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Our Malayan Heritage Prepared by: Capuno, Romeo Arnol, Judelyn
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Page 1: Our Malayan Heritage

Our Malayan Heritage

Prepared by: Capuno, Romeo Arnol, Judelyn

Page 2: Our Malayan Heritage

Ages before the coming of the Spaniards to the Orient, Our Malay ancestors had brought to our shores their ancestral culture including food and drinks, mode of dressing, housing, society, government and laws, writing, language, literature, music (songs, dances, and musical instruments), economy, religion, arts and sciences, superstitious beliefs, and customs and traditions.

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1. FOOD and DRINKS

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• Staple food of the early Filipinos was rice aside from rice, their food consisted of carabao meat, pork, chickens, sea turtles, fish, bananas and other fruits and vegetables.

• They cooked their food in earthen pots or in bamboo tubes.

• They ate with their fingers, using banana plants as plates and coconut shells as drinking cups.

• They made fire to cook their food by rubbing two pieces of dry wood which when heated, produced a tiny flame.

• They stored their drinking water in big earthen jars or in huge clean bamboo tubes.

• TUBA - popular wine which was made from coconut.• BASI -an Ilocano wine made from sugarcane; • PANGASI -Bisayan wine made from fermented rice; • LAMBANOG -Tagalog wine taken from the coconut palm; • TAPUY -an Igorot wine distilled from rice.

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2. MODE OF DRESSING

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MEN -KANGAN - a collarless, short-sleeve jacket - it is reached slightly below the waist - dyed (tining) either in blue or black, and red for the Chief. -BAHAG - a strip cloth wrapped around the waist and in between legs. -PUTONG- a piece of cloth wound around the head. -They had jewels, (gold necklaces, gold armlets c

alled kalombigas and the anklets filled with agates, carnelians and other colored gl

ass).

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WOMEN• -BARO - wide-sleeved jacket• -PATADYONG - a skirt and made by a piece of cotton cloth which they wrapped about their waists and let fall to their feet.• -Jewels consisted of gold necklaces, gold br

acelets, large gold earrings, and gold rings.

-Men and Women went barefoot and inserted gold between their teeth as an ornament.

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3. TATTOOS

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• Early Filipinos tattooed their bodies with various designs representing animals, birds, flowers and geometric figures. Tattoos served 2 purposes:

1. to enhance their bodily beauty and 2. to show their war record.

• The more men a warrior had killed in a battle, the more tattooed he was.

• Women have less tattooed than men. The children were not tattooed at all.

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4. HOUSE

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• Houses were made of wood, bamboo, and palm leaves.

• Each house had a bamboo ladder that could be drawn up at night or when the family was out.

• They were built near each other in the Barangay.

• BATALAN- this is where jars of water were kept for household purposes.

• The rice, firewood, and chickens were kept under the house.

• Some of them lived in tree-houses for better protection from enemies.

• Badjaos - (sea-gypsies) of the Sulu Sea still live in boat-houses, as their forefathers did.

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5. NATURAL COURTESY and POLITEN

ESS

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-Early Filipinos were courteous and polite.

-When two persons of equal rank met on the road, they removed their putong (turban) as a sign of courtesy.

-When a person addressed his Superior, he took off his putong, put it over his left shoulder like a towel, and bowed low. He addressed his superior with the word 'po'. He spoke in polite language.

-When walking, women walks ahead, and the men followed behind.

-Whenever the entire family went out, the mother and daughters walked ahead, while the father and sons followed behind.

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6. CLEANLINESS and NEATNESS

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-Filipinos were clean and neat in their personal habits. -They bathed daily. Their favorite hour for bathing in the river w

as at sunset when they had finished their daily toil.

-They washed their hair regularly with gugo and water. They anointed coconut oil and other lotions.

-They washed their mouth and clean their teeth upon walking up in the morning.

-They chewed buyo which made their teeth colored but strong.

-They kept their homes clean. Father Francisco Collin said "they keep a vessel full of water at the door of every home, and every person, whether belonging to the house or not, upon entering, takes water from the vessel and washes his feet, especially during the rainy season."

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7. AMUSEMENTS

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-The early Filipinos were not always fighting or working.

-They held banquets to celebrate a good harvest, a wedding, a religious sacrifice, and a victory in a war.

-These banquets were celebrated with much eating, drinking, singing, and dancing.

-Other forms of amusements are: games as carabao races, wrestling, fencing, boat races, and stone-throwing contests.

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8. MUSIC

- Early Filipinos were music lovers. They had various musical instruments and numerous dances and songs for different occasions.

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Musical Instruments

KUDYAPI- tagalog guitar KALALENG- tinggian nose flute

moro-xylophone

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TULTOGAN- bisayan bamboo drum

Surcan - subanum cymbal

Silbay - Ilocano reed flute

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Folk Dances

Kumintang - tagalog love dance,

Mahinhin - tagalog courtship dance,

Dandansoy - bisayan tuba dance,

Paujalay - moro wedding dance,

Tadok - tinggian love dance

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Songs

-Tagumpay - tagalog song of victory -Dallu - Negrito religious song-Ayog-ku - igorot serenade song-Bactal - tagbanua death song-Dallot - ilocano ballad song-Kuilay-Kuilay - tingian wine song-Tudob - agusan harvest song

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9. MARRIAGE CUSTOMS

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-Before marriage, the groom gave a dowry (bigaykaya) to the family/ It consisted of gold, land, slaves, or anything else of value.

-It was customary for them to marry within their rank. However, there was no strict prohibition against intermarriages.

-Aside from this dowry, the groom had to work in the house of the girl for a certain period of time. He carried water and firewood to the house. He assisted the girl’s father in plowing the field. And he helped in the planting and harvesting of rice.

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-The early Filipinos practiced divorce. The grounds of divorce were:

(1) adultery on the part of the wife; (2) desertion on the part of the husband; (3) loss of affection; (4) cruelty; (5) insanity, and (6) childlessness.

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10. THE WEDDING CEREMONY

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-On the day of the wedding. The friends of the groom went to the bride’s house to bring her to the home of the groom.

-The leader of the groom’s friends carried the spear of the groom.

-Upon arrival at the house, the bride pretended to be shy and would refuse to ascend the stairs. The groom’s father would give her a gift to make her go up.

-Once inside the house, she would refuse to sit down, to smile and to drink- unless more gifts were given to her. -When the groom and the bride were drinking together, an old man announced to the guests that the two were to be united in marriage. -Following this announcement, a priestess came forward. She joined the hands of the couple over the bowl of uncooked rice and pronounced them man and wife. And with a loud shout, She threw the rice to all the guests whom answered with a similar shout and the ceremony was over.

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11. Government

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-The early Filipinos had their own form of -The early Filipinos had their own form of government. government.

-Each settlement was an independent kingdom called B-Each settlement was an independent kingdom called BARANGAY. ARANGAY.

-The early Filipinos applied the name Barangay to their -The early Filipinos applied the name Barangay to their settlement in honor of the sailboat that brought them to settlement in honor of the sailboat that brought them to Philippine shore. Philippine shore.

-Each Barangay consisted of 100 families. -Each Barangay consisted of 100 families.

-Some barangays were big, such as Sugbu-Some barangays were big, such as Sugbu,, Maktan, Bi Maktan, Bigan, Maynila. Each of these big barangays had a populgan, Maynila. Each of these big barangays had a population of more than 2,000ation of more than 2,000

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-The ruler of the barangay was called DATU, HARI, RAJA.

-In time of peace, he was the chief executive, legislator, and judge. And in time of war, he was the commander of the barangay warriors.

-The Datu usually obtained his position by inheritance. When the Datu died, his son inherited the datuship.

- If a datu died childless, the barangay chose a man to be the datu on the basis of his wisdom, physical strength, or wealth.

-There was no national government in ancient Philippines. There were many independent barangays and many datus. But there was no datu strong enough to unite the archipelago into one nation.

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12. LAWS

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-The early Filipinos had both Oral and Written laws.

-The Oral Laws were the customs (ugali) of the race which were handed down orally from generation to generation. The legendary law-giver was a woman named Lubluban, the great granddaughter of the first man and the first woman in the world.

-The written laws were promulgated by the datus with the help of the elders and were put into writing. These written laws were announced to the people by a barangay crier known as Umalahokan. These written laws were put on the barks of trees, wood, leaves or cloth/ Thus, they did not last.

-The code of kalantiaw is a clever hoax. The hoax was done by Jose E. Marco, an antique collector from Negros Occidental who gave the document to James E. Robertson of the National Library in 1914. It could not be authentic because of its suspicious origin, the strange writing and modern words in the text, and the in-Filipino harshness of its laws.

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CODE of KALANTIAW

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13. RELIGION

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-With the exception of the Muslims in Mindanao and Sulu, the ancient Filipinos were pagans.

-Their supreme God was Bathala, creator of heaven, earth and men. Below him were other Gods and Goddesses.

-The early Filipinos worshipped ancestral spirits called Anitos or Diwatas. To these anitos, sacrifices called maganito were offered. The sacrifice was performed by a priest or priestess called katalona or baylana.

-They worshipped nature - rivers, mountains, old tress, crocodiles, and fields - in the beliefs that such natural objects were the habitats of spirits.

-They also believed in Life after Death. After death souls travels to the next world to receive its due reward or punishment. The good soul goes to heaven called “kalualhatian” or “ologa”, while the bad soul goes to hell called “kasamaan” or “solad”.

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14. BURIAL and MOURNING CUSTOMS

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-Filipinos took care in burying their dead as they believed in the next world.

-The corpse was embalmed, as in ancient Egypt, and was buried amidst deep sorrow near his home, in a cave, or on a headland overlooking the sea.

-Clothes, food, weapons, and sometimes slaves were buried with the dead.

-During the period of mourning, the relatives of the dead wore rattan bands around their necks, arms, and legs. They also abstained from eating meat and drinking wine.

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-The mourning custom for a deceased datu was called larao. When a datu died, a herald announced the event and the larao was then observed.

-No colored clothes were worn by the grieving people.

-All wars and quarrels were suspended, and singing in boats returning from the sea was prohibited.

-All warriors carried their spears with their tips pointed downward and their daggers with hilts reversed.

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15. SUPERSTITIONS

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-asuang who assumed the form of a dog, a bird, or any other animal, and devoured human flesh;

-The early Filipinos believed in witches, such as the:

-mangkukulam, who caused people to die or to be sick by pricking a toy with his magic pin;

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-tianak who sucked the baby’s entrails by means of his elongated proboscis;

-tigbalang who appeared in the form of a dog, a horse, or an old man to deceive his victims.

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- The early Filipinos believed in the magical power of amulets or charms.

-anting-anting, which was believed to make its possessor invulnerable to iron weapons;

-gayuma, a love potion which can arouse an adamant woman’s affection;

-odom, a Bicol magic herb which makes its possessor invisible to the human eye;

-uiga, a Bisayan charm which enables any man to cross a river without getting wet.

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16. LANGUAGES

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-The early Filipinos had different language and dialects,

- but all of them originated from a common linguistic source - the Malayo-Polynesian language, the mother tongue of the Pacific races.

-Thus wrote Father Pedro Chirino in 1604: “There is no single or general language of the Filipinos extending throughout the islands, but all of them, though there are many different tongues, are so much alike that they may be learned and spoken in a short time.”

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17. WRITING

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-The early Filipinos used a sharp pointed iron instrument called sipol (pen).

-They wrote on banana leaves, tree-barks, and bamboo tubes.

-The direction of their writing was from left to right.

-The ancient alphabet consisted of three vowels (serving as five) and 14 consonants

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18. LITERATURE

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ORAL LITERATURE

1. Myths and legends which recounted of the world and

the origin of man, woman, and other creatures

2. Songs and poems which chanted the deeds of their

gods and heroes

3. fables, proverbs (sawikain) and riddles (bugtong).

- Darangan of the Maranaws and the Ilim and the Hud-hud of the Ifugaos are examples of the existing specimens of ancient oral poetry

WRITTEN LITERATURE

- tarsilas - surviving pre-spanish specimen. It is a

Muslim genealogies of Mindanao and Sulu.

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19. EDUCATION

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- They had INFORMAL SYSTEM OF EDUCATION- The children studied in their own homes with their parents or with some old men in the barangays as tutors.-They were taught how to read,write, perform simple arithmetic operation, the use of weapons, lubus (art of acquiring amulets and talismans) and tribal customs-Boys - were trained to be warriors, hunters, fisherman, farmers, mariners and craftsmen.-Girls - were taught household chores

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20. ARTS

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- Arts were part of their cultural heritage.

-Architecture - bahay kubo- style of home

-Their houses of bamboo, wood , nipa, and palm-leaves which

were cool, cozy, and suitable shelter.

-Painting - was shown in their ancient tattoo art. The Tattoo

artists used the dagger or knife as brush, black soot and jungle

spas as colors, and human body as canvas. They painted

gorgeous designs representing the sun, stars, flowers,

crocodile, etc.

-Sculptors carved statues in wood, clay, gold, and ivory.

-Statues were called likha (in Tagalog) or landang (Bicol), were

made in memory of their anitos or ancestors.

-They also made fine carvings on the handles of daggers, krises,

bolos, and knives; on the outer surface of shields; and on the

prows of their boats.

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21. SCIENCES

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-They knew curative value of medicinal plants and herbs-Medical men - had herbs as antidotes for all kinds of poison-Medical lore - was associated with religion and magic-They knew astronomy Also engineering - construct forts(kuta)-Irrigation ditches and rice terraces-They could perform arithmetic operation

Native name for numerals:isa (one)puo (ten)daan (hundred)libo (thousand)angao (one million)kati (ten million)gahala (one hundred million)

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22. WEIGHTS and MEASURES

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Early Filipinos had their own weights and measures.weighting things: Talaro - a kind of balance scale.

• measures of capacity: kaban - (25 gantas) salop - (one ganta) kaguitna - (one-half ganta) gatang - (one chupa)

•measures of length:• Dipa - the length between the tip of the thumb and that of the middle finger when extended.• Tumuro - the length between the tip of the thumb and that of forefinger when extended• Sandamak - the width of the hand with the five fingers pressed together• Sandali - the width of one finger

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23. CALENDARS

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-Early calendars of the Bisayans contained seven days in a week ,and twelve months a year.

-Each of the 12 months contained 30 days, except the last month which had 26 days or total of 365 days a year.

-Ifugao Calendar contains 13 months a year, each having 28 days

-The Ifugao have a tribal keeper called tumunoh, 13 strings representing the 13 months of the year.

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24. COINAGE

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-Early Filipinos knew the art of coinage.

-Several specimens of their ancient coins were found in jars (GUI's) which had been excavated in Bataan and Manila.

-Coins were cone-shaped gold pieces, usually bearing the imprint of the Malayan letter M on their flat bases. They are called piloncitos by local numismatist, or collectors of coins.

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25. DOMESTIC and FOREIGN TRADE

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-Domestic trade was carried on by means of BARTER.-Captain Miguel de Loarca said: "Filipinos of the inland region exchanged their rice and cotton for fish, salt, and other products raised by the dwellers of coastal district"-The usual method of trading with foreign merchants was by barter in which they offered their own products exchange for the products of other countries.-Chao Ju-kua (1225) and Wng Tayuan (1349), Chinese writers observed that they were honest in their commercial transaction

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26. AGRICULTURE and INDUSTRIES

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- Farming was the main industry of ancient Filipinos.

-two methods of cultivation were used: 1. Kaingin method - in which the land was cleared by setting fire to the shrubs and bushes, after which holes were bored in the ground with pointed sticks and seeds were then planted there. 2. Regular means of tillage using wooden plows and harrows drawn by carabaos.

- Other industries of early Filipinos were fishing, mining, lumbering, weaving, meat work, making tools and weapons, manufacturing of wines, rising of poultry and stock, tanning and shipbuilding.

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FIN

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