OML Center: Climate Change 101

Climate Change 101

The basics for understanding climate change,

its impacts, and how to address them

Outline1. What is climate?

Weather VS Climate

Factors affecting climate

2. How is the climate changing?

Causes of climate change

Global warming and the greenhouse effect

Contributing factors

3. How will the future climate look like?

Global projections

Local projections

4. What will be its impacts?

How sectors will be affected

Vulnerability of the Philippines

5. How are we going to respond?

Mitigation and adaptation

Global and Local efforts

Individual contributions

Outline

What is

climate?

What is climate?

It considers the average

weather conditions and

its variability to give a

long-term view of the

weather being

experienced by a certain

area. (ISDR, 2008)

If it is generally hot for a

certain period every

year, then that area has a

hot climate.

Philippine Climate Types based

on Corona Classification

How is it different

from weather?

What is weather?

the set of conditions in the

atmosphere observed at a

certain time and place. (ISDR,

2008)

focuses on a short period of time

(NASA, 2013)

Example: Today is a sunny day

with expected 0-20mm rainfall in

the morning. Tomorrow, could be

a rainy day. Different days have

different weather conditions.

What are the

factors that affect

climate?Natural and Human Factors

Earth and its radiative equilibrium

intensity of the sun's

radiation;

the planet's distance

from the sun; and

its albedo or

reflectivity for solar

radiation.

The Climate System

The following

processes play an

important role in the

climate system:

Global energy

balance;

Global water cycle;

Global carbon cycle“The detailed patterns of climate on earth are produced

by a complex web of interacting physical, chemical and

biological processes within the global climate system.”

(Bureau of Meteorology Australia, 2003)

Natural Factors

Different ocean currents

can indicate changes in

temperature (ISDR, 2008)

Oceans “Ocean covers 71% of the

earth’s surface to an average

depth of 3800 m and plays a

key role in redistributing heat

around the globe.” (Bureau of

Meteorology Australia, 2003)

Volcanic

EruptionsVolcanic eruptions introduce gases and particles that can impact the climate of an area (Robock, 2002)

It can reduce the solar radiation, cooling up the surface of the Earth for several years. (Bureau of Meteorology Australia, 2003)

Mt. Pinatubo in 1991 was the largest eruption of the 20th century. The relatively cooler surface that followed for more than two years was attributed to this eruption. (Bureau of Meteorology Australia, 2003)

Countries found closer to

the equator have warmer

climates.

The further away a

country is from the

equator, the cooler its

climate will be. (Bureau of

Meteorology Australia,

2003)

The Philippines is found

right above the equator,

which would explain a

great deal of its hot

climate.

Distance

from the

Equator

Continentality

(Distance

from the sea)

When you go to the beach,

the sun seems stronger

since there is not as much

shade compared to the city.

The difference is that it

generally feels much

cooler.

Areas beside or closer to

bodies of water have a

cooler and wetter climate

Inland areas experience a

wide range of

temperatures.

(UK Environmental Change

Network, 2013)

Human Factors

Human activities are the

major contributors to

climate change.“…in particular fossil fuel use and changing land-uses, are the

dominant factor in this growth and are responsible for most of

the warming observed over the past 50 years.” (ISDR)

Burning of

Fossil Fuels

Fossil fuels are formed

from decayed plants and

animals, which are

converted into crude oil,

coal and natural gas

(Science Daily, 2013)

The increase in fossil fuel

burning for transportation,

manufacturing, home use,

etc. is one of the main

contributors to the

heightened global

warming.

Deforestation

(Changing

patterns of land

use)

Trees absorb carbon dioxide, which helps make a climate cooler.

If forests are cut down, no trees will absorb the carbon dioxide. This adds to the greenhouse effect. (Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change)

Deforestation itself releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. (IPCC, 2007)

The Philippines only has 6.6% of its original forest cover left. (Forest Carbon Asia, 2012)

This is another form of

fossil fuel burning. GHG

emissions have

significantly increased

since the Industrial

Revolution. (Government

of Canada, 2012)

The increase in the use of

fossil fuels brought about

the increase in GHG

emissions, making the

Earth warmer.

Industrial

Production

Mountains

of Trash

Smokey Mountain is the

famous trash mountain in

Manila, Philippines that

releases a lot of methane.

How do we deal with this

problem?

Reduce. Reuse. Recycle.

Our trash in landfills breaks

down and releases a gas

called Methane, a GHG that

contributes to 20% of global

warming. (Greenhouse

Effect and Climate

Change), (GRIDA, 2013)

Summary: Section 1

Climate gives a long-term view of the weather

being experienced by a certain area.

It is affected by natural and human causes.

Human activity has become the main driver of

climate change.

Weather is different from climate, in that it is the

set of conditions in the atmosphere observed at a

certain time and place.

How is the

climate

changing?

Climate Change

“any change in climate over time, whether due to

natural variability or as a result of human activity”

(IPCC)

the natural occurrence of changes in the state of the

climate (UNFCCC)

From clearing forests to burning fossil fuels, these

activities all contribute to the increase in concentration

of greenhouse gases that get released into the

atmosphere. (ISDR, 2008)

It is no surprise that the climate

has been changing world wide.

In fact, this is a natural phenomenon that has been

taking place for centuries.

But scientists have noticed that the change in climate

has become more extreme in the past decades,

especially in temperature increase.

Why is this so?

What are greenhouse gases (GHGs)?

compounds that trap

heat in the Earth’s

atmosphere (EIA, 2004),

(IPCC)

When it gets trapped in

the Earth, it makes the

temperature warmer.

Examples include carbon

dioxide, methane,

nitrous oxide (CCC)

Greenhouse gases and their lifespan

Greenhouse

gasesMain sources

Life in the

atmosphere

Proportional

contribution

to global

warming

Carbon dioxide

(CO2)

Fossil fuel burning, deforestation,

biomass, burning, gas flaring, cement

production

5 to 200 years 60%

Methane (CH4)

Natural wetlands, rice paddies, ruminant

animals, natural gas drilling, venting and

transmission, biomass burning, coal mining

12 years 20%

Halocarbons Industrial production and consumer goods2 to 50,000

years14%

Nitrous oxide

(N2O)

Biological sources in oceans and soils,

combustions, biomass burning, fertilizer114 year 6%

(Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change)

How do the GHGs of the past

affect us today?

Since GHGs have different lifespans that last for at least

two years, the GHGs produced in the past are part of

the cause of climate change today.

The current situation of climate change in the

Philippines is partially caused by human activities that

took place in the 1980s, for example.

CO2 released in the past still affects climate change

today because the GHGs are still present in the Earth’s

atmosphere.

Greenhouse Effect

GHGs acting as a blanket that warm

up the Earth (CCC)

This natural warming process helps

maintain a stable temperature for the

Earth (NEAQ, 2013), (PEW Center)

Stable

temperature:

allows living things

to survive and

thrive in

Greenhouse Effect

(ProCon, 2013)

Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere heat trapped

Global Warming

Most commonly associated with climate change

It is an enhanced greenhouse effect caused by human interference and activity.

This further increases global temperatures, hence warming the earth. (PEW Center)

Global Warming

Global average

temperature rose by -

16.67°C or 1.5°F in the

last century. (PEW)

To date, the Earth has

the highest

concentration of

greenhouse gases

compared to the past

500,000 years. (ISDR)

How has climate

changed?

Globally…

The eleven years of 1995 to 2006 rank among

the twelve warmest years in the record of

global surface temperature (since 1850).

The linear warming trend from 1956 to 2005

(0.13 [0.10 to 0.16]°C per decade) is nearly

twice that for the 100 years from 1906 to 2005.

(IPCC)

Global

Temperature

Changes

There has been a

noticeable increase

in global

temperature over

the past 50 years.

Due to the increased

ice melting in the

polar regions, global

sea levels have been

rising along with it.

(IPCC, 2007)

Philippine Changes in Temperature

temperature increase from 1951 to 2010 (PAGASA, 2011)

0.65°C

Summary: Section 2

Climate Change is “any change in climate over time, whether due

to natural variability or as a result of human activity” (IPCC)

Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere and make the

Earth warmer.

The greenhouse effect is a natural warming process where GHGs

purpose comes into play.

Global warming is an increased greenhouse effect that is

influenced by human activity.

Temperature has been increasing globally and locally.

How will the

future climate

look like?

What are the

global climate

projections?

Global Projections

IPCC projections provide a wide range of potential

surface warming based on six different emission

scenarios.

How will the

future climate of

the Philippines

look like?

Climate Change in the Philippines

Hot days | RainfallExtreme weather events

Projected Philippine Climate

The Philippines will have warmer

days.

Summer time will experience less

rainfall.

The mean temperature is

expected to rise by:

0.9°C to 1.1 °C in 2020; and

1.8°C to 2.2 °C in 2050.

Rainfall is expected to increase

during the southwest monsoon

season.

(PAGASA, 2011)

Summary: Section 3

Global climate is expected to increase in

temperature by 0.4°C in the next two

decades.

In the Philippines, there will be a projected

increase in temperature.

There will be warmer days during the

summer, but more rainfall during the rainy

season.

What will

be its

impacts?

How will it affect

the different sectors

in the Philippines?Understanding climate change under

Philippine context

Coastal and Marine

Increased sea surface

temperature and sea level

rise

Impacts

50% decrease in marine capture by 2050

Coral bleaching

Corals die, and water species lose their homes

Sea level rise causes destruction

People will lose their homes

Businesses will be affected leading to less income

Migration or extinction of organisms

(PAGASA, 2011)

Projections

Health

Projections

Increases in temperature

and rainfall

Impacts

Increase in outbreaks of water-based and vector-borne diseases

Increase in number of people affected by diseases, especially the poor who live in inadequate conditions

Malnutrition is likely because of the stress in food production caused by extreme events (PAGASA 2011)

Agriculture and Food Security

Projections

Increased intensity and

frequency of extreme

events (heavy rainfall,

flood, drought)

Impacts

Malnutrition is likely because of the stress in food production (PAGASA 2011)

Increase in temperature will decrease agricultural production (NCSP)

There will be a decrease in food security

Farmers will be affected by crop loss

Less crop, less income

Water

Projections

Areas with longer drier

periods and areas with

increased rainfall.

Impacts

Areas with longer drier periods will have less water essential for daily needs and irrigation for farmers.

Less water will affect energy production from dams.

Increased rainfall can lead to floods, landslides and mudslides. This disrupt daily routines and destroy public infrastructures.

Forestry

Projections

Forests are predicted to be

influenced by temperature

increase.

Impacts

Temperature increase leads to less favorable forest conditions to support plants and animals.

Forest fires destroy homes of species and change the livelihood of communities living within the area.

Forest degradation will increase the country’s vulnerability to climate change.

Urban Infrastructure

Projections

Increased frequency of

extreme events and sea

level rise

Impacts

Urban conditions increase the risk of climate hazards, particularly for the poor residents of cities.

Infrastructures and homes will be destroyed.

Residences in affected areas will be displaced by extreme events.

Lives will be lost and more people will be injured.

Gender

Projections

Changes in temperature

and rainfall pattern and

frequency of extreme

events

Impacts

Women already have limited access to resources and restricted rights.

The female gender may have great ideas to contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation but will not have the opportunity to speak out.

(UNDP, 2013)

Energy

Projections

Changes in temperature

and rainfall patterns

Impacts

Changes will affect the

production, delivery and

consumption of energy.

Energy breakdowns

(blackouts) will increase.

It may become more and

more difficult to fix the

problems of energy

production the more

extreme events occur.

Projected Impacts on Ecosystems

(Source: IPCC 2007 AR4 WG II. Technical Summary. Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability)

Is the Philippines

vulnerable?Looking at Philippine geography and how

this adds to the risk with climate change

In a study conducted by Yusuf and Francisco in 2009, the Philippines is considered

one of the most vulnerable to climate change in Southeast Asia.

Philippines’ Vulnerability

Philippine Geography

The Philippines is an archipelago consisting of

7,107

Along the typhoon belt

70% of cities and towns are in coastal areas (CDKN

Global, 2012)

Located close to the equator, making the climate

generally warmer

The geography of the

Philippines makes it even

more vulnerable to the

impacts of disasters.

Combining a natural hazard with an ill-prepared

community leads to greater disaster. (ISDR)

Summary: Section 4

Coastal and Marine: Temperature increase has caused coral

bleaching and decreased marine capture

Health: More water and vector-borne diseases

Agriculture and food security: Decrease in food production as

temperature increase

Water: Less water leading to droughts, increased rainfall

leading to floods and infrastructure destruction

Forestry: Animals and plants will lose their homes

Summary: Section 4

Urban and Infrastructure: Magnified risk of floods,

especially for the poverty-stricken areas

Gender: Less freedom between genders to

contribute ideas to addressing climate change

Energy: Disruptions in production and delivery of

energy

Philippines has increased vulnerability due to its

geography.

How are

we going to

respond?

Energy-related CO2

emissions are projected to

increase by 36% by 2030.Most of these emissions come from only a handful of

countries, majority of which are developed

countries. (PEW)

Many people have been

pushing for the

mitigation of climate

change for many years.Climate change, specifically global warming, was already an

issue that was raised in the early 1900’s. There was not enough

support to convince people to mitigate its effects since the

impacts were not felt during these times yet.

What is mitigation?

It is the effort of people to reduce the emissions

they contribute to climate change. (CCC)

This is achieved by decreasing the greenhouse

gases through:

developing low-energy technologies

Reducing energy consumption

Switching to renewable energy

Preserving natural biomes that capture carbon dioxide

(ISDR)

Examples of Mitigation Projects

The effects of climate

change have been rapidly

increasing to the point that

mitigation is not enough.

We must learn to adapt.

Response to Address Climate Change

The impacts are inevitable. They will happen, no

matter how great the efforts will be to mitigate

climate change.

Due to the fact that the Philippines has been so

vulnerable to climate change, mitigation efforts

will not be able to keep up with the increasing

effects.

With this in mind, adaptation is key in dealing with

climate change.

What is adaptation?

Adaptation is adjusting our human habits and

lifestyles in response to climate change and its effects.

Communities can adapt by:

preparing risk assessments

protecting ecosystems

improving agricultural methods

managing water resources

building settlements in safe zones

instituting better building designs

(ISDR)

What has been done?

What is being done?

This has been a call for global efforts,

first from the developed countries…

Global Efforts

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) the foundation of global efforts to combat global warming; opened

for signature in 1992 at the Rio Earth Summit; has almost universal membership with 195 governments having ratified the Convention

Kyoto Protocol All participating industrialized countries are required to “reduce

emissions on average 5.2 percent below 1990 levels by 2008–2012”; ratified by 182 countries (includes all developed countries except the USA)

Even emissions from

developing countries are

rising faster than those

from developed countries.“Their per capita emissions, however, will remain much lower than those of developed countries. Despite being surpassed by China as

the largest annual emitter of GHGs in 2006, the United States accounts for 30 percent of cumulative energy-related CO2

emissions since 1850 while China accounts for 9 percent.” (PEW)

Renewable Energy

Local Efforts: Mitigation

Geothermal Hydropower

Wind

Source: http://www.energy.com.ph/

Source: http://www.energy.com.ph/

Source: http://businessmirror.com.ph/

Solar

Source: http://business.inquirer.net/

Local Efforts: MitigationLand Use, Land Use Change and Forestry

Source: www.energy.com.ph - Source:www.lwua.gov.ph

Reforestation Programs

Agroforestry

Local Efforts: Adaptation

Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Act of 2010 (RA 10121) Law that emphasizes the shift from disaster response to

disaster risk reduction

Addressing adaptation through improving poor urban

planning, poor solid waste management, etc.

Climate Change Act of 2009created by the Climate Change Commission

sole policy-making body of the government tasked to

coordinate, monitor and evaluate plans to address

climate change

(SEPO)

Local Efforts: Adaptation

There are several initiatives from

different sectors like:

National Agencies (e.g. DA and DENR

Philippine Climate Change Adaptation

Project)

Local Government (e.g. Albay Province’

CCA and DRR initiatives)

Communities (e.g. community-based

adaptation: agriculture, agroforestry,

rainwater harvesting)

Private Sector (ABS-CBN’s Kapit Bisig para

sa Ilog Pasig)

How can YOU help address the

impacts of climate change?

Check your Carbon Footprint

You’ll never know how much you can save until you know how much you’re using up.

WWF Philippines can help you calculate your carbon footprint.

Getting an idea of how much you contribute will give you ways on how to reduce it.

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

Manufacturing products and throwing them away as waste is one of the big contributors to our degrading environment.

Reduce your consumption.

Reuse what you have or sell and donate them instead of throwing them away.

Find the recycling centerclosest to you!

Conserve Water

A person consumes an

average of 70 gallons of

water per day. (WWF,

2013)

Turn off the faucet when

it’s not in use.

Keep your showers short.

Kindly decline water in

restaurants if you don’t

plan on drinking it.

Choose Green Travelling

If a place is close

enough, choose

walking over driving. It

reduces carbon

emissions and gives

you good exercise.

Find ways to commute

instead of taking a car.

If you must take a car,

look for people you

can carpool with.

Decrease Energy Use

There are appliances that still

consume energy when plugged in.

Unplug them to make sure you are

not consuming wasted energy.

Choose green appliances. Products

like solar-powered clocks and phone

chargers are available on the

market!

Turn your house on full clean energy

and convert to using solar panels.

Prepare a Survival Pack

Due to the unpredictable

change in climate, it is

important to always be ready.

Have a survival pack prepared

with canned food, extra

clothes, medicine, water, etc.

Keep a list of the emergency

hotlines.

Check Get Ready Pinas for

more details.

Learn and Inform

Keep yourself informed of

the climate situation in the

Philippines.

Learn more about how else

you can help mitigate and

adapt to climate change.

You can do this through

volunteer work as well.

Inform others and help

them understand how they

can reduce their impacts to

climate change.

Summary: Section 5

Mitigation is the human effort to reduce emissions

that contribute to climate change.

Adaptation has become necessary, especially for a

disaster-prone country like the Philippines.

Adaptation is adjusting human lifestyle in response

to climate change.

Mitigation and adaptation efforts have been taking

place locally and globally.

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Produced by:

Team:

Alexandra Beatrice Cancio, Rafaela Jane Delfino, Rodel Lasco, Perlyn

Pulhin, Luigi Toda

For more information, contact us at [email protected]

Citation: The Oscar M. Lopez Center Climate Change and Disaster Risk

Management Foundation, Inc., 2013. Climate Change 101. Climate

Knowledge Portal for the Philippines. (Url here)