Paper 2 SAM question paper v1.0€¦ · the global Tuberculosis (TB) epidemic. The WHO End TB Strategy, ... (11%) of all new TB cases. Worldwide, the rate of decline in TB incidence

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A-level

GEOGRAPHY

Paper 2 Human geography

Additional specimen Morning Time allowed: 2 hours 30 minutes

Materials For this paper you must have: a pencil a rubber a ruler. You may use a calculator. Instructions Answer all questions in Section A and Section B. Answer either Question 3 or Question 4 or Question 5 in Section C. Information The total number of marks available for this paper is 120. Advice For the multiple-choice questions, completely fill in the circle alongside the appropriate answer(s).

If you want to change your answer you must cross out your original answer as shown.

If you wish to return to an answer previously crossed out, ring the answer you now wish to select as shown.

Please write clearly, in block capitals.

Centre number Candidate number

Surname

Forename(s)

Candidate signature

CORRECT METHOD WRONG METHODS

ADDITIONAL SPECIMEN

ASSESSMENT MATERIAL: SET 2

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DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED

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Section A

Global systems and global governance

Answer all questions.

0 1 . 1 Explain how security is a contributing factor in globalisation.

[4 marks]

Question 1 continues on the next page

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0 1 . 2 Figure 1 is a flow map showing the top 15 USA trading partners.

Figure 1

Figure 2 is a located proportional circle map to show Russia’s main trading partners. Figure 2 Russia’s main trading partners

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Using Figures 1 and 2, analyse the trading patterns of Russia and the USA. [6 marks]


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0 1 . 3 Figure 3 is report on global Tuberculosis by the World Health Organisation (WHO).

Figure 3

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for 2030 were adopted by the United Nations in 2015. One of the targets is to end the global Tuberculosis (TB) epidemic. The WHO End TB Strategy, calls for a 90% reduction in TB deaths and an 80% reduction in the TB incidence rate by 2030, compared with 2015.

The TB epidemic is larger than previously estimated. However, the number of TB deaths and the TB incidence rate continue to fall globally. In 2015, there were an estimated 10.4 million new TB cases worldwide. People living with HIV accounted for 1.2 million (11%) of all new TB cases. Worldwide, the rate of decline in TB incidence remained at only 1.5% from 2014 to 2015. This needs to accelerate to a 4–5% annual decline by 2020 to reach the first milestones of the End TB Strategy.

TB treatment prevented 49 million deaths globally between 2000 and 2015, but important diagnostic and treatment gaps persist. In 2015, 6.1 million new TB cases were reported to national authorities and to the WHO. Reported TB cases increased from 2013–2015, mostly due to a 34% increase in notifications in India (due to new surveillance data). However, globally there was a 4.3 million gap between incidents and reported cases, with India, Indonesia and Nigeria accounting for almost half of this gap.

In 2016, $6.6 billion (USD) was available for TB care and prevention in low and middle-income countries, 84% of which came from domestic sources. Nonetheless, national TB programmes (NTPs) in low-income countries continue to rely on international donors for almost 90% of their financing. Investments in low and middle-income countries fall almost $2 billion short of the $8.3 billion needed in 2016. This annual gap will widen to $6 billion in 2020 if current funding levels do not increase. Improvements are also needed in overall health financing; government expenditure on health in 2014 was less than the WHO benchmark of at least 6% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 150 countries.

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Using Figure 3 and your own knowledge, discuss the issues associated with attempts at global governance of health issues.

[6 marks]


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0 1 . 4 “The impact of changing carbon budgets is a much greater threat to Antarctica than the impact of tourism or fishing and whaling.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?

[20 marks]

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END OF SECTION A

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Section B

Changing places

Answer all questions.

0 2 . 1 Explain how shifting flows of investment can change either demographic

characteristics or socio-economic characteristics of a place. [4 marks]

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0 2 . 2 Figure 4 is an article from the Sunday Times newspaper. Figure 4

And the winner is ……. Bristol.

The south western city may be small, but it’s big on creativity, culture and community spirit. Add in easy access to glorious

coast and countryside, and it’s a deserving champion, says Tim Palmer

Congratulations Bristol. It’s the obvious choice in so many ways. There are jobs – lots of them. The food and drink are great and you can cram in all the culture you

could wish for. It’s the first choice for restless folk, who want to step off the treadmill and swap a dismal commute for a brightly coloured period house within walking

distance of work, and for weekends on a surfboard in nearby North Devon.

What makes the city so special is its culture; it’s not just the plays at the Bristol Old Vic, or the gigs at the Colston Hall that make it stand out. This is also a place where creative individuals seem able to thrive and prosper. It’s a quirky city with a strong

sense of independence. This creativity is not only confined to arts and culture. Every unused patch of land seems to have been turned into a community garden. This was

just one of the reasons Bristol was named the European Green Capital in 2015.

The other thing that sets the city apart is just how fast it is evolving and improving. For example a lot of work has gone into improving its secondary schools, and 19 out of 20 are rated outstanding or good by Ofsted – well ahead of the national average of 78%. There’s still huge educational inequality between the richer and poorer parts of

the city, but it’s a big step up from the days when prestigious private schools dominated the city.

The redevelopment of the floating harbour has transformed what used to be a

neglected urban wasteland. It’s now a buzzing waterfront neighbourhood, where you’ll find smart apartments and some of the best places to eat, with every taste

catered for from noodle bars to Michelin starred restaurants.

What the locals say: “Brunel to Banksy – welcome to the new revolution. Proper lush” Why we love it: Cool, classy and supremely creative

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Using Figure 4, analyse the extent to which endogenous factors are responsible for Bristol being named the best place to live in the UK.

[6 marks]


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0 2 . 3 Figure 5 is part of an article in the Daily Telegraph about Skegness local council. Figure 5

The Battle of Britain's beaches – Skegness depicts Brighton and Blackpool as graffiti covered eyesores

A British seaside resort has been warned that "people who live in glass houses should not throw stones" after it launched an advertising campaign portraying rivals as graffiti riddled eyesores.

A poster promoting Skegness in Lincolnshire, which shows Blackpool Tower

Tourism chiefs at Skegness have tried to steal visitors from Blackpool and Brighton with posters depicting them as ugly and unmemorable.

But the "negative campaigning" has been described as "fighting dirty".

The Lincolnshire resort, which attracts four million visitors a year, launched the campaign to steal visitors from the larger resorts in the north west and the south for its SO arts festival.

The posters feature less than flattering pictures of Blackpool and Brighton, with the sarcastic caption "For Sights You'll Want To Remember – Visit Skegness".

Its plan was to blitz the rival resorts with the ads in the hope of persuading locals and visitors to give "Skeggy" a try. But it so offended residents, that the local newspapers refused to run the ads and officials and businesses joined together to criticise the "dirty tricks" campaign.

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Using Figure 5 and your own knowledge, evaluate ‘rebranding’ attempts by corporate bodies to influence place-meanings and thereby shape the actions of individuals or businesses.

[6 marks]

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0 2 . 4 “Place and sense of place do not lend themselves to scientific analysis for they are inextricably bound up with all the hopes, frustrations, and confusions of life...” (Relph). With reference to both qualitative and quantitative data, assess the extent to which you agree with this quote in determining past and present lived experience of place?

[20 marks]

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END OF SECTION B

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Section C

Answer one question.

Answer either Question 3 or Question 4 or Question 5.

Shade the circle below to indicate which optional question you have answered.

Question 0 3 Question 0 4 Question 0 5

Question 3 Contemporary urban environments 0 3 . 1 The decentralisation of services, industry and people towards the edge of an urban

area frequently results in urban sprawl. This process is interconnected with increased levels of affluence and the development of transport networks. Choose the term that most accurately fits the definition above.

[1 mark]

A Urbanisation

B Suburbanisation

C Deindustrialisation

D Counter-urbanisation

CORRECT METHOD WRONG METHODS

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0 3 . 2 Which of the following describes a fortress development?

[1 mark]

A Suburbs in Los Angeles had developed in such a way that they have grown into centres that have city characteristics. They have mixed land uses of residential, office, industrial and retail spaces. They tend to be located near major routeways.

B Hulme Park in Manchester has been designed so that is lined with housing facing the park so that residents have a good view of the park and it increases a sense of security. There are also small water-recycling trenches across the park to stop bikers riding at high speed across the park.

C Bedzed in London is a development of 100 homes. The homes are built with large windows facing South to reduce energy consumption. Water consumption is also reduced by having dual-flush toilets. There is also a car-pooling scheme which also helps to develop community spirit.

D In Birmingham’s Jewellery quarter, property developers have moved in and converted former factories such as the AH Woodward Pen factory into new residential developments. There are also 30 restaurants, bars and cafés. To encourage community spirit there is an active social-media resident group.


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0 3 . 3 Waste recovery is a type of waste disposal. Which of the following describes the environmental impacts of recovery?

[1 mark]

A The waste material replaces the use of a raw material so that less waste is disposed of in landfill sites. However, the energy required to extract waste materials can lead to increased greenhouse emissions.

B Waste is stored in deep pits. In some LICs there is a lack of regulations. Toxic chemicals can seep out of the soil into the drainage system. This causes water pollution.

C Waste material is buried underground. This results in landfill sites causing less visual pollution. However, organic matter decomposes, producing methane. This causes global warming and subsequent climate change.

D E-waste is the fastest growing type of waste. It is often traded between HICs and LICs. The waste is sorted but the chemicals associated with e-waste seep into the soil, causing land and water pollution.

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0 3 . 4 What effects do urban buildings have on wind? [1 mark]

A Urban buildings produce a lot of friction, which slows down the wind and alters its direction. However, winds are channeled down long straight streets where there is less friction. These are called urban canyons.

B The height of urban buildings changes wind direction. Wind rushes between buildings due to a high-pressure vortex. Wind is sucked upwards meaning that the wind speed is constant despite the height of buildings.

C Buildings increase wind speed as suction speeds up the wind blowing it over the top of buildings. This is called the urban canyon effect. This reduces turbulence and causes a constant airflow.

D As rural areas are hotter than urban areas, convectional processes draw winds away from urban areas. This means that urban areas experience lower wind speeds than rural areas.


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0 3 . 5 Figure 6 shows the top 15 most polluted cities in 2014.

Figure 6

Figure 7 shows the number of urban deaths due to air pollution in 2014.

Figure 7

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Analyse this data to interpret global patterns of urban air pollution. [6 marks]


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0 3 . 6 Figure 8 shows ethnic distributions in New York City.

Figure 8

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Using Figure 8 and one other urban area you have studied, analyse the factors that influence patterns of cultural diversity.

[9 marks]

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0 3 . 7 With reference to a specific river restoration project, assess the extent to which it has an impact on water movement through the urban catchment.

[9 marks]

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0 3 . 8 “Deindustrialisation is the major cause of patterns of economic inequality and social segregation in urban areas in the 21st century”.

To what extent do you agree with this statement. [20 marks]

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Turn over for the next question

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Question 4 Population and the environment 0 4 . 1 Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?

[1 mark]

A Population growth leads to overgrazing and deforestation resulting in soil erosion. This leads to a decline in food production and a decline in living standards. This results in an increase in mortality.

B Population growth has resulted in increased demands for food. This leads to agricultural innovation such as irrigation. This in turns leads to an increased food supply causing there to be an increase in living standards and life expectancy.

C Population decline leads to less pressure on services such as health clinics. This means more children are treated for diseases. This lowers the infant mortality rate, leading to a substantial fall in birth rates causing a decrease in population growth rates.

D Population growth causes increased pressure on services such as education. This results in low literacy rates. As a result a higher percentage of girls marry young, increasing the birth rate.

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0 4 . 2 Choose the correct concept for the following definition: The maximum number of people that can be supported indefinitely by the available resources in a given environment.

[1 mark]

A Demographic Dividend

B Ecological Footprint

C Optimum Population

D Carrying Capacity

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0 4 . 3 Which statement below explains the link between climate change and the changing distribution of vector borne disease.

[1 mark]

A In some areas, increased precipitation levels will lead to a greater number of pools of water providing more areas for mosquitoes to breed, increasing the transmission of malaria.

B Ozone depletion allows more UV radiation to penetrate the Earth’s surface, leading to increased rates of skin cancer.

C Bilharzia is transmitted to people by a parasitic worm, which lives in the fresh water of sub-tropical and tropical areas. It is most commonly found in Africa.

D Increased fossil fuel emissions lead to global warming. Rising temperatures can cause thermal stress in people. This results in reduced productivity.

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0 4 . 4 Which of the following is an example of refugee movement due to environmental causes?

[1 mark]

A There are an estimated 114,000 Somali born immigrants in the UK according to the 2011 census. Many arrived in the 1990s fleeing a brutal civil war that took place following the ousting of the Somali government in 1991.

B In 2011, Somalia experienced its worst drought in 60 years. People fled from Southern Somalia into camps in Northern Kenya. On average 1300 Somalis were arriving in the camps each day.

C In 2016, 1600 Ethiopians arrived in boats on the Red Sea coast of Yemen. They cited lack of livelihood opportunities, poverty, unemployment and food insecurity as reasons for travel.

D In recent years, temporary labour migration from Kenya has increased significantly in the United Arab Emirates. Low skilled Kenyan migrants fill labour shortages in construction and domestic help.


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0 4 . 5 Figure 9a and Figure 9b show global natural population change in 1990 and 2015. Figure 9a – 1990 Figure 9b – 2015

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Using Figure 9a and Figure 9b, analyse the changes shown in natural population change between 1990 and 2015.

[6 marks]


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0 4 . 6 Figure 10a, Figure 10b, Figure 10c and Figure 10d show information about some physical characteristics and agricultural production in Almeria, southern Spain. Figure 10a The landscape and soil of Almeria

Figure 10b Climate graph for Almeria

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Figure 10c The export value of selected crops in Almeria

Figure 10d Plastic greenhouses in Almeria

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Using Figure 10a, Figure 10b, Figure 10c and Figure 10d and your own knowledge, assess the extent to which there is a relationship between agricultural production and key physical variables such as climate and soil.

[9 marks]

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0 4 . 7 Evaluate the role of international agencies and/or NGOs in combating disease and so advancing epidemiological transition. [9 marks]


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0 4 . 8 Assess the extent to which current strategies to ensure food security support a positive perspective on future population growth.

[20 marks]

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Turn over for the next question

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Question 5 Resource security 0 5 . 1 Which of the following is an example of a stock resource?

[1 mark]

A Sea water

B Geothermal Energy

C Trees

D Uranium

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0 5 . 2 Which of the following is a method of desalination?

[1 mark]

A All waste water from a house is collected. Provided that non-toxic products have been used, the waste water is easy to treat and return for use in the home or in industry.

B Water can be removed from its natural course by canals and pipes. This water can then be diverted into fields to enable crop growth. In hot climates, the diverted water then evaporates leaving a layer of salt on the soil surface.

C Rainwater is collected in small-scale catchment schemes. Roof gutters divert water into containers that have a charcoal filtering system to purify the water. The water can then be used as drinking water.

D Sea-water is evaporated by heating it under reduced pressure in a vacuum pump to save energy. The steam produced is condensed using cold water pumped through coils. The salt is left behind leaving purified water.

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0 5 . 3 Which of the following is an example of a strategy to manage energy consumption? [1 mark]

A Vélib is a self-service cycle system based in Paris. There are 23 600 bikes available for hire 24 hours a day. 1800 stations across the city make cycle hire very easy to use for both tourists and local residents.

B The government has approved plans for horizontal fracking in Lancashire. Horizontal drilling can extend for 1km, extracting gas from layers of shale rock. It is more productive than vertical drilling which reaches a smaller area.

C The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) is an area in north-eastern Alaska that is currently protected from oil drilling. It consists of 12.8 million acres that are off-limits to drilling or other developments. Some estimates suggest there are up to 16 billion barrels of oil beneath the ANWR.

D An SO2 scrubber system is a flue gas desulphurisation technology. It removes sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions from the exhaust of coal-fired power plants. It works by spraying wet limestone into the exhaust where the calcium in the limestone reacts with the SO2, removing it before it is released into the atmosphere.

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0 5 . 4 Choose the statement below that most accurately completes the following sentence. “A country or region is said to experience water stress when….”

[1 mark]

A there is poor management of water resources available, meaning there is less than 2500m3 of drinkable water per person per year.

B water availability exceeds water demands and annual water supplies are greater than 1000m3 per person.

C water demand exceeds water availability and annual water supplies are less than 1700m3 per person.

D water availability fluctuates so at times demand exceeds availability but at other times availability exceeds demand.


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0 5 . 5 Figure 11 shows levels of water stress in the USA. Figure 11

Figure 12 shows annual precipitation across the USA.

Figure 12

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Using Figures 11 and 12, analyse the relationship between levels of water stress and annual precipitation in the USA.

[6 marks]


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0 5 . 6 Figure 13 shows compound line graphs for Peak Oil and Peak Copper.

Figure 13 Peak Oil

Peak Copper

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With reference to Figure 13 and your own knowledge, discuss the challenge of predicting resource peak in order to plan for long-term resource security. [9 marks]


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0 5 . 7 Evaluate the success of strategies to manage energy consumption in reducing the environmental impacts of energy use.

[9 marks]

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0 5 . 8 “Environmental impacts of mineral extraction are very much dependent on the location of the mineral ore.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?

[20 marks]

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END OF QUESTIONS

Copyright © 2017 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.

Acknowledgement of copyright holders and publishers

Figure 1 © Anthony Cohen, University of Illinois

Figure 2 © Eurostat and Rosgosstat

Figure 3 © WHO

Figure 4 © The Sunday Times

Figure 5 © The Daily Telegraph

Figure 6 © WHO, Statista

Figure 7 © WHO

Figure 8 © Center for Urban Research

Figure 9a © UN population division

Figure 9b © UN population division

Figure 10a © Harek Stepan/Alamy stock photo

Figure 10b © Climate data

Figure 10c © DataComex. Exports Andalusia-EU-28. Data 2014/Junta de Andalucia

Figure 10d © Chica_fuerte/iStock.com

Figure 11 © Derived from Freshwater use by US Power plants: Electricity’s thirst for a precious resource. A report of the energy and water in a warming

world initiative. Avery et al. 2011

Figure 12 © National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Figure 13 © Adapted from S. Northey et al., resources, conservation and recycling 83 (February 2014) published by Elsevier B.V.

Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright holders have been unsuccessful and AQA will be

happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements in future papers if notified.

Paper 2 SAM question paper v1.0€¦ · the global Tuberculosis (TB) epidemic. The WHO End TB Strategy, ... (11%) of all new TB cases. Worldwide, the rate of decline in TB incidence

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