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Terry Anderson, Professor, Athabasca University Canada Dec. 2013 Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education
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Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Aug 19, 2014

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Page 1: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Terry Anderson,Professor, Athabasca University

Canada

Dec. 2013

Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Page 2: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Open Scholar

• “the Open Scholar is someone who makes their intellectual projects and processes digitally visible and who invites and encourages ongoing criticism of their work and secondary uses of any or all parts of it--at any stage of its development”. – Gideon Burton - Academic Evolution

Blog

Page 3: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Presentation Overview

• Open Scholarship– Copyright– Open Educational Resources– Open Texts– Open Data– Open Article Publishing– Creative Commons Licensing– Open Practices and Policies

Page 4: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Open Scholars Create:

• A new type of education work maximizing:– Social learning– Media richness– Participatory and connectivist pedagogies– Ubiquity and persistence– Transparency– Open data collection and research process– Network Creation

Page 5: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Definitions of Open on the Web (From Google)

• affording unobstructed entrance and exit; not shut or closed;

• affording free passage or access; • open to or in view of all;• accessible to all; • assailable: not defended or capable of being defended• loose: (of textures) full of small openings or gaps; • start to operate or function• not brought to a conclusion; • not sealed or having been unsealed

Page 6: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Something there is that doesn’t love a a wall, that wants it down”

American Poet Robert Frost

Page 7: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

• “publishing online is not a viable option as the product would not have permanency, scholarly recognition, or the prestige of a paper publication.” my PhD supervisor, 1993

Page 8: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education
Page 9: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

‘50% of Canada’s Scholarly Publications will be out of business within two years due to open access competition.’ Athabasca Pres. Frits Pannecock

Page 10: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education
Page 11: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

• Cannot copyright:– ideas, – facts, – data or – useful articles (these are patented)

Page 12: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

• “Indeed, only 1,000 new works appeared annually in England at that time -- 10 times fewer than in Germany -- and this was not without consequences. Eckhard Höffner believes it was the chronically weak book market that caused England, the colonial power, to fritter away its head start within the span of a century, while the underdeveloped, agrarian state of Germany caught up rapidly, becoming an equally developed industrial nation by 1900.”

• UK Copyright Law 1710• Prussia - 1837

http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/no-copyright-law-the-real-reason-for-germany-s-industrial-expansion-a-710976.html

Page 13: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Open Access Definition

• Budapest Open Access Initiative (2001). – “free availability on the public internet, – permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute,

print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, – crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software,

or – use them for any other lawful purpose, without

financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself.” http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess).

Page 14: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Open Scholars Use and Contribute Open Educational Resources

Because it saves time!!!

Page 15: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

OER Barriers to Adoption

• Few instructor incentives• Publisher push back• Quality concerns• “not invented here” syndrome• Lack of open culture and practice

Page 16: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Open texts

Page 17: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

We can’t afford textbooks

• Textbook prices skyrocketed 82% between 2002 and 2012,

• average student budget for books and supplies has grown to $1,207 annually (USA figures).

• Current Bill to support open texts across US, goal of reducing costs by 80%

• Washington State program since 2010 has saved students $5.4 million versus State cost of less than $1.8 Million

• All students get open text books!http://www.sparc.arl.org/advocacy/national/act

Page 18: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

South Africa school text books produces millions of texts -= http://www.siyavula.com/

Page 19: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education
Page 20: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Are commercial e-texts the answer?

Page 21: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

DRM (Digital Rights Management)

You CANNOT• Copy & paste, annotate, highlight• Change Text to speech• Format change• Move material • Print out• Move geographically• Use after expiry date• Resell

Page 22: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

• DRM restricts our freedom

• Can we not own & control our own property?

But our device is our PROPERTY

Nielsen.com

Page 23: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

• student owns nothing, can share nothing, save nothing, sell nothing• subscription ends – ALL ends•publishers own student data, notes, highlights• students can’t transfer data

Commercial Learning Service or Rent-a-book

Page 24: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

US Versioncost per month+100 000 movies $ 7.99

+48 000 TV shows$ 7.99

+20 000 000 songs $ 9.99

TOTAL$25.97

ONE Biology text$20.25

-David Wiley

Page 25: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Open Scholars License, Use (and re-use ) Open Data

Page 26: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

• “There is no turning back the clock on our interconnected world, but we could jeopardize its benefits if we fail to invest in a trusted data environment”.

• -Ellen Richey, Chief Enterprise Risk Officer, Visa, USA in WEF Blog on Big Data

Page 27: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education
Page 28: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Open Scholars Filter and Share With Others

Page 29: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education
Page 30: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

If it is not licensed, it is not open

Page 31: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

openOpen

http://www.ourbreathingplanet.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/greenwash-comic.png

OPEN

“openwashing: code that requires a patent license cannot be open source, so Cisco should really stop using that term. It's making the source code available, and that's good news, but it's not the same.” Glyn Moody

Page 32: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Scholars Researching ‘Openness’

http://jime.open.ac.uk/

Page 33: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Open Scholars Know How to License Their Work for Maximum Impact

Page 34: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

CC Licensing Options

Page 35: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

• “If Google cannot find a faculty scholar's work or the work of the scholar's colleagues, department, or institution, then it is essentially irrelevant — even nonexistent — because people will not find, read, apply, or build on the work if they cannot locate it via a quick Google searchLowenthal & Dunlap (2012)

Lowenthal, P., & Dunlap, J. (2012). Intentional Web Presence: 10 SEO Strategies Every Academic Needs to Know. Educause. http://www.educause.edu/ero/article/intentional-web-presence-10-seo-strategies-every-academic-needs-know.

Page 36: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Journal Publishing

• Until recently, largely controlled by for profit companies

• “profits of the journal publishing sectors of the major publishers’ business are their most profitable divisions.

• For example, the worlds largest publisher Elsevier made “£724m ($1.1 billion) on revenues of £2 billion—an operating-profit margin of 36%.” http://www.economist.com/node/18744177.

Page 37: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

“major periodical subscriptions, especially to electronic journals published by historically key providers, cannot be sustained: continuing these subscriptions on their current footing is financially untenable. Doing so would seriously erode collection efforts in many other areas, already compromised”.

The Faculty Advisory Council Date: April 17, 2012http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k77982&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup143448

Page 38: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Open Access Publication Emerges

• Journal TOCs lists over 23,170 journals - 9,986 OA titles make up 43% of the overall content. (DOAJ - 2013)

• Publishing and Review Systems: Open Journal System – Canadian, (SFU)

– Complete submission, review, copyedit, analytics and publication system

– Over 7,000 journals using OJS (as of 2012)

Page 39: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Predatory Open Access Journals

“those that unprofessionally exploit the author-pays model of open-access publishing (Gold OA) for their own profit. Typically, these publishers:

• spam professional email lists, • broadly soliciting article submissions for the clear purpose of

gaining income.• operate essentially as vanity presses,• typically have a low article acceptance threshold, • Have a false-front or non-existent peer review process.

– Jeff Beallhttp://scholarlyoa.com/publishers/

Page 40: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

• But Also Legitamet user-f

But also, Legitimate Author Fee- OA Journals –PLOS - Public Library of Science since 2006

Charges authors about $1500/US per article

Page 41: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education
Page 42: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Publishers Reactions

• Ignore OA• Fight It

– Lobby for anti-OA legislation– Discredit OA quality– Discriminate against OER in citation indexes

• Morph It– Free your article in a closed journal for a fee (hybrid

model)– Allow individual deposit in data bases (after embargo)

Page 43: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Green and Hybrid

Gold Open Access

Green Open Access

Open Access Journal

Author Pay

Open Access JournalFree

Closed Articles in Open

Repository – After embargo

Page 44: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Institutional Archives

• Green versus Gold standard for openness• Green: Author archives a copy of copyright

material in an institutional repository• Gold: Full Open Access• Responsibility of author to archive

Page 45: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education
Page 46: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

# of Institutional Repositories

Valérie Spezi, Jenny Fry, Claire Creaser, Steve Probets, Sonya White, (2013) "Researchers' green open access practice: a cross-disciplinary analysis", Journal of Documentation, Vol. 69 Iss: 3, pp.334 - 359

Page 47: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education
Page 48: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Do Faculty Self-Archive?

• Only 32% archived anything at Carnegie-Melon 2008• Likely less at Athabasca in Portugal??.• Only compulsory mandate works!!

Page 49: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

It helps to have helpN=1,424 European Scholars

Valérie Spezi, Jenny Fry, Claire Creaser, Steve Probets, Sonya White, (2013) "Researchers' green open access practice: a cross-disciplinary analysis", Journal of Documentation, Vol. 69 Iss: 3, pp.334 - 359

Page 50: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

OER Mandates

http://roarmap.eprints.org/

Page 51: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Must Universities pay for Both Closed Journals and For Open Access Publisher Fees?

Page 52: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Open Scholars Engage Open Communities Beyond Higher Education.

http://jime.open.ac.uk/article/2013-21/html

PERRYMAN, L., COUGHLAN, T.. The realities of ‘reaching out’: enacting the public-facing open scholar role with existing online communities. Journal of Interactive Media in Education

Page 53: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

aupress.cawww.irrodl.org

Open Scholars Write and Read Open Access Books

Teaching in Blended Learning Environments: Creating and Sustaining Communities of InquiryVaughan, Cleveland-Innes, & Garrison

Page 54: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

A Tale of 3 Books

Open Access -

100,000 + downloads &

Individual chapters

Trnaslations

Over 1600 hardcopies sold

@ $40 Can

Commercial publisher

934 copies sold at $52.00

Buy at Amazon!!

E-Learning for the 21st Century 1st Ed.Commercial Pub.1200 sold @ $135.002,000 copies in Arabic Translation @ $8.

Page 55: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

www.irrodl.org

Page 56: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Does Open Access Increase or Decrease Citation rates?

• Mixed results• “Articles placed in the open access condition

(n=712) received significantly more downloads and reached a broader audience within the first year, yet were cited no more frequently, nor earlier, than subscription-access control articles (n=2533) within 3 yr.” (Davis, 2011, P. 2129).

Page 57: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Does Open Access Increase or Decrease Citation rates in our discipline?

– Zawacki-Richter, O., Anderson, T., & Tuncay, N. (2010). The growing impact of open access distance education journals – a bibliometric analysis. Journal of Distance Education, 24(3)

– Analysis of Google citations for 12 Distance Education Journals (using Harzing’s Publish or Perish tool)

– 6 open access, 6 commercially published– Early results show roughly equal citations/paper,

but recent gains in citations by open access journals

Page 58: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

http://www.slideshare.net/greg.g/enabling-open-scholarship?from_search=13

Page 59: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Who Pays for Free content?

1. ‘Freemium: free & “pro” versions1% of users support all the rest

2. Advertising: provide a special audience3. Cross-Subsidies: free lunch if you buy beer4. Zero-Marginal Cost: online music5. Labor Exchange: Digg6. Gift Economy: $$$ aren’t everything

Wired: http://www.wired.com/techbiz/it/magazine/16-03/ff_free?currentPage=all

Chris Anderson’s Taxonomy of Free

7. Author Pay8. Sponsor – ‘Sugar Daddy’

Page 60: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

The Political Economy of Peer Production Michael Bauwens

• produce use-value through the free cooperation of producers

• a 'third mode of production' neither for-profit or public

• NOT exchange value for a market, but use-value for a community

www.ctheory.net/articles.aspx?id=499

Page 61: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Prod-Users:From production to produsage

Axel Bruns 2008

• Users as active participants in production of artifacts:• Examples:

– Open source movement– Wikipedia– Citizen journalism (blogs)– Immersive worlds– Distributed creativity - music, video, Flickr

Page 62: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

MOOC

• The Course may be free (for now), the content (usually) is NOT!

Page 63: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

OER Practice- Institutional Level

Page 64: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

OER Policy – National Level

Page 65: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Openness is a Spiral of Growth… but you have to start somewhere

Page 66: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Boundless Opportunities for

• Unanticipated consequences• Challenges of net privacy/presence• Emergent adaptation by students and teachers• Misuse and exploitation

Page 67: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Are you Ready to Take the Pledge??

• I pledge that:– “ I will no longer submit my

work to closed publications, nor participate in review or editorial functions for closed publications.”

Page 68: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

• I pledge to devote most of my reviewing and editing efforts to manuscripts destined for open access. For other manuscripts, I will restrict myself to one review by me for each review obtained for me by an outlet that is not open access.

Page 69: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Open Access Conclusion

• “Open Access is more than a new model for scholarly publishing, it is the only ethical move available to scholars who take their own work seriously enough to believe its value lies in how well it engages many publics and not just a few peers.”

• Gideon Burton, Academic Evolution Blog

Page 70: Open Educational Resources and Open Access: Promise or Peril for Higher Education

Terry Anderson [email protected]

Homepage: http://cde.athabascau.ca/faculty/terrya.php

Blog: terrya.edublogs.org

Skype: @terguy

Your comments and questions most welcomed!