One-Word Modifiers: Adjectives and Adverbs Lesson 6 Joseph C. Blumenthal.

One-Word Modifiers:One-Word Modifiers:Adjectives and Adjectives and

AdverbsAdverbs

One-Word Modifiers:One-Word Modifiers:Adjectives and Adjectives and

AdverbsAdverbs

Lesson 6Lesson 6Joseph C. BlumenthalJoseph C. Blumenthal

Reviewing Basic Sentence Patterns

Until this point we have been dealing mainly with only the framework of sentences—subjects, verbs, and

sometimes complements.

BrakesBrakes causecause accidents. accidents.

Does this sentence contain any words that are not part of its

framework? (Yes, No)

Reviewing Basic Sentence Patterns

Until this point we have been dealing mainly with only the framework of sentences—subjects, verbs, and

sometimes complements.

BrakesBrakes causecause accidents. accidents.

Does this sentence contain any words that are not part of its

framework? (Yes, No)

Reviewing Basic Sentence Patterns

To supply additional information about the various parts of the sentence framework, we use

modifiers.

PoorPoor brakes brakes causecause many many accidents.accidents.

This sentence contains two modifying words that are not

part of its framework. These two words are: ________ and ________.

Reviewing Basic Sentence Patterns

To supply additional information about the various parts of the sentence framework, we use

modifiers.

PoorPoor brakes brakes causecause manymany accidents.accidents.

This sentence contains two modifying words that are not

part of its framework. These two words are: __ Poor Poor __ and _ many many

__.

Reviewing Basic Sentence Patterns

PoorPoor brakes brakes causecause manymany accidents.accidents.

The word Poor modifies the noun ______.The word many modifies the noun

______.

Reviewing Basic Sentence Patterns

PoorPoor brakes brakes causecause manymany accidents.accidents.

The word Poor modifies the noun brakesbrakes.The word many modifies the noun ______.

Reviewing Basic Sentence Patterns

PoorPoor brakes brakes causecause manymany accidents.accidents.

The word Poor modifies the noun brakesbrakes.The word many modifies the noun

accidentsaccidents.

Words that modify nouns and pronouns are adjectives.

Adjectives modify ________ different class of words. (How many?)

Words that modify nouns and pronouns are adjectives.

Adjectives modify ___twotwo__ different class of words. (How many?)

An adjective makes the meaning of a noun or pronoun more exact by telling what kind, which one(s), or how many.

Which adjective tells what kind?

thesethese roadsroads widewide roadsroads threethree roadsroads

An adjective makes the meaning of a noun or pronoun more exact by telling what kind, which one(s), or how many.

Which adjective tells what kind?

thesethese roadsroads widewide roadsroads threethree roadsroads

Which adjective points out which one?

comfortablecomfortable chairschairs oneone chairchair thisthis chairchair

Which adjective points out which one?

comfortablecomfortable chairschairs oneone chairchair thisthis chairchair

Which adjective tells how many?

modernmodern houseshouses thesethese houseshouses severalseveral houseshouses

Which adjective tells how many?

modernmodern houseshouses thesethese houseshouses severalseveral houseshouses

This sentence contains three nouns:

ThreeThree students students received perfect received perfect scores on this scores on this testtest. .

How many adjectives does this sentence contain?

This sentence contains three nouns:

ThreeThree studentsstudents receivedreceived perfectperfect scoresscores on on thisthis testtest. .

How many adjectives does this sentence contain? three

This sentence contains three nouns:

ThreeThree studentsstudents receivedreceived perfectperfect scoresscores on on thisthis testtest. .

Each adjective comes (before, after) the noun it modifies.

This sentence contains three nouns:

ThreeThree studentsstudents receivedreceived perfectperfect scoresscores on on thisthis testtest. .

Each adjective comes (beforebefore, after) the noun it modifies.

Besides coming right before the nouns they modify, adjectives are sometimes found in another position.

The The carcar isis blueblue..The The eggseggs are are freshfresh..The The househouse lookslooks newnew. .

The adjectives in these sentences follow linking verbs and are therefore (subject compliments, direct objects).

Besides coming right before the nouns they modify, adjectives are sometimes found in another position.

The The carcar isis blueblue..The The eggseggs are are freshfresh..The The househouse lookslooks newnew. .

The adjectives in these sentences follow linking verbs and are therefore (subject compliments, direct objects).

The The carcar isis blueblue..The The eggseggs are are freshfresh..

The The househouse lookslooks newnew. .

When adjectives are subject compliments, they come (before, after) the nouns they modify.

The The carcar isis blueblue..The The eggseggs are are freshfresh..

The The househouse lookslooks newnew. .

When adjectives are subject compliments, they come (before, afterafter) the nouns they modify.

a.a. Melba Moore has an Melba Moore has an excellentexcellent voice.voice.

b.b. Melba Moore’s voice is Melba Moore’s voice is excellentexcellent. . Does the adjective excellent come

after the noun it modifies in sentence a or b?

a.a. Melba Moore has an Melba Moore has an excellentexcellent voicevoice..

b.b. Melba Moore’s Melba Moore’s voicevoice is is excellentexcellent. . Does the adjective excellent come

after the noun it modifies in sentence a or bb?

Adjectives normally come before the nouns they modify except when they are ________ compliments.

Adjectives normally come before the nouns they modify except when they are _subject__subject_ compliments.

Most people are Most people are honest.honest.

The two adjectives—Most and honest—modify the noun __________. (which noun?)

Most people are Most people are honest.honest.

The two adjectives—Most and honest—modify the noun __people___. (which noun?)

She looks very pretty. It is new.She looks very pretty. It is new.

In these sentences, the adjectives come (before, after) the pronouns they modify.

We very seldom use adjectives before pronouns as we do before nouns. We say, “a pretty girl,” but not “a pretty she”; “a new book,” not “ a new it.”

She looks very pretty. It is new.She looks very pretty. It is new.

In these sentences, the adjectives come (before, afterafter) the pronouns they modify.

We very seldom use adjectives before pronouns as we do before nouns. We say, “a pretty girl,” but not “a pretty she”; “a new book,” not “ a new it.”

We have seen that adjectives answer the questions What kind? Which one(s)? and How many? About nouns and __________.

We have seen that adjectives answer the questions What kind? Which one(s)? and How many? About nouns and _pronounspronouns__.

We need another class of words to answer the questions that we might ask about the action verbs.

GeorgeGeorge drovedrove. . (When? Where? How? How much? How often?)

Are the questions in parentheses about George or drove?

We need another class of words to answer the questions that we might ask about the action verbs.

GeorgeGeorge drovedrove. . (When? Where? How? How much? How often?)

Are the questions in parentheses about George or drovedrove?

GeorgeGeorge drovedrove safelysafely..

Which question does the word safely answer?

When? Where? How? How much? How When? Where? How? How much? How often?often?

GeorgeGeorge drovedrove safelysafely..

Which question does the word safely answer?

When? Where? When? Where? How?How? How much? How How much? How often?often?

GeorgeGeorge drovedrove yesterdayyesterday..

Which question does the word yesterday answer?

When? Where? How? How much? How When? Where? How? How much? How often?often?

GeorgeGeorge drovedrove yesterdayyesterday..

Which question does the word yesterday answer?

When?When? Where? How? How much? How Where? How? How much? How often?often?

GeorgeGeorge drovedrove frequentlyfrequently..

Which question does the word frequently answer?

When? Where? How? How much? How When? Where? How? How much? How often?often?

GeorgeGeorge drovedrove frequentlyfrequently..

Which question does the word frequently answer?

When? Where? How? How much? When? Where? How? How much? How How oftenoften??

GeorgeGeorge drovedrove awayaway..

Which question does the word away answer?

When? Where? How? How much? How When? Where? How? How much? How often?often?

GeorgeGeorge drovedrove awayaway..

Which question does the word away answer?

When? When? WhereWhere?? How? How much? How How? How much? How often?often?

Words that modify verbs are called adverbs. The fact that the word adverb contains the word verb will help you to remember that adverbs modify __________.

Words that modify verbs are called adverbs. The fact that the word adverb contains the word verb will help you to remember that adverbs modify __verbsverbs___.

Many adverbs—especially those that tell how—end with –ly. In fact, we form many adverbs by adding –ly to adjectives: polite—politely, graceful—gracefully, fearless—fearlessly.

A carful person drives carefully.

The adverb in this sentence is ________.

Many adverbs—especially those that tell how—end with –ly. In fact, we form many adverbs by adding –ly to adjectives: polite—politely, graceful—gracefully, fearless—fearlessly.

A carful person drives carefully.

The adverb in this sentence is carefullycarefully.

We have seen that adjectives have a fixed position in the sentence—usually before the words they modify. Most adverbs, by contrast, are very movable.

I I finallyfinally finished the finished the finalfinal chapter. chapter.

The word that can be shifted to another position is the (adjective final, adverb finally).

We have seen that adjectives have a fixed position in the sentence—usually before the words they modify. Most adverbs, by contrast, are very movable.

I I finallyfinally finished the finished the finalfinal chapter. chapter.

The word that can be shifted to another position is the (adjective final, adverb adverb finallyfinally).

* Our friends * have * come * for dinner *.* Our friends * have * come * for dinner *.

Can the adverb often be inserted in the sentence at each point indicated by an asterisk (*)? (Yes, No)

* Our friends * have * come * for dinner *.* Our friends * have * come * for dinner *.

Can the adverb often be inserted in the sentence at each point indicated by an asterisk (*)? (YesYes, No)

Aunt Mary talks about politics Aunt Mary talks about politics continuallycontinually. .

The adverb continually modifies the verb __________.

Because adverbs are often moveable, we frequently find them several words away from the verbs they modify.

Aunt Mary Aunt Mary talkstalks about politics about politics continuallycontinually. .

The adverb continually modifies the verb __ talks talks __.

Because adverbs are often moveable, we frequently find them several words away from the verbs they modify.

a.a. One of the windows One of the windows occasionallyoccasionally sticks.sticks.

b.b. One of the windows sticks One of the windows sticks occasionallyoccasionally..

c.c. OOccasionallyccasionally one of the windows one of the windows sticks.sticks.

In which sentence is the adverb farthest away from the verb it modifies?

a.a. One of the windows One of the windows occasionallyoccasionally sticks.sticks.

b.b. One of the windows sticks One of the windows sticks occasionallyoccasionally..

c.c. OOccasionallyccasionally one of the windows one of the windows stickssticks..

In which sentence is the adverb farthest away from the verb it modifies?

There are hundreds of adverbs that give information about verbs. In addition, there are some special adverbs that control the “power” of adjectives and other adverbs.

The italicized adverbs modify the (adjective, adverb) hot.

veryvery hothot somewhatsomewhat hothot ratherrather hothot soso hothot

quitequite hothot extremelyextremely hothot slightlyslightly hothot tootoo hothot

There are hundreds of adverbs that give information about verbs. In addition, there are some special adverbs that control the “power” of adjectives and other adverbs.

The italicized adverbs modify the (adjective, adverb) hot.

veryvery hothot somewhatsomewhat hothot ratherrather hot hot soso hothotquitequite hot hot extremelyextremely hot hot slightlyslightly hot hot tootoo hothot

The italicized adverbs modify the (adjective, adverb) awkwardly.

veryvery awkwardly awkwardly somewhatsomewhat awkwardly awkwardly ratherrather awkwardly awkwardly soso awkwardly awkwardly quitequite awkwardly awkwardly extremelyextremely awkwardly awkwardly slightlyslightly awkwardly tawkwardly toooo awkwardlyawkwardly

The italicized adverbs modify the (adjective, adverbadverb) awkwardly.

veryvery awkwardlyawkwardly somewhatsomewhat awkwardlyawkwardly ratherrather awkwardlyawkwardly soso awkwardlyawkwardly quitequite awkwardlyawkwardly extremelyextremely awkwardlyawkwardly slightlyslightly awkwardlyawkwardly t toooo awkwardlyawkwardly

The adjective many modifies the noun people.

Too many people vote without sufficient Too many people vote without sufficient information.information.

What adverb modifies the adjective many? ___________

The adjective many modifies the noun people.

TooToo many people vote without sufficient many people vote without sufficient information.information.

What adverb modifies the adjective many? ___Too Too ____

The adverb fluently modifies the verb speaks.

Lois speaks French very Lois speaks French very fluentlyfluently..

What adverb modifies the adverb fluently? _________

The adverb fluently modifies the verb speaks.

Lois speaks French Lois speaks French veryvery fluentlyfluently..

What adverb modifies the adverb fluently? __very__

The lake was The lake was slightlyslightly rough. rough.

The adverb slightly modifies the _______ rough.

The lake was The lake was slightlyslightly roughrough. .

The adverb slightly modifies the _adjective_ rough.(or subject

compliment)

Jack can type Jack can type quitequite rapidly. rapidly.

The adverb quite modifies the _________ rapidly.

Jack can type Jack can type quitequite rapidlyrapidly..

The adverb quite modifies the __adverb___ rapidly.

You have now seen that adverbs can modify three different clauses of words.

Besides modifying verbs, adverbs can also modify other modifiers.

By “other modifiers” we mean adjectives and _________.

You have now seen that adverbs can modify three different clauses of words.

Besides modifying verbs, adverbs can also modify other modifiers.

By “other modifiers” we mean adjectives and __adverbs__.

In this and the following frames, the position of the periods should tell you whether the missing word would be an adjective or an adverb.

Write the answers on your own paper.

Our hotel room was very…Our hotel room was very…

The missing word (such as small, shabby, or comfortable) would have to be an…

1. (adjective, adverb).

We…find Skippy in a neighbor’s yard.We…find Skippy in a neighbor’s yard.

The missing word (such as often, usually, or sometimes) would be an…

2. (adjective, adverb).

The fair will last for…days.The fair will last for…days.

The missing word would be an…

3. (adjective, adverb).

We studied the road map…carefully.We studied the road map…carefully.

The missing word would be an…

4. (adjective, adverb).

The room looks very…without the The room looks very…without the photo.photo.

The missing word would be an…

5. (adjective, adverb).

It is…hot at the equator.It is…hot at the equator.

The missing word would be an…

6. (adjective, adverb).

An adjective can modify only two classes of words: nouns

and pronouns.

7. An adverb, however, can modify ________ 7. An adverb, however, can modify ________ classes of words. (How many?)classes of words. (How many?)

8. What are they? (list them)8. What are they? (list them)

You are done!!!You are done!!!

Please turn in your Please turn in your answers for points.answers for points.