NOXIOUS WEEDS - Sutherland Shire · NOXIOUS WEEDS The Noxious Weeds Act 1993 is an instrument serving the protection of our environment, general health of the community and agricultural

NOXIOUS WEEDSIN SUTHERLAND SHIRE

Identifying and controlling noxious weeds found in urban areas and bushland throughout Sutherland Shire

CONTENTSWhy are weeds such a problem? ............................. 1Plant physiology and ecology .................................. 2Council programs .................................................. 4 Pest species....................................................... 4 Noxious weed control program ............................. 4 Greenweb .......................................................... 5 Sutherland Shire Community Nursery ................... 5 Bushcare ........................................................... 6Council’s noxious weed policy and strategy .............. 7Noxious weeds ..................................................... 8 Control methods ................................................. 9 Weedclassifications ......................................... 10 Noxious weed declarations for Sutherland Shire ... 11

African olive ........ 16Alligator weed ...... 17Asthma weed or

Pellitory ............ 18Bitou bush .......... 19Blackberry ........... 20Boneseed ............ 21Bridal creeper ...... 22Broad-leaf pepper

tree .................. 23Cape broom or

Montpellier broom .............. 24

Castor oil plant .... 25Cat’s claw creeper .. 26Chinese celtis ...... 27Chilean needle

grass ................ 28Green cestrum ..... 29Gorse .................. 30Grey sallow ......... 31

Honey locust ....... 32Lantana .............. 33Primrose willow ... 34Long-leaf willow

primrose .......... 35Pampas grass ...... 36Paper mulberry .... 37Prickly pear,

Hudson pear and Harrisia cactus .. 38

Large leaf privet ... 39Small leaf privet ... 40Rhus tree, Wax

tree .................. 41Salvinia ............... 42Senegal tea plant .. 43Serrated tussock .. 44St John’s wort ...... 45Tropical soda

apple ............... 46

Water hyacinth .... 47

How you can help ............................................... 48Identify a weed ................................................... 49Contacts ................................................. back cover

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WHY ARE WEEDS SUCH A PROBLEM?

Traditionally weeds have been thought of as a problem of the rural sector where they posed economic restraints on the land holder.

In urban communities, weeds were considered a ‘nuisance’ rather than a hazard as they supposedly posed no economic, environmental or health problems in those areas.

During the last decade the community has become more aware of problems associated with noxious weeds. Increase in public concern about land degradation, allergenic weeds and deterioration of the environment has resulted in a shift in urban community attitudes regarding noxious and environmental weeds.

The long-term solution to noxious weeds problems lies with all stake-holders:

• state government• local government• NSW Dept of Primary

Industries

• statutory authorities• private land holders• Bushcare groups• the community

all working together using effective and legal weed control practices.

Cover (clockwise from top left): Asparagus fern, Gorse, Chinese celtis, Cape broom. Below: Pampas grass.

2

To have effective weed management, you need an understanding of each weed’s physiology and ecology.Weeds have optimal growing conditions of temperature, light, moisture and soil types.Weed dispersal and proliferation depends on the plant’s ability to spread.Each weed has a different combination of dispersal methods; the rate of spread or dispersal may depend on:• wind• water,especiallynutrifiedurbanrunoff• birds and animals• physical transplanting by human activities• rubbish dumping• inappropriate urban development

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY

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• inappropriatefireregimes• movement by domestic, commercial and

recreational vehicles and heavy machinery.Noxious weeds tend to have a broad geographical range andnon-specificenvironmentalrequirements.Thisallows them to establish in a wide variety of habitats.Theymayalsoproducelargequantitiesofseedwithhigh viability and multiple dispersal vectors.Understanding the reproductive capability, methods of propagation and weed dispersal vectors is essential to form a strategy for each species and thus minimise reinfestation and further spread.

Left: Illegal dumping in the Shire. Right: Broad-leaf pepper tree.

4

PEST SPECIESPest species can have serious environmental, social and economic impacts on the local environment. They compete with indigenous fauna for food, habitat and shelter. Pest species play a major part in the spread of noxious weeds.Council staff conduct control programs for pest species like foxes, Indian myna birds, rabbits, cane toads, deer, foxes and goats. The aim is to protect endangered ecological communities and threatened species across the Shire.

NOXIOUS WEED CONTROL PROGRAMSutherland Shire Council is part of the South West Sydney Weeds Committee to ensure an integrated approach to noxious weed management and control, through:• surveys to establish the size and distribution of

noxious weed infestations• producing educational material, workshops and

mediabriefings• assisting residents/occupiers to manage noxious weeds• implementing control operations on Council-controlled

land• supporting research studies to investigate possible

future management opportunities such as biological and chemical controls

• inspections of private property and legal enforcement under the Noxious Weeds Act 1993.

COUNCIL PROGRAMS

Contact information on back cover

Below: spraying noxious weeds. Top right: schools participating in Greenweb. Below right: Council’s community nursery.

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These programs enhance and protect the local environment from invasive plants and animal pests. Some are undertaken by Council staff, others run in conjunction with the community.

GREENWEbTheGreenwebprogramidentifieskeyareasofShirebushland habitat. It establishes corridors to connect them, so plants and animals can move between them easily to help maintain healthy populations and diversity. Greenweb operates on public and private land, but the main target is private property owners, particularly those in the Greenweb network. The program complements the Bushcare program’s focus on the Shire’s public land.

SUTHERLAND SHIRE COMMUNITY NURSERYCouncil’s community nursery is open to the public and stocks, at wholesale prices, a variety of plants indigenous to the Shire. Plants are sourced from local species through seed and cutting collection by Bushcare volunteers. Stock is perfect for Shire gardens and planting projects. The Nursery is open to the public 7am-3pm Monday to Friday.

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bUSHCAREBushcare is a volunteer program with the aim of preserving and regenerating bushland on Council land. Volunteers work under the direction of Council’s Bushland Unit in accordance with recognised bush-regeneration techniques.Itisahands-onvolunteeringprogram.TheenvironmentalbenefitsofBushcarearethatit:• protectsindigenousflora,faunaandremnant

vegetation• rehabilitates natural areas for future generations• encourages active community involvement to manage

bushland areas.

bushcare volunteersSutherland Shire’s Bushcare program is one of the largest in Sydney with more than 700 volunteers involved in caring for over 120 bushland reserves. Community involvement in Bushcare is essential to help restore and preserve the approximately 3,000 hectares of natural areas in the Shire. Gain experience, keep your mind and body active and meet newpeople.Bushcarevolunteersbenefitby:• getting actively involved and learning skills to manage

Sutherland Shire’s bushland• learning about environmental issues and methods

used to minimise their impact• getting hands-on experience to enhance further

education or a career change.

Below: local Bushcare volunteers.

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Council has a Noxious Weed Policy and Strategy for dealing with noxious weeds in the Sutherland Shire. Its objectives are to:

1. identify, conserve and enhance biodiversity, environmental health, natural heritage and landscape amenity

2. increase public awareness of the impact of noxious weeds on the community and the social, economic and environment costs of noxious weeds

3. facilitate education to the community in the best methods of control and eradication of noxious weeds

4. protect habitat from degradation caused by noxious weed infestation

5. developanefficientandeffectiveCounciladministration,includingprovisionofadequaterecordkeeping and technology to ensure integrated management of noxious weeds

6. plan and implement effective long- and short-term noxious weeds eradication and control programs

7. reduce spread/impact of noxious weeds to an acceptablelevelforpublicbenefitonprivateproperty and Council land

8. ensurethatappropriateandadequateongoingtraining is provided for weed control staff

9. assist Council with the implementation of its obligations under the Noxious Weeds Act 1993

10. develop strong relationships with other natural resource managers and statutory authorities having responsibilities in, or adjacent to, the Council’s area of operations

11. identify options for funding of noxious weed control programs on Council and private property

12. improve effectiveness of Council’s regulatory role in regardstorequirementsundertheNoxiousWeedsAct 1993.

COUNCIL’S NOXIOUS WEED POLICY AND STRATEGY

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NOXIOUSWEEDS

Photos courtesy of NSW Department of Primary Industries: page 16 (left), 18 (left). 19 (left), 20 (left), 22 (right), 28 (both), 29 (left), 31 (both), 36 (right), 40 (left), 47 (left).

Photos of paper mulberry (page 37) courtesy of Kim Curtis, Far North Coast Weeds.

Control methods and symbols shown throughout this section courtesy of Sydney Weeds (sydneyweeds.org.au).

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CONTROL METHODSEach of the following weed pages includes symbols indicating which control methods, shown below, to use.

HAND REMOvALSuitable for plants which regrow from bulbs, tubers or other plant parts (such as runners). Hand pull or dig the seedlings.

STEM SCRAPESuitable for vines and some woody plants. Scrape one side of the stem to expose the growing layer; apply glyphosate-based herbicide immediately to the scrape.

CUT AND PAINTSuitable for vines without aerial tubers. Cut all stems and apply glyphosate-based herbicide immediately.

CUT STUMPSuitable for woody plants. Cut the trunk and apply glyphosate-based herbicide immediately.

FRILLSuitable for trees. Make horizontal cuts around the trunk to depth of growing layer and apply glyphosate-based herbicide immediately.

LOW vOLUME SPRAYINGSuitable for weeds that are less than 1m in height. Spray with a herbicide that is registered for that weed. Do not spray woody weeds, shrubs or vines over 1m in height.

bIOLOGICAL CONTROLBiocontrol agents are available for this weed. Biocontrol is important, but is also expensive and needs to be coordinated closely to ensure that maximum success is obtained in establishing the agent and controlling the weed. Biocontrol is not appropriate for use on individual properties. For more information, contact your local Council.

Always use herbicides according to the product label. Contact Council for further information and advice on spraying weeds with herbicide.

B

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NOXIOUS WEEDSThe Noxious Weeds Act 1993 is an instrument serving the protection of our environment, general health of the community and agricultural production. Under the Act all noxious weeds must be controlled. The act applies to all landowners and occupiers.

WEEDS OF NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCEThirty-twoWeedsofNationalSignificance(WoNS)havebeenidentifiedbyAustraliangovernmentsbasedontheirinvasiveness, potential for spread and environmental, social and economic impacts. A list of 20 WoNS was endorsed in 1999 and a further 12 were added in 2012. All WoNS are a priority for control in the Sutherland Shire Council area regardless of whether they are a declared Noxious Weed. These weeds are:

• African boxthorn• Alligator weed• Asparagus weeds• Athel pine• Bellyache bush• Bitou bush/boneseed• Blackberry• Bridal creeper• Brooms• Cabomba• Cat’s claw creeper• Chilean needle grass• Fireweed• Gamba grass• Gorse• Hymenachne• Lantana

• Madeira vine• Mesquite• Mimosa• Opuntioid cacti

(Prickly pear)• Parkinsonia• Parthenium weed• Pond apple• Prickly acacia• Rubber vine• Sagittaria• Salvinia• Serrated tussock• Silverleaf nightshade• Water hyacinth• Willows.

ENvIRONMENTAL WEEDSThese have not been declared noxious, but it is still important that environmental weeds be destroyed, as they can also affect human health, or can be invasive inthenaturalenvironmentkillingthenativefloraandreducing the natural biodiversity. Native animals may also be affected due to the loss of their natural habitat.

WEED CLASSIFICATIONS

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The table below is taken from Weed Control Orders, published in the NSW Government Gazette, which detail weeds declared noxious in NSW under the Noxious Weeds Act 1993. This lists the weed, control class and controlrequirementsforeachspeciesdeclaredinaLocalControl Area.

LegendClass Explanation

1 The plant must be eradicated from the land and the land must be kept free of the plant. This is an All of NSW declaration.

2 The plant must be eradicated from the land and the land must be kept free of the plant.

3 The plant must be fully and continuously suppressed and destroyed

4 The plant must not be sold, propagated or knowingly distributed.

5 TherequirementsintheNoxiousWeedsAct1993foranotifiableweedmustbecompliedwith.Thisis an All of NSW declaration.

Common name botanical name ClassAfrican boxthorn Lycium ferocissimum 4 African feathergrass Pennisetum macrourum 5 African olive Olea europaea subspecies

cuspidata (syn. Olea europaea subspecies africana)

4

African turnip weed Sisymbrium runcinatum 5 African turnip weed Sisymbrium thellungii 5 Alligator weed Alternanthera philoxeroides 3 Anchored water hyacinth

Eichhornia azurea 1

Annual ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia 5 Arrowhead Sagittaria calycina variety

calycina (syn. Sagittaria montevidensis subspecies calycina)

4

NOXIOUS WEED DECLARATIONS FOR SUTHERLAND SHIRE

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Common name botanical name ClassArtichoke thistle Cynara cardunculus 5 Asparagus Asparagus species 4 Asparagus fern Asparagus virgatus (syn.

Protasparagus virgatus)2

Athel tree/Athel pine Tamarix aphylla 5 Bear-skin fescue Festuca gautieri 5 Bitou bush Chrysanthemoides monilifera

subspecies rotundata4

Black knapweed Centaurea xmoncktonii 1 Black willow Salix nigra 2 Blackberry Rubus fruticosus aggregate

species4

Boneseed Chrysanthemoides monilifera subspecies monilifera

1

Bridal creeper Asparagus asparagoides (syn. Myrisphyllum asparagoides, Asparagus medeoloides)

4

Bridal veil creeper Asparagus declinatus (syn. Asparagus crispus, Myrsiphyllum declinatum)

1

Broad-leaf pepper tree

Schinus terebinthifolius 2

Broomrapes Orobanche species except the native O. cernua variety australiana and O. minor

1

Burr ragweed Ambrosia confertiflora 5 Cabomba All Cabomba species except

C. furcata 5

Castor oil plant Ricinus communis 4 Cat’s claw creeper Dolichandra unguis-cati (syn.

Macfadyena unguis-cati)4

Cayenne snakeweed Stachytarpheta cayennensis 5 Chilean needle grass

Nassella neesiana 4

Chinese celtis Celtis sinensis 4 Chinese violet Asystasia gangetica

subspecies micrantha 1

Climbing asparagus Asparagus africanus 2 Climbing asparagus fern

Asparagus plumosus (syn. Protasparagus plumosus)

4

Clockweed Gaura parviflora 5 Corn sowthistle Sonchus arvensis 5

13

Common name botanical name ClassDodder All Cuscuta species except

the native species C. australis, C. tasmanica and C. victoriana Includes All Cuscuta species except the native species C. australis, C. tasmanica and C. victoriana

5

Espartillo Amelichloa brachychaeta, Amelichloa caudata

5

Eurasian water milfoil

Myriophyllum spicatum 1

Fine-bristled burr grass

Cenchrus brownii 5

Fireweed Senecio madagascariensis 4 Flax-leaf broom Genista linifolia 4 Fountain grass Pennisetum setaceum 5 Frogbit / Spongeplant

Limnobium laevigatum and L. spongia

1

Gallon’s curse Cenchrus biflorus 5 Gamba grass Andropogon gayanus 5 Giant reed / Elephant grass

Arundo donax 4

Glaucous star thistle Carthamus glaucus 5 Golden thistle Scolymus hispanicus 5 Gorse Ulex europaeus 3 Green cestrum Cestrum parqui 3 Grey sallow Salix cinerea 2 Ground asparagus Asparagus aethiopicus (syn.

Protasparagus aethiopicus) 4

Groundsel bush Baccharis halimifolia 3 Harrisia cactus Harrisia species 4 Hawkweed Hieracium species 1 Heteranthera / Kidneyleaf mud plantain

Heteranthera reniformis 1

Honey locust Gleditsia triacanthos 3 Horsetail Equisetum species 1 Hydrocotyl / Water pennywort

Hydrocotyl ranunculoides 1

Hygrophila Hygrophila costata 2 Hymenachne Hymenachne amplexicaulis

and hybrids1

Karroo thorn Acacia karroo 1

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Common name botanical name ClassKochia Bassia scoparia (syn. Kochia

scoparia) except B. scoparia subspecies trichophylla except Bassia scoparia subspecies trichophylla

1

Koster’s curse / Clidemia

Clidemia hirta 1

Kudzu Pueraria lobata 2 Lagarosiphon Lagarosiphon major 1 Lantana Lantana species 4 Leafy elodea / Dense waterweed / Egeria

Egeria densa (syn. Elodea densa)

4

Lippia Phyla canescens 4 Long-leaf willow primrose

Ludwigia longifolia 3

Ludwigia Ludwigia peruviana 3 Mexican feather grass

Nassella tenuissima 1

Mexican poppy Argemone mexicana 5 Miconia Miconia species 1 Mikania vine Mikania micrantha 1 Mimosa Mimosa pigra 1 Ming (Pom pom / Zig zag) asparagus fern

Asparagus macowanii var. zuluensis (syn. A. retrofractus)

2

Montpellier broom / Cape broom

Genista monspessulana 3

Mossman River grass

Cenchrus echinatus 5

Mysore thorn Caesalpinia decapetala 3 Pampas grass Cortaderia species 3 Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera 2 Parthenium weed Parthenium hysterophorus 1 Pond apple Annona glabra 1 Prickly acacia Vachellia nilotica (syn. Acacia

nilotica)1

Prickly pear Opuntia species except O. ficus-indica

4

Prickly pear Cylindropuntia species 4 Privet (Broad-leaf) Ligustrum lucidum 4 Privet (Narrow-leaf/Chinese)

Ligustrum sinense 4

15

Common name botanical name ClassRed rice Oryza rufipogon 5 Rhus tree Toxicodendron succedaneum

(syn. Toxicodendron succedanea, Rhus succedanea)

4

Rubber vine Cryptostegia grandiflora 1 Sagittaria Sagittaria platyphylla (syn.

Sagittaria graminea variety platyphylla)

4

Salvinia Salvinia molesta 2 Scotch broom / English broom

Cytisus scoparius subspecies scoparius

4

Senegal tea plant Gymnocoronis spilanthoides 1 Serrated tussock Nassella trichotoma 4 Siam weed Chromolaena odorata 1 Sicklethorn Asparagus falcatus 2 Silver-leaf nightshade

Solanum elaeagnifolium 4

Smooth-stemmed turnip

Brassica barrelieri subspecies oxyrrhina

5

Soldier thistle Picnomon acarna 5 Spotted knapweed Centaurea stoebe subspecies

micranthos 1

St John’s wort Hypericum perforatum 4 Texas blueweed Helianthus ciliaris 5 Tropical soda apple Solanum viarum 1 Water caltrop Trapa species 1 Water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes 2 Water lettuce Pistia stratiotes 1 Water soldier Stratiotes aloides 1 Willows Salix species except S.

babylonica, S. xreichardtii, S. xcalodendron, S. cinerea and S. nigra Includes all Salix species except S. babylonica, S. x reichardtii, S. x calodendron

4

Witchweed Striga species except the native Striga parviflora

1

Yellow burrhead Limnocharis flava 1 Yellow nutgrass Cyperus esculentus 5

Declarations list correct as of 9 December 2014

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AFRICAN OLIVEOlea europeaea ssp cuspidata

A common garden escapee as it was used as an ornamental in homes and nurseries. Tall branching shrub or sometimes a small tree, it can form dense thickets 2-15m high with smooth grey bark. African olive has wilting branchlets and dark green, glossy, elongated oval-shaped leaves, 5-10cm long with a curved tip. Leaves can also have small tooth-like features on margins towards the tip. Younger leaves have tiny brown scales on the underside and are insmallclusters.Whitetubularflowerswithfivepetals,6-8mm diameter, borne around late spring at junction of the stem. Its succulent green berries (olives) ripen to red then black from late autumn to winter.

EFFECTS ON THE ENvIRONMENTAfricanoliveproducesfruitandflowersprolifically.This ensures that the dispersal is carried out over large distances, with the assistance of feeding birds and other animals. African olive plants will grow in dense colonies, infesting and overpowering native bushland. The wilting branches of the plant shade native plants from sunlight and the plants themselves vigorously compete with native plants for water and nutrients in the surrounding area. The seeds also have the ability to germinate under heavy shade.

HAbITATA major environmental weed, particularly on clay soils in Western Sydney and various other soils near the coast. Grows in most circumstances; full sun, heavy shade, moist or dry conditions and thrives in moist shady sites on riverbanks. Foxes and birds eat the olives as a staple food.

CONTROL METHOD

Class 4

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ALLIGATOR WEEDAltemanthera philoxeroides

* WEED OF NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE *Alligatorweedisanaquaticandterrestrialperennialherb.Large mats of interwoven stems develop from plants near stream banks and extend over the water surface. Its stems are green-brown, 10-70cm long and hollow with leaves that are dark green, opposite, obovate/narrow-elliptical 2-7cm long and 5-40mm wide. Roots produced at the nodes attach to soil and hang in water. Flowers are papery white, in a rounded compact spike, which is borne on a peduncle up to 3cm long rising from the leaf axils. Propagation occurs from stem fragments. Growth and regrowth commences in early spring with rapid growth during summer. As winter approaches emergent stems lose their leaves and, becoming prostrate, thicken the vegetative mat providing the base for the next season’s growth.

EFFECTS ON THE ENvIRONMENTAlligator weed has been described as one of the world’s worst weeds, due to its vigorous growth habit and its abilitytoestablishinbothaquaticandterrestrialforms.Theweed’spotentialimpactsonnaturalaquaticsystems,the agricultural industry and urban drainage systems are enormous.Controliscostlyandrequiresongoingtreatmentof infestations over a number of years.

HAbITATIt thrives in shallow drainage ditches, canals, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, swamps and wet or occasionally inundated pastures.

CONTROL METHOD B

Class 3

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Pellitory is a perennial herb that grows to one metre high. The leaves are alternate, pointed, olive green and covered withfinewhitehairs.Thetinyflowersclusterintheleafaxils.Underidealconditionstheplantflowerstheyearround but peak pollen production is in spring and autumn. The plant’s underground root system is extensive and becomes woody with age. The plant regenerates if the top is damaged or removed. Every year each mature plant produces thousands of small black seeds. They are spread by water, wind, within soil particles adhering to vehicles, andbyseedsadheringtoanimalsandequipment.

EFFECTS ON THE ENvIRONMENTPellitory can cause skin reactions in susceptible people when touched. The pollen causes allergic rhinitis, asthma and conjunctivitis, which are exacerbated by the long floweringseason.Peoplewhoaresensitivetoothercommon allergenic substances such as grass pollens are at high risk of becoming allergic to pellitory. Pellitory is a vigorous weed in disturbed coastal areas and will form dense stands which out-compete native vegetation.

HAbITATPellitory will grow almost anywhere, from full sun to shade. It tends to favour rock walls, cracks in pathways and damp places, and often grows in association with native species. It is most common in areas where the ground has been disturbed, and will invade urban bushland. It thrives on industrial and urban land where it has become entrenched intheweedflora.

ASTHMA WEED OR PELLITORYParietaria judaica

CONTROL METHOD

Class 4

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BITOU BUSHChrysanthemoides monilifera ssp rotundata

CONTROL METHOD

* WEED OF NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE *A perennial sprawling shrub, it grows 1-2m high and reproduces from seed. Leaves are alternate, bright green, usually smooth-edged or only slightly toothed and pointed at the tip, and practically hairless although young leaves have a cottony down. Flowers bright yellow with 11-13 petals.Theplantflowersintermittentlyallyear,butmainfloweringisMay-July.Itproducessphericalberrieswhichhanginclusters;duringripeningthegreenfleshyberriesturn black. It produces up to 50,000 seeds per plant per year which can be spread by birds, foxes, ants and rabbits.

EFFECTS ON THE ENvIRONMENT Aneffectivecoloniseronsandysoils,itquicklydominatesexisting vegetation, forming almost pure stands in many areastothedetrimentofnativefloraandfaunaspecies.Densestandsimpedetrafficalongpathsandcanalternaturalfireregimes.Pestanimalssuchasrabbitsandfoxesshelter in large stands and compete with native animals for resources. The dominant weed of coastal vegetation in NSW, it is listed as a key threatening process to biodiversity under the Threatened Species Conservation Act (1995).

HAbITATBitou bush has become an aggressive invader of Australian native coastal ecosystems and is not restricted by climate. It prefers sandy or medium textured soils and disturbed situations, particularly near the sea where it tolerates saline conditions. Recorded up to 10km inland, and occasionally occupies disturbed edges and roadsides close to the coast.

B

Class 4

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BLACKBERRYRubus fruticosus aggregate species

* WEED OF NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE *A prickly perennial shrub, its stems consist of erect arching or trailing canes growing to 7m. Soft and green at the tips changing to woody reddish to dark green in the mature sections and covered in prickles 3-5mm long. Leaves arealternatewith3-5toothedovateleaflets,theupperside dark green and underneath lighter often with hairs. Blackberryhasclustersofwhitetopinkflowers2-3cmdiametereachwithfivepetals,seenNovembertoFebruary.Fruit is a berry 1-3cm diameter, consisting of numerous drupelets, each holding one seed. The seed is light to dark brown, triangular and deeply pitted. Berries appear December to April changing from green to red to black as they ripen. A majority of the roots occur within 20cm of the surface, but have been known to occur up to 1m deep. The rootshaveawell-definedwoodycrownatgroundlevel.

EFFECTS ON THE ENvIRONMENTForming thick dense thickets, blackberry excludes all indigenous vegetation thus destroying native animal habitat and creating a favourable environment for feral animals such as rabbits and foxes. Dead plants and large patches canbeafirehazard.

HAbITATBest suited to humid and sub-humid temperate regions with fertile soils and average annual rainfall greater than 750mm.Toleratesfullsun,shade,frost,droughtandfire.Found in disturbed areas in the Shire especially along creek lines. Prefers alluvial soils but will grow in sandstone areas.

CONTROL METHOD B

Class 4

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BONESEEDChrysanthemoides monilifera subsp monilifera

* WEED OF NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE * Boneseed grows up to about 3m tall with a width up to 6m wide. Leaves are oval, tapering at the base with toothed edges 3-9cm long and 2-5cm wide. Juvenile leaves are whiteandwoollyontheunderside.Theflowersareabrightyellow, daisy-like shape with 5-8 petals. They grow in clusters at the branch tips and are 1.5-3cms in diameter. Flowering begins in July through to September/October. Fruitsareberry-like,8mmindiameter,fleshygreenordarkbrown to black, maturing over spring to summer. Each berry contains one seed.

EFFECTS ON THE ENvIRONMENT Boneseed invades and eliminates native vegetation to form dense stands and can produce seed within two years of germination. A mature plant can produce 50,000 seeds annually which remain viable in soil for at least 10 years. Of particular concern is this plant’s ability to invade stable environments as well as disturbed edges.

HAbITATBoneseed thrives in disturbed, drier areas inland from the coast. In the Shire it is found on ridgelines and exposed hillsides. Boneseed is capable of invading and dominating the understorey of forests and bushland areas including coastal areas. It will also invade disturbed areas especially industrial land and transport corridors (road and rail).

CONTROL METHOD B

Class 1

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BRIDAL CREEPERAsparagus asparagoides

*WEED OF NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE*A cool season perennial, dormant during hot, dry conditions. When actively growing, 87% of the plant is below ground. Leaves on stalks 1-7cm long; each leaf section oval with apointedtip,shinywithfineveins.Flowerswhitewithsixpetals that curl back and hang from small stalks. Blossom appears winter to early spring. Fruit forms as a berry 10mm diameter containing up to nine seeds. Initially green, ripens to red and matures to black as the stem dies. Stems round, 1-2mm diameter, numerous and multi-branched, shiny green, to 3m long. Roots tuberous attached to branching rhizomes, growing in clumps that can exceed 30cm diameter and grow to a depth of 10cm.

EFFECTS ON THE ENvIRONMENTForms an impenetrable network of twining stems and smothers growth from ground level to 4m high, which excludes native vegetation. Its water storage tubers strongly compete with native plants. Below ground, rhizome clumps and tuber mats establish to 10cm deep. These break easily makingremovalandherbicideuseverydifficult.Atreatedsitecanrequiremonitoringforuptosixyears.

HAbITATThrives in light, well-drained soil in shaded position but grows in diverse habitats, soils and climates. Invades dry and wet forest, mallee shrublands, creek and riverbanks, citrus orchards, roadsides and coastal vegetation. Tolerates part shade, drought conditions and most soils including saline. Frequentlyfoundinrough,steepterrainanddegradedland.

CONTROL METHOD B

Class 4

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BROAD-LEAF PEPPER TREESchinus terebinthifolius

CONTROL METHOD

A broad-topped, fast growing, multi-stemmed shrub or small tree 1-6m tall. Plants are male or female and have leaves that are alternate, dark green, with 4-12 opposite leafletsandaterminalleaflet.Leavesoftenhaveawingedmidrib.Flowerssmallandgreenishyellow.Femaleflowersare followed by clusters of green berries that turn red when ripe 4-5mm wide and contain a single kidney-shaped seed. Leaves and berries have a pepper smell, especially when crushed, and may be toxic to humans and animals.

EFFECTS ON THE ENvIRONMENTInvades native vegetation and disturbed areas to form dense stands and dominate understorey vegetation. Out-competes and replaces native grasses, ground covers and shrubs. Shade tolerant. Spreads rapidly on waterlogged or poorly drained soils, but will grow on drier land in higher rainfall areas. Contains toxic resins; related to the rhus tree and poison ivy. Some people suffer severe itching, lesions, rashes, reddening, swelling of the face, running sores and welts associatedwiththesapandfloweringtrees.Rarelyeatenbylivestock but reportedly toxic to some animals and birds.

HAbITATHas potential to become a major environmental weed, particularly in damp coastal areas, along banks of waterways, mangroves, open forests and sand dunes. Grows in most circumstances, full sun or heavy shade, moist or dry conditions and thrives in disturbed or moist shady sites in riparian areas. Bats and many introduced birds eat the fruit as a staple food.

Class 2

24

CAPE BROOM OR MONTPELLIER BROOMGenista monspessulana

CONTROL METHOD

* WEED OF NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE * A woody perennial many-branched shrub 3+ metres that forms dense thickets. Leaves shortly stalked, mainly hairy on under side, in groups of three 5–30mm long. Numerous smallyellowpeaflowersoccurinclustersonendsofbranchlets,mainlyfloweringspringandsummer.Seedpodis small brown and densely hairy; seeds hard, black and shiny. Other species in this family are similar in appearance andcanbedifficulttotellapart,suchasflax-leafbroom(Genista linifolia) and Madeira broom (Genista stenopetala).

EFFECTS ON THE ENvIRONMENTThehugequantitiesofseedanddistanceofseeddispersalgive it potential to become a major weed, particularly in urban bushland. Smothers desirable vegetation, reducing native regeneration and pasture stocking rates. Forms dense thickets which block access for humans and stock but harbour feral animals eg. rabbits, foxes and deer, and increasebushfireriskviaincreasedfuelload.

HAbITATOften dense on river banks, forest margins, roadsides and other disturbed areas; will also invade pastures and native vegetation. Grows on a wide range of soil types and flourishesinareaswithannualrainfallover500mm.Seedsejected with considerable force from pod when it opens and may disperse several metres from parent plant, or can be locally dispersed by ants. Also dispersed via slashing, water, farm machinery and vehicles, contaminated agricultural products, and animals moving through infested areas.

Class 3

25

CASTOR OIL PLANTRicinus communis

CONTROL METHOD

A tall robust shrub to 3m high which reproduces by seed. Stems are dull pale green tinged with red. They are stout, hollow and branching. Leaves are glossy dark red to reddish brown when young, and become glossy green when mature. The leaf blade is divided into 7-9 serrated lobes, each with a prominent midvein radiating from the point of attachment of the leaf stalk. The leaves have a nauseating odour when crushed. Castor oil plant has small reddish greenflowers.Thefruitsarealsoreddishgreenandroundin a softly spined capsule 1-3cm diameter, consisting of three segments each containing one seed. (May cause death if ingested.)

EFFECTS ON THE ENvIRONMENT The seeds of castor oil plant are highly toxic and temporary blindnessmayoccurifthesapissquirtedintotheeyes.Plants grow vigorously in disturbed areas and out-compete native species for resources thus excluding them.

HAbITATCastor oil plant prefers warm–temperate and sub-tropical regions. It commonly occurs along gullies, watercourses and roadsides as well as in vacant blocks and other disused areas.

Class 4

26

CAT’S CLAW CREEPERDolichandra unguis-cati

* WEED OF NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE *A perennial climber, forming thick masses with woody stems. Stems extend 20+ metres with a three-pronged tendril 10–15mm long with stiff tips that form hooks (like a cat’s claws)thataidinclimbing.Largeyellowtrumpetflowersinclusters,floweringinspring.Rootsaremuchbranchedandproduce tubers at intervals along their length that can be up to 40cm long; each can produce multiple stems. Winged seeds 2–4cm long in a capsule 15–45cm long.

EFFECTS ON THE ENvIRONMENTA serious weed that will smother large trees and shrubs. Especially troublesome along coastal and hinterland streams in Queensland and northern NSW. Due to the huge quantitiesofseedproducedandreproducingvegetatively,ithas potential to become a major weed, particularly in urban bushland along the east coast.

HAbITATThe plant communities in Australia most commonly invaded by cat’s claw creeper are riparian zones and sub-tropical and tropical rainforests including Littoral Rainforest and RiverflatEucalyptForestoncoastalfloodplains(EndangeredEcological Communities) that are found in Sutherland Shire. Most surviving remnants of these communities are small and particularly prone to weed invasion and degradation. Cat’s claw creeper grows in a range of soil types, but does not tolerate poorly drained soils. Plants are capable of surviving heavy frost but seed germination is reduced at low temperatures.

CONTROL METHOD

Class 4

27

CONTROL METHOD

CHINESE CELTISCeltis sinensis

A semi-deciduous tree or tall spreading shrub to 20m high with smooth grey bark. Chinese celtis has oval-shaped leaves which are 4.5-9cm long with a pointed tip and toothed margins along the upper half with sparse hairs alongthemidvein.Creamflowersdevelopinearlysummerproducing thousands of round green fruits 7-8mm that turn orange in late summer/early autumn.

EFFECTS ON THE ENvIRONMENTChineseceltisproducesfruitandflowersprolifically.This ensures that the dispersal is carried out over large distances, with the assistance of feeding birds, water and other animals. Chinese celtis plants will grow in dense colonies, infesting and overpowering native bushland. The thick canopy of the plant shades native plants from sunlight and the plants themselves vigorously compete with native plants for water and nutrients in the surrounding area. The seeds also have the ability to germinate under heavy shade.

HAbITATChinese celtis has become a major environmental weed, particularly widespread in damp coastal areas, along banks of waterways, near rainforest and on clay soils in Western Sydney. It grows in most circumstances, full sun or heavy shade, moist or dry conditions and thrives in disturbed or moist shady sites on riverbanks. Bats and many introduced birds eat the fruit as a staple food.

Class 4

28

CHILEAN NEEDLE GRASSNassella neesiana

* WEED OF NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE *Chilean needle grass, named for its sharp, pointed seed, is a perennial tussock-forming grass which grows in dense clumps.Thefloweringseedheadsareadistinctivepurplishcolour. The best distinguishing feature is the presence of a collar of short hairs at the point where the long awnattachestotheseed.Chileanneedlegrassflowersmainly from September to December but it can potentially floweryearround.Seedisformedaboutonemonthafterflowering.

EFFECTS ON THE ENvIRONMENTInadditiontonormalflowerseeds,itproduceshiddenseeds which are formed in the nodes and bases of the floweringstems.These‘stemseeds’areself-fertilisedandaccountforaboutone-quarteroftotalseedproduction.They enable the plant to reproduce despite grazing, slashingandfire.

HAbITATChilean needle grass is tolerant of a very wide range of soils and conditions. It has the potential to be very invasive, in both pasture and native grasslands.

CONTROL METHOD

Class 4

29

GREEN CESTRUMCestrum parqui

Green cestrum is a medium-sized perennial shrub growing to 2-3m high. Its shiny green leaves are 20-30mm wide and 80-100mm long. They have smooth edges, are pointed at each end and are arranged alternatively along the branch. The leaves have a foul smell when crushed. Theflowersaregreenishyellowandcommonthroughoutmostoftheyearbutmainfloweringisfromlatespringtoautumn.Theflowersoccurinclustersattheendofbranchesandindividualflowersare20-25mmlong,andaretrumpetinshape,openingintofive,sixorsevensmalltriangular lobes. Clusters of shiny black egg-shaped berries 7-10mm long are produced during summer and autumn.

EFFECTS ON THE ENvIRONMENTGreen cestrum is found in urban bushland growing in small to medium size thickets, with larger infestations on alluvial soils along streams. These infestations are usually dominant and will exclude all other plants including natives. The plant is known to be toxic to livestock and humans. Death fromeatingsmallquantitiesofleaves,twigsorfruitisusually rapid and painful.

HAbITATGreen cestrum was previously found in large numbers around horse stables and it has been a common garden plant. Cestrum is now most commonly found in moist drainage lines and bushland edges.

CONTROL METHOD

Class 3

30

GORSEUlex europaeus

* WEED OF NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE *A prickly, perennial, evergreen legume which, if left undisturbed, it will grow to a height of more than 3m. All its stems and waxy leaves are prickly, ending in a sharp spine. The plant produces huge numbers of bright yellow, pea-likeflowersinspringthatformbrowntoblackseedsin grey hairy pods. Each pod holds 3-4 seeds that have a hard, water-resistant coating which allows them to remain dormant in the soil for up to 30 years.

EFFECTS ON THE ENvIRONMENTDuetotheenormousquantitiesofseedproducedanddistance of seed dispersal, gorse has the potential to become a major weed, particularly in urban bushland. Gorse smothers desirable vegetation which reduces pasture stocking rates and native regeneration. It forms dense thickets which can block access by humans and stock but harbour feral animals such as rabbits, foxes and deer. When dense,theseweedsincreasetheriskofbushfirethroughincreased fuel load. It is also listed in the Global Invasive Species Database (GISD), and is regarded to be among the top 100 of the world’s worst invasive alien species.

HAbITATOften dense on river banks, hillsides, forest margins, roadsides and other disturbed areas. Also invades pastures and native vegetation. Able to grow on a wide range of soiltypesandflourishinareaswithanannualrainfallover500mm in temperate regions. It is also occasionally found in the cooler, upland areas of sub-tropical regions.

CONTROL METHOD B

Class 3

31

GREY SALLOWSalix cinerea

* WEED OF NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE *Grey sallow is a fast-growing, multiple stemmed tree with smoothbarkwhenyoung,becomingfissuredwithage.The leaves are alternate, oval shaped 3-9cm with a short pointed tip. Distinguished by erect form and the presence of longitudinal ridges under the bark. Flower heads or ‘catkins’ are produced in mid spring. The catkins on male trees are yellowish with pollen; the females are grey-green. ‘Fluff’ from female trees in late spring contains tiny seeds.

EFFECTS ON THE ENvIRONMENTGrey sallow invades native vegetation and disturbed areas to form dense stands and dominate understorey vegetation. It out-competes and replaces native grasses, ground covers andshrubs,andisshadetolerant.Itchangestheflowofwatercourses reducing aeration and increasing erosion. Grey sallow is the one species of willow that can colonise outside of riparian areas. When the roots or stems are damaged or cut, suckering occurs giving the plant the ability to increase its size and density. Grey sallow can spread by seed or vegetatively.

HAbITATGrey sallow has the potential to become a major environmental weed, particularly in riparian areas, urban bushland, closed forests, forestry plantations and forest margins in wet temperate areas. It grows in most circumstances, full sun or heavy shade and thrives in disturbed or moist waterlogged sites.

CONTROL METHOD

Class 2

32

HONEY LOCUSTGleditsia triacanthos

A deciduous, leguminous tree growing to 25m tall. Leaves are dark green, about 10cm long with around 20 opposite pairedleaflets.Inspringitproducesacreamy-yellowflowerthatdevelopsintoa20-30cmlongflatbrown/blackpod;each pod can contain up to 30 seeds. The plant reproduces prolifically,andstockesrelishthelegume’sseedpods.Thetrunk and limbs of the honey locust tree are covered in very sharp needle-like spines that can grow to over 50mm in length.

EFFECTS ON THE ENvIRONMENTDuetotheenormousquantitiesofseedproduced,droughttolerance, fast growth and freedom of disease and pests, honey locust has the potential to become a major weed, particularly in urban bushland and disturbed areas. Honey locust smothers desirable vegetation which reduces pasture stocking rates and native regeneration. It forms dense thickets which can block access by humans and stock but harbour feral animals such as rabbits, foxes and deer. Whendense,theseweedsincreasetheriskofbushfirethrough increased fuel load. The seed is spread by animals eating pods and passing seed in dung, water transporting thefloatingpods,andhumansplantingitasanornamentalplant or for fodder.

HAbITATHoney locust often becomes dense on river banks, hillsides, forest margins, roadsides and other disturbed areas. It will also invade pastures and native vegetation. It is able to grow on a wide range of soil types and climates.

CONTROL METHOD

Class 3

33

LANTANALantana species

Lantana is a perennial, erect or scrambling shrub, growing to 5m high and often forming dense thickets. The leaves are opposite and curved, egg shaped to spearhead with toothed edges; rough and bright green; 2-10cm long by 2-8cm wide. Flowers are borne in dense clusters about 2.5cm wide. Colours can vary from red/yellow, pink/yellow or orange/pink. Fruit is a succulent one-seeded berry about6-8mmindiameter.Itisgreenatfirstthenshinydark purple to black when ripe and borne in clusters. This plantiseasilyidentifiedasithasfour-sidedstemswithshort, curved and hooked prickles and when the leaves are crushed they have a strong aromatic odour.

EFFECTS ON THE ENvIRONMENTMature lantana plants shade other plants and compete for moisture because of their extensive shallow root system. It can rapidly colonise areas forming dense infestations and often becomes the dominant understorey in urban bushland to the detriment of natural plant communities. The red floweringvarietyisknowntobepoisonousandpoisoningismost commonly seen in cattle.

HAbITATLantana appears to have no special habitat preference; it can be found growing in virtually all vegetation associations. It occurred initially as a weed along roadsides, fence lines and neglected or waste areas. Lantana often growsininaccessibleareasmakingeradicationdifficult.

CONTROL METHOD B

Class 4

34

PRIMROSE WILLOWLudwigia peruviana

Ludwigia grows in dense stands along the banks of still or slow moving waterways and can grow out over the water for up to 2m. It has dark green or brownish green stems of up to 3m high which are multi-branched and hairy when young. Its leaves are 5-10cm long and 1–3cm wide and mostly alternate but rarely opposite. The leaves are hairy with prominent veins with a dark green upper and light green underside. Leaves grow in spring and drop in winter. Ludwigiahasflowers2–4cmindiameterwithfouryellowpetalsupto3cmlong.Theflowersappearinlatesummer/autumn. The fruit is an erect capsule, rusty coloured and hairy, 2cm long and 1cm wide. The seeds are numerous, minute and light brown.

EFFECTS ON THE ENvIRONMENTLudwigiahastheabilitytofillslowlyflowingorstillwaterways,cloggingthesystemandpreventingnativeflorafromgrowing.Thisdecreasestherateofflowsignificantlyleading to decreased river health. It also has adverse effects on use of the waterway as a habitat for fauna.

HAbITATHumid, warm-temperate regions are favourable for growth ofludwigia.Itinvadesstillwaterorslowlyflowingstreams,wet marshy soils, drying mud and creek banks. It can grow onthebanksaswellasformfloatingmatscoveringthewater.

CONTROL METHOD

Class 3

35

LONG-LEAF WILLOW PRIMROSELudwigia longifolia

Ludwigia longifolia can grow in dense stands along the banks of still or slow moving waterways that may dry out in summer. Its stem is red, narrow, hairless, four-sided and grows up to 3m high, branching at the apex. Leaves are alternate linear up to 35cm long and 2.5cm wide and grow in spring and drop in winter. Ludwigia has solitary pale yellowflowerswithfourpetals,2–2.5cmlong.Theflowersappear in summer to winter. The fruit is oblong to narrow oblong, four-angled, 1-3.5cm long, 0.4-0.8cm wide. The seeds are minute, numerous and brown to yellow in colour.

EFFECTS ON THE ENvIRONMENT Ludwigiahastheabilitytofillslowlyflowingorstillwaterwayscloggingthesystem,preventingnativeflorafromgrowing and decreasing river health. It also has adverse effects on fauna as it reduces habitat, protection from predators and food sources.

HAbITATHumid, warm-temperate regions are favourable for growth ofludwigia.Itinvadesstillwaterorslowlyflowingstreams,wet marshy soils, drying mud and creek banks.

CONTROL METHOD

Class 3

36

PAMPAS GRASSCortaderia selloana

Pampas grass is a long-lived perennial that grows in large clumping tussocks. It can grow to a height of 2-3m with flowerheadsuptosixmetres.Theseflowerheadsarecream, white or pink in colour. The leaves are long and thin with very sharp edges and are bluish green above and dark green below.

EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT Duetotheenormousquantitiesofseedproducedanddistance of seed dispersal, pampas grass has the potential to become a major weed, particularly in urban bushland. Individual plants can form dense clumps several metres across and can rapidly colonise areas forming dense infestations. Established plants are very competitive and will exclude natural plant communities. Pampas grass also produceslargequantitiesofflammablematerial,anddenseinfestationsincreasebushfirehazardandfirecontrolcosts.

HABITATPampas grass appears to have no special habitat preference. It can be found in a variety of locations and will readily invade pristine bushland, although it prefers open, sunny conditions and does especially well in wetter conditions. It occurs initially as a weed mainly in the disturbed areas associated with service roads, pipeline cuts and walking or horse trails. Following this initial infestation seed is spread into bushland areas.

CONTROL METHOD

Class 3

37

PAPER MULBERRYBroussonetia papyrifera

A fast-growing, smooth bark, single-stemmed shrub or small tree 15m tall. The twigs are hairy and reddish-brown. Bark is tan and smooth to moderately furrowed with viable leavesof8-20cm.Maleflowersareyellowish-whiteandarrangedinanelongateinflorescence(upto8cmlong).Femaleflowerstaketheformofaroundinflorescenceinspring that forms red to orange/yellow fruits (green when immature), 1–4cm in diameter, in summer.

EFFECT ON THE ENvIRONMENTInvades and eliminates native vegetation and disturbed areas to form dense stands and dominate understorey vegetation. Out-competes and replaces native grasses, ground covers and shrubs. Shade tolerant. Spreads rapidly in well drained soils with an annual rainfall over 1000mm. When roots or stems are damaged or cut, suckering occurs giving the plant the ability to increase size and density. It also triggers reactions in people who suffer allergies.

HAbITATHas the potential to become a major environmental weed, particularly in riparian areas, urban bushland, closed forests, forestry plantations and forest margins in tropical, sub-tropical and temperate areas. Grows in most circumstances, full sun or heavy shade and thrives in disturbed or moist shady sites. Bats and many introduced birds eat the fruit and may disperse it into native ecosystems. Will also invade disturbed areas especially industrialland,post-fireareasandtransportcorridors(roadand rail).

CONTROL METHOD

Class 2

38

PRICKLY PEAR, HUDSON PEAR AND HARRISIA CACTUSCylindropuntia sp., Opuntia sp. and Harrisia martinii

Prickly and Hudson pear are succulent cacti up to 2m tall with no leaves. Harrisia cactus is a perennial, forming tangled mats up to 0.5m high. Instead of leaves they have flattened,segmentedstemsthatarecoveredinspines.Thelargeflowersthatvaryincolour(dependingonthespecies) occur in spring or summer and the fruit is spiny, pear-shaped and may vary in colour. Seeds are usually spread by birds or humans that eat the pear fruit.

EFFECT ON THE ENvIRONMENTAll three types can form dense infestations that will reduce native vegetation if left unchecked. They produce large quantitiesofseedthatishighlyviableandeasilyspreadby birds and other animals; also the plant has long trailing branches that bend and take root wherever they touch the ground. Any broken-off portions of the plant will take root and grow.

HAbITATSemi-arid savannas in warm-temperate, sub-tropical and tropical regions, growing well in both exposed and semi-shaded situations. Before the introduction of biological control agents it was the most serious weed in Australia and capable of growing in most parts of the continent.

CONTROL METHOD B

Class 4

39

LARGE LEAF PRIVETLigustrum lucidum

Its dark green broad leaves distinguish the large leaf privet from its close relative. Leaves are hairless, shiny and up to 12cm long, often wavy in shape towards the edges. A small to medium size tree, it can grow to around 15m high. Whiteflowerclustersareproducedinsummerafterthefloweringofitsrelative,thesmallleafvariety.Itssucculentberries are purple/black in colour, with two seeds per berry. Fruit is borne in dense drooping clusters throughout winter.

EFFECT ON THE ENvIRONMENTThe plant is able of germinating easily and growing prolifically,givingitthecapabilitytosuppressandshadeother plants living in the understorey. The complex and tenacious root system chokes the soil, reducing the accessibility of water and nutrients for competing native species. When the roots or stems are damaged or cut, suckering occurs giving the plant the ability to increase its size and density. Large leaf privet also triggers reactions in people who suffer allergies.

HAbITATLarge leaf privet has the ability to survive in most environments and soils. However maximum growth occurs in moisture and nutrient rich soils. It is found abundantly along gullies, watercourses, wastelands, creek lines and banks in urban areas.

CONTROL METHOD

Class 4

40

SMALL LEAF PRIVETLigustrum sinense

Small leaf privet is a large shrub, very different to its close relative in appearance as it has smaller leaves and only grows up to 6m high. The leaves are opposite, mid to dark green in colour, and around 4cm long with transparent veins.Duringspring,smallwhite/yellowflowersappearinscattered clusters throughout the plant. The fruit ripens in winter as dense drooping bunches of tiny purple/black berries.

EFFECT ON THE ENvIRONMENTTheplantisabletogerminateeasilyandgrowprolifically,giving it the ability to suppress and shade other plants living in the understorey. The complex and tenacious root system chokes the soil, reducing the availability of water and nutrients for competing native species. When the roots or stems are damaged or cut, suckering occurs giving the plant the ability to increase its size and density. Both species of privet can trigger reactions in people who suffer from allergies.

HAbITATSmall leaf privet has the ability to survive in most environments and soils. However maximum growth occurs in moisture and nutrient rich soils. It is found abundantly along gullies, watercourses, wastelands, creek lines and banks in urban areas.

CONTROL METHOD

Class 4

41

RHUS TREE, WAX TREEToxicodendron succedaneum

A small deciduous tree to 8m tall. Reproduces by seed and suckers. Compound leaves 20-35cm long, divided into 9-15 (mostly11)leafletsinpairs.Singleleafletattip,4-10cmlongand 2-3cm wide. Leaves bright green above, greyish below in summer, changing to brilliant scarlet/crimson in autumn before shedding. Flowers creamy white, 5-6mm diameter, formed in spring/early summer, in groups among new season’s leaves at the end of branchlets. Papery berries when ripe hang in groups from branches in autumn/winter, shedding next spring. Rhus and Pistachio (which does not have allergic qualities)looksimilarbutcanbeeasilydistinguished;leafletsat pistachio leaf tip are usually paired but rhus leaves usually haveonlyoneleafletattip.Rhusleavesdroopandtendtofold along main vein; Pistachio do not.

EFFECT ON THE ENvIRONMENTCan cause painful allergic reactions: severe dermatitis starts with a rash, redness, itching, blisters and localised swelling where skin touchs plant; in severe cases leads to hospitalisation.Firstcontactmayhavenosignificanteffect,but worsens with further contact. Most cases are from direct contact with plants, but any sap on shoes, clothing or garden tools is potentially dangerous; wash all items thoroughly. Resin remains active for long periods so contact with affected items months after contamination may cause painful lesions.

HAbITATTemperate to warm-temperate regions, in wide range of soils. Common garden plant, spreading to urban bushland, and to disturbed areas in woodlands, roadsides and waste places.

CONTROL METHOD

Class 4

42

SALVINIASalvinia molesta

* WEED OF NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE *Freefloating,mat-formingperennialaquaticfern.Slenderstems1–2cm diameter to 30cm long, varying with plant density. Leaves in whorls of three: two on the surface, one submerged growingasmodifiedroots.Leavesgroweitherassubmergedbrown leaves or emergent green leaves. Primary invading plant hassmallgreenleaveslyingflatontopofwater.Asitmatures,greenleaflets(2-5cmwide),crowdtogetheroverlapping/foldedtogether. Leaves covered on upper surface by hairs, often curledandslightlydarkeronmargins.Noflowerbuthasshortstalked sterile spore sacs along submerged leaves.

EFFECT ON THE ENvIRONMENTSalvinia has the ability to double in area in 5-10 days. Itformsdensefloatingmatsupto1mthickexcludingallother vegetation. This results in severe impacts on the ecology of the infested water body. Salvinia impedes water flow,isaharbourfordiseaseanddecreaseswaterqualityby depleting nutrients and oxygen in the water effecting aquaticlife.Thethickmatscangiveafalseimpressionofsolid ground and can be a drowning hazard to animals and children who can become tangled in the root system.

HAbITATSalvinia is found in still or slow moving fresh to brackish water, particularly in ponds, lakes, swamps and dams. Can tolerate a wide range of temperatures and nutrient levels, but thrives in temperatures of 20-30°C and high nutrient levels. In the Shire salvinia can be in backyard ponds and aquariums,andissometimesswappedaspondweed.

CONTROL METHOD B

Class 2

43

SENEGAL TEA PLANTGymnocoronis Spilanthoides

Senegal tea plant has stems that are ribbed, pale green and erect, becoming prostrate with age. Hollow between thenodesandbuoyant,abletoformtangledfloatingmats.Stems branch at nodes and are 1–1.5m long and 5–20mm diameter.Fine,fibrousrootsformatstemnodes.White,pom-pom-likeflowers1.5–2cmdiameteroccuringroupsatends of stems. Flowering starts in late spring/early summer and continues until temperatures fall. Flowers have a strong fragrance. Seeds are yellow-brown, 5mm diameter and ribbed. Reproduces by plant fragments and seed; fragments develop roots and new stems when they come into contact withsoil.Seedscanbemovedinfasterflowingwaterorin mud on vehicles or animals. Plant fragments move in flowingwater/floodwaters.

EFFECT ON THE ENvIRONMENTAn extremely hardy plant with a growth rate exceeding 15cm a week in fertile situations. Long branching stems produce a tangled web of vegetative material that, growing outfromthebank,quicklycoversthewatersurface.Itimpedeswaterflow,navigationandrecreation.

HAbITATSenegal tea prefers tropical, sub-tropical and warm-temperateregions,andwillgrowindampfloodplainsoils, on the margins of creeks/dams, in wetlands and in still/slow-flowingfreshwater.Plantscangrowwhenfullysubmerged, but growth is slower and plants are smaller. In some infestations plants have been found growing on the floodplainupto150mfromthewaterbody.

CONTROL METHOD

Class 1

44

SERRATED TUSSOCKNassella trichotoma

* WEED OF NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE *Serrated tussock is an erect perennial tussock grass growing to 50cm high. It has drooping leaves and seed heads that change colour throughout the year, appearing purple, golden or green at various times. Leaves are rolled, 1mm wideandrough.A1mmwhiteligule(flap)ispresentatthejunction of the leaf and leaf sheath. It produces copious amounts of seeds that are viable in soil up to 15 years.

EFFECT ON THE ENvIRONMENTSerrated tussock can rapidly colonise areas forming dense infestations and often becomes the dominant understorey in pasture or woodland to the detriment of natural plant communities. It removes habitat for native species and decreases stock-carrying capacity. Serrated tussock is highly unpalatable, drought and frost resistant, and adapts to different soil types.

HAbITATSerrated tussock grass is tolerant of a very wide range of soils and conditions. It has the potential to be very invasive in pasture, native grasslands and open woodland. Itwillquicklyinfestbaregroundandareasthathavebeen disturbed, such as roadsides, overgrazed pastures, cultivatedsituationsorafterfire.

CONTROL METHOD

Class 4

45

ST JOHN’S WORTHypericum perforatum

St John’s wort is a perennial plant. There are two main strains in NSW - narrow-leaf and broad-leaf. Dense clusters ofyellowflowerswithfivepetalsappearOctobertoJanuary.Leaves and branches are always opposite on the stem, with the leaves having no stalk. Leaves appear perforated when held up to the light due to the oil held within. Seed capsules form, ripening in summer then splitting to release seeds over autumn and winter.

EFFECT ON THE ENvIRONMENTReproduces from seed and by suckering. New crowns may be produced by shoots from the lateral roots in spring and autumn. The seeds generally spread by capsules sticking to animals or when eaten by them. St John’s wort is a major weed of pastures because of its toxicity to stock and its ability to compete with desirable pasture species. St John’s wort is a common weed of water catchment and conservation areas and therefore poses a threat to natural ecosystems.

HAbITATSt John’s wort has one set of roots that grows vertically to about 1m deep into the soil and another set that grows horizontally, producing buds that form new aerial growth. Deep soils favour the development of vertical roots and long-term survival of the crown. In shallow soils, the life of the crown is shorter and roots generally grow laterally, suckering more readily than vertical roots. St John’s wort seedsprolifically,withseedstayingviablefor12years.

CONTROL METHOD

Class 4

46

TROPICAL SODA APPLESolanum viarum

An upright, branching, perennial shrub growing up to 2m. Broad-based, straight, cream-coloured prickles to 12mm long scattered on most plant parts. Leaves 10–20cm long, 6–15cm wide, densely covered in short hairs; mid-veins and primarylateral-veinscream-coloured.Flowerswhitewithfivepetals 2–4mm long in clusters of three to six, developing into yellow golf-ball-size fruit containing up to 45,000 seeds.

EFFECT ON THE ENvIRONMENTInvades and eliminates native vegetation and disturbed areas; forms dense stands, dominating understorey vegetation. Out-competes and replaces native grasses, ground covers and shrubs. Shade tolerant. Spreads rapidly on waterlogged or poorly drained soils but will grow on drier land in higher rainfall areas. Foliage unpalatable to livestock (reducing carrying capacities). Prickles restrict grazing by native animals and livestock; thickets can prevent animals’ access to shade and water. A host for many diseases and pests of cultivated crops. Contains solasodine (poisonous to humans).

HAbITATHas the potential to become a major environmental weed, particularly in damp coastal areas, along banks of waterways, mangroves, open forests and moist gullies. Grows in most circumstances, full sun or shade, moist or dry conditions. Thrives in disturbed or moist shady sites in riparian areas; potential to spread in coastal regions of NSW and Queensland and inland through cattle movements. Seed can be spread by feral animals and birds feeding on fruit; and viawaterandcontaminatedproduce,soilandequipment.

CONTROL METHOD

Class 1

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WATER HYACINTHEichhornia crassipes

* WEED OF NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE *Water hyacinth has bright green, smooth, glossy leaves that grow in a rosette at the base of the plant. The leaves arerounded4-25cmlong/wideonafleshystalk50cmlong.Theflowersarelilac-blue,funnel-shapedandgrowinclustersofthreetothirty-five.Eachflowerhassixpetals.The fruit is a capsule 1-5cm long containing up to 300 seeds.

EFFECTS ON THE ENvIRONMENTRegardedasoneoftheworld’smostseriousaquaticweeds.In Australia it survives through a wide range of temperature and water conditions. Doubles in size each week and a single plant can cover an area of 600m2 in one season. It can reproduce by seed or vegetatively. Seed is produced by the thousands, released underwater and can remain dormant in mud for 15 years. It reduces light levels, oxygen contentandwaterflow.Itblocksirrigationequipment,encouragesmosquitohabitatandlimitsaccesstothewater’s edge for animals.

HAbITATFreshwater wetland, coastal rivers, slow-moving or stagnant freshwater. It grows in the tropical to warm-temperate range but thrives at 22-35°C levels. Water hyacinth tolerates varying water conditions, can grow in mud and is able to survive for months in low moisture conditions. Foliage dies back in cold or frosty weather but the plant remains dormant and will re-shoot with warmer weather.

CONTROL METHOD

Class 2

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HOW YOU CAN HELP

HOW YOU CAN HELP

• Visit the Sutherland Shire Council weeds page (www.sutherlandshire.nsw.gov.au/Environment/Weeds) for further information, a list of local noxious weeds and the Sutherland Shire Council Noxious Weed Policy.

• Join a Council Bushcare group and gain practical skillsinplantidentification,weedcontrolandbushregeneration.

• When planting in your garden use local native species or non-invasive species.

• Do not throw garden waste into bushland. Use compost bins or Council’s greenwaste bins, or join the Council Greenweb program.

• Control noxious and environmental weeds in accordancewithrequiredcontrolmeasures.

• Visit the Sydney Weeds Committee website (www.sydneyweeds.org.au) for further information.

• Visit the NSW Department of Primary Industries website (www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/pest-weeds/weeds) for more information and the most current noxious weed declarations for the Sutherland Shire Council area.

Below: Volunteer Bushcarers at Kareela.

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IDENTIFY A WEED

WAYS TO IDENTIFY A WEED

• Browse a list of common noxious weeds in the Sutherland Shire - visit www.sutherlandshire.nsw.gov.au/Environment/Weeds

• Use the NSW Department of Primary Industries website to view noxious weeds in the Shire and all declared weeds in NSW - visit www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/pests-weeds/weeds

• Ask a Council horticulturist - see below.• Visit the Council nursery with photos or a sample of

the suspected weed.

ASk A HORTICULTURIST

Council staff can help identify weeds. Fill in the form on Council’s website with attached photos of the suspected weed and a Council staff member will reply.

www.sutherlandshire.nsw.gov.au/Environment/Weeds/Weed_Identification

Above: Chinese celtis.

CONTACTS

SUTHERLAND SHIRE COMMUNITY NURSERYAND bUSHLAND UNIT345 The Boulevarde, Gymea NSW, 2227Tel: 02 9524 5672, Fax: 02 9526 6610

NURSERYOpen Monday to Friday 7am-3pm, closed weekends and public holidays.

PEST SPECIES AND NOXIOUS WEEDSPestSpeciesOfficerEmail: [email protected]

bUSHCAREEmail: [email protected]

GREENWEb PROGRAMAdministration Centre, 4-20 Eton St, Sutherland 2232.GreenwebOfficer-Tel:0297100463

SYDNEY WEEDS COMMITTEESwww.sydneyweed.org.au

NSW DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIESWeeds information:www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/pests-weeds/weeds

Administration Centre, 4-20 Eton Street, Sutherland NSW, 2232 Locked Bag 17, Sutherland NSW 1499Tel: 02 9710 0333 Fax: 02 9710 0265Email: [email protected] www.sutherlandshire.nsw.gov.au