost morethan 39 million dollars in copper industrypurchases. The third is that state and local

    governments lost more than 9 million dollars intaxes. The fourth effect is that one out of everyfour Arizona workers is unemployed.

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    Cause-to-Effect

    The paragraph can be outlined this way:

    Cause:

    A copper industry depression

    Effects:

    Loss of more than 46 million dollars in wages

    Loss of more than 39 million dollars in copperindustry purchases

    Loss of more than 9 million dollars in taxes

    Unemployment

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    Effect-to-Cause Pattern:

    Similarly, in the effect-to-causepattern, the topic sentence of theparagraph will also clearly state

    that some effect or result comesfrom some cause.

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    EXAMPLE:

    There are two main causes that have broughtabout a copper industry depression in Arizona.The first is that foreign copper is cheaper thanArizona copper because of lower wages and

    lower environmental standards. Thus,American industry is buying copper from Chile,Peru and other nations. The second cause isour governmental policy. That is, America

    should maintain a copper a stockpile fordefense purposes. But it is not doing so, eventhough its purchases would help.

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    Effect-to-Cause

    The outline of the paragraph can be drawn thisway:

    Effect: A copper industry depression

    Causes: Cheaper foreign copper

    American governmental policy

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    When a series endsand it leaves youwith a big gapinghole that cant befilled with anythingbut rereading thebooks

    THANKS!

    ~ajcd

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    1. The cause is stated in the subject part

    of a sentence, and the effect in the

    predicate part of a sentence.

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    2. The effect will be stated in the subject

    part, and the cause in the predicate part of

    a sentence.

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    TOPIC SENTENCE:- To counter (this undesirable trend)

    decline in reading, it is important to

    understand why reading interest has wanedand what the results are.

    SUBJECT

    - Decline in readingCONTROLLING IDEA

    - Results

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    SUPPORTING DETAILS

    CAUSES

    - Advent of technology, deemphasis on readingand reading skills in the public school system

    EFFECT/CAUSES

    - Decline in Reading

    EFFECT/CAUSES- Misinformation on issues and histories, tendency to lose

    the ability to think, failure to actively participate in

    intellectual and mental processes

    EFFECT/CAUSES

    -Impairment of decision making and problem solving

    abilities

    EFFECT

    - Waylay of thinking tasks for a safe and healthy future

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    CLINCHING SENTENCE

    - Yet, reading for advancement, as well

    as for entertainment , is critical if theworld is to successfully meet the

    challenges of tomorrow.

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    SAMPLE:

    Do you feel snappish when the cables and programs

    of local stations go haywire? Have you become TV-dependent? If you have become one , you are notisolate. In fact, parents nowadays may not be awarethat the pervasiveness of TV in their childrens livesis a cause for concern, Extensive TV viewing hasundesirable consequences. First it affects behavior.After observing role models engaged in violentbehavior, the child tends to imitate and add violentbehavior to his repertoire. Second, TV affects the

    young minds attitude toward family life as it greatlyreduce family interactions and seldom portraysfamily life realistically because the programs areeither funny and simplistic or expressively tragic.

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    Third, TV affects the emotional development, too.Because of repeated stimulation, the children aredesensitized to the pain and suffering of others. Fourth,

    undoubtedly, the moral climate on TV is often againstChristian teachings and sound moral values. Pre- or extra-marital sex is nothing wrong or unusual. Even laughing atpeople with defects has become acceptable. Finally, long

    hours of TV viewing can bring about grave cognitiveconsequences. It promotes passive rather than activelearning. Moreover, the attention in inertia can causechildren to get glued and fixated to the boob tube. Nowonder they are impatient with extended class sessions.

    Many children have problems of concentration andhyperacidity, too, as a consequence of skipped meal orirregular eating habits. Therefore, while there arejustifiable reasons for watching TV, prolonged TV viewing

    certainly does not justify the reasons.

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    TOPIC SENTENCE:

    - Extensive TV viewing has undesirable

    consequences.SUBJECT

    - Extensive TV viewing

    CONTROLLING IDEA:

    - Undesirable conequences

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    The common way to achieve

    coherence in cause/effect

    paragraphs or essays is to arrangethe details in chronological order

    by using the words indicating

    numerical order.

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    How to arrange details of

    cause/effect paragraph inlogical order?

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    In the case that causes or effectshave equal importance, you mustconsider which cause or effect ismore obvious than the others.

    In the case that causes and effects have

    unequal importance, you must consider

    which cause and effect is more importantthan the other.

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    Example:Other than for opportunities for education and

    jobs, Bangkok today is a poor city to live inbecause of three reasons. The first reason is the

    traffic problem which is getting worse and worse.

    It is not only at certain hours or certain places,

    but all the time everywhere. The environmentalproblem is the second reason for Bangkoks not

    being suitable to live in. at present, Bangkok is

    facing many kinds of pollution- such as air, water,

    and noise pollution- all of which can makepeople unhealthy. The final reason concerns the

    crime problem which threatens Bangkokianseveryday. People and their property are unsafe

    at every moment.

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    Another example:

    A copper industry depression in Arizona has

    caused great losses. One effect of the

    copper industry depression is the loss of

    more than 46 million dollars in wages last

    year alone. Another is that Arizonabusiness lost more than 9 million dollars in

    copper industry purchases. The third is that

    state and local governments lost more than9 million dollars in taxes. The fourth effect is

    that one out of every four Arizona copper

    workers is unemployed.

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    Another way to achievecoherence in cause and

    effect paragraphs or essays isto use transition markers to

    show clear relationships

    among sentences.

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    TRANSITION PHRASES

    Because of, As a result of

    Used to indicate cause and usually

    followed by a noun or noun phrase.

    EXAMPLE:

    Because of his diligence, he succeeded in

    his studies and work.

    As a result of her overweight, she cannotrun very fast.

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    COORDINATE CONJUCTIONS USED AS

    TRANSITION MARKERS So, For

    So indicates a result, but it is rathercolloquial and is often avoided in formalwriting.

    For indicates a cause andisquiteformal.

    EXAMPLE:

    Bangkok is full of many kinds of pollution,so

    itis not suitable to live in.

    We are forced to cancel your subscriptionto our magazine for we have not receivedyour payment for the last six months.

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    TRANSITION MARKERS BETWEEN

    SENTENCES Thus,Therefore,Consequently,Asaresult,Forthis

    reason

    These expressions indicate effect or

    result.EXAMPLE:

    All human beings are under the power ofDesire and Ignorance. Therefore, they areentangled in the circle of birth and death.

    Most Buddhist believe in the results ofactions (karma); as a result, they alwaysdo good and avoid doing bad.

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    SUBORDINATORS USED AS

    TRANSITIONS INTRODUCING EFFECTS

    Sothat, Suchthat

    These two subordinates are used toconnect two simple sentences into onesentence in such away that one part of asentence is the cause and another part isthe effect of that cause.

    EXAMPLE: He runs very fast. I cannot catch him.

    He runs so fast that I cannot catchhim.

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    The clauses that contain

    subordinators Sothat orSuchthat

    are the dependent clauses showingcause and the clauses that precedethat are the independent clausesshowing effect.

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