NOH SolarWtrHtg Pres

8/13/2019 NOH SolarWtrHtg Pres

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SolarDomesticHotWaterHeatingSystems

Design,Installation

and

Maintenance

Presentedby:

ChristopherA.Homola,PE


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A Brief History of Solar Water Heating

Solar water heating has been around for many years because it is theeasiest way to use the sun to save energy and money. One of the earliestdocumented cases of solar energy use involved pioneers moving westafter the Civil War. They would place a cooking pot filled with cold water inthe sun all day to have heated water in the evening.

The first solar water heater that resembles the concept still in use todaywas a metal tank that was painted black and placed on the roof where it

was tilted toward the sun. The concept worked, but it usually took all dayfor the water to heat, then, as soon as the sun went down, it cooled offquickly because the tank was not insulated.


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A Brief History of the American Solar Water Heating Industry

1890 to 1930's - the California Era

The first commercial solar water heater was introduced by Clarence Kemp in the1890's in California. For a $25 investment, people could save about $9 a year in coalcosts. It was a simple batch type solar water heater that combined storage and

collector in one box.

The first thermosyphon systems with the tank on the roof and the collector belowwere invented, patented, and marketed in California in the 1920's by William Bailey.One of the largest commercial systems in California was installed for a resort in

Death Valley.

Natural gas was discovered in Southern California and cheap natural gas,aggressively marketed by utility companies, ended the solar water heating market.Patents were sold to a Florida company, owned by HM Carruthers in 1923 and the

solar hot water industry began in the coastal cities of central Florida and southernFlorida.


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1930's to 1973 - the South Florida Era

Floridians purchased or shipped to the Caribbean more than 100,000thermosyphon water heaters between 1930 and 1954 when the industrycollapsed. During the second World War (1942 to 1945) copper wasreserved for the military and the solar industry was not able to make solar

collectors.

After the war, the Florida industry boomed again for about six years. Half ofMiami homes had solar water heaters with over 80% of new homes having

them installed. In the early 1950's electricity became cheap in Florida andutility companies gave away electric water heaters in an effort to eliminatethe solar water heating industry.

By 1973, there were only two full-time solar water heating companies left inthe United States both operating out of Miami, Florida.


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1973 to 1986 - Oil Embargo and Tax Credits

The oil embargo of 1973 resulted in a rise in fuel prices. A few companiesstarted experimenting with solar water heaters and designing systems but therewere really no national solar collector manufacturers with widespreaddistribution until the late seventies.

The federal government sponsored a few HUD Grants for domestic solar waterheaters in the period just before the start of the 40% Federal tax rebate in 1979.

The tax credit era, 1979 to 1986, started a nationwide boon in solar hot watersystems that resulted in hundreds of manufacturers and thousands ofcontractors and distributors starting new businesses.


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Equipment has improved since the 1980s. Improvements wereprecipitated by both certification design review and experiencedinstallers.

Today, more than 1.2 million buildings have solar water heatingsystems in the United States. Japan has nearly 1.5 million buildings

with solar water heating. In Israel, 30 percent of the buildings use solar-heated water. Greece and Australia are also leading users of solarenergy.

There is still a lot of room for expansion in the solar energy industry.There are no geographical constraints. For colder climates,manufacturers have designed systems that protect components fromfreezing conditions. Wherever the sun shines, solar water heatingsystems can work. The designs may be different from the early solarpioneers, but the concept is the same.


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Environmental

Benefits

Solarwaterheatersdonotpollute.

Solar

water

heaters

help

to

avoid

carbon

dioxide,

nitrogen

oxides,

sulfurdioxide,andtheotherairpollutionandwastescreatedwhen

thelocalutility

generatespowerorfuelisburnedtoheatdomesticwater.

Whenasolarwaterheaterreplacesanelectricwaterheater,theelectricity

displacedover

20

years

represents

more

than

50

tons

of

avoided

carbon

dioxideemissionsalone.


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LongTerm

Benefits

Solarwaterheatersofferlongtermbenefitsthatgobeyondsimple

economics.

Inadditiontohavingfreehotwaterafterthesystemhaspaidforitselfin

reducedutilitybills,ownerscouldbecushionedfromfuture

fuel

shortagesandpriceincreases.

Solarwaterheaterscanassistinreducingthiscountry'sdependenceon

foreignoil.

It is estimated that adding a solar water heater to an existing

home

raises

theresalevalueofthehomebytheentirecostofthesystem.

Homeownersmaybeabletorecouptheirentireinvestmenttheysell

theirhome.


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EconomicBenefits

Many home builders choose electric water heaters because they are easy to

install

and

relatively

inexpensive

to

purchase.

However,

research

shows

that

an

average household with an electric water heater spends about 25%

of its home

energycostsonheatingwater.

Itmakes

economic

sense

to

think

beyond

the

initial

purchase

price

and

consider

lifetimeenergycosts,orhowmuchyouwillspendonenergytousetheappliance

over its lifetime. The Florida Solar Energy Center

studied the potential savings to

Florida homeowners of common waterheating systems compared with electric

water

heaters.

It

found

that

solar

water

heaters

offered

the

largest

potential

savings,withsolarwaterheaterownerssavingasmuchas50%to85%annuallyon

theirutilitybillsoverthecostofelectricwaterheating.
http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/


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EconomicBenefitsContinued

Asolarhotwaterheaterheatsthesameamountofwaterforafractionofthe

cost.

A

solar

hot

water

heating

systems

performance

is

dependent

on

the

intensityofthesuninitslocation.

Theinitialexpenseofinstallingasolarhot

water heater ($3500 to $5500) tends to be greater than installing an electric

($450

to$650)

or

gas

($750

to

$1000)

water

heater.

Thecostsvaryfromregiontoregion.Dependingonthepriceoffuelsources,the

solarwaterheatercanbemoreeconomicaloverthelifetimeofthesystemthan

heating

water

with

electricity,

fuel

oil,

propane,

or

even

natural

gas

because

thefuel(sunshine)isfree.


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However,

at

the

current

low

prices

of

natural

gas,

solar

water

heaters

cannot

competewithnaturalgaswaterheatersinmostpartsofthecountryexcept

innewhomeconstruction.Althoughyouwillstillsaveenergycostswitha

solarwaterheaterbecauseyouwon'tbebuyingnaturalgas,itwon'tbe

economicalon

adollar

for

dollar

basis.

Paybacksvarywidely,butyoucanexpectasimplepaybackof4to8years

on

awell

designed

and

properly

installed

solar

water

heater.

You

can

expect

shorterpaybacksinareaswithhigherenergycosts.Afterthepayback

period, you accrue the savings over the life of the system, which ranges

from

15to40years,dependingonthesystemandhowwellitismaintained.


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You

can

determine

the

simple

payback

of

a

solar

water

heater

by

firstdeterminingthenetcostofthesystem.Netcostsincludethetotalinstalled

costlessanytaxincentivesorutilityrebates. Afteryoucalculatethenet

costofthesystem,calculatetheannualfuelsavingsanddividethenet

investmentbythisnumbertodeterminethesimplepayback.

Anexample:Yourtotalutilitybillaverages$160permonthandyourwater

heatingcostsareaverage(25%ofyourtotalutilitycosts)at$40permonth.

Ifyoupurchaseasolarwaterheaterfor$2,000thatprovidesanaverageof

60%of

your

hot

water

each

year,

that

system

will

save

you

$24

per

month

($40x0.60=$24)or$288peryear(12x$24=$288).Thissystemhasa

simplepaybackoflessthan7years($2,000

$288=6.9).


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For the remainder of the life of the solar water heater, 60% of the hot

water

will

be

free,

saving

$288

each

year.

You

will

need

to

account

for

someoperationandmaintenancecosts,whichareestimatedat$25

to$30

ayear.Thisisprimarilytohavethesystemcheckedevery3years.

Ifyou

are

building

anew

home

or

refinancing

your

present

home

to

do

amajor renovation, the economics are even more attractive. The cost of

including thepriceofasolarwater heater in anew 30year mortgage is

usually between $13 and $20 per month. The portion of the federal

income tax deduction for mortgage interest attributable to the solar

system reduces that amount by about $3 to $5 per month. If your fuelsavingsaremorethan$15permonth,the investment inthesolar

water

heaterisprofitableimmediately.


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Peak Power Benefit

A typical residential solar water heating system (SWHS) for a family offour delivers 4 kilowatts of electrical equivalent thermal power whenunder full sun and when the temperature of the water in the storagetank is about the same as the air temperature. Such a systemtypically has about 64 square feet of solar collector surface area andproduces approximately the same peak power as 400 square feet ofphotovoltaic panels.


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Production Capacity Benefit

Ratings of collectors and systems, along with other informationspecific to the local area, can be used to calculate the specificreduction in a utilitys peak demand. On average, for every solar

water heating system that is installed, 0.5 kilowatts of peakdemand is deferred from a utilitys load.


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Energy Production Benefit

Because peak performance occurs infrequently, a more realisticindication of solar thermal system performance is the rated dailyenergy output of the collectors or system.

Using this method, a typical solar water heating system contributes7 to 10 kilowatt-hours per day, depending on the solar resource andtype of collector.

Electric water heating for residential applications typically

consumes about 12 kilowatt-hours per day, depending on groundwater temperature.

Annual site-specific energy savings for domestic water heating

systems are available at www.solar-rating.org for all systemscertified by the Solar Rating and Certification Corporation (SRCC).

Using this data, a typical solar water heating system producesabout 3,400 kilowatt-hours per year, depending on local conditionsand type of collector.
http://www.solar-rating.org/http://www.solar-rating.org/


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Atmosphere

AngleofIncidence

Geography

LatitudeandSeason

AirPollutionandNaturalHaze

What

Influences

the

Amount

of

Solar

Radiation?


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Atmosphere

The atmosphere absorbs certain wavelengths of light more than others. The exact spectraldistribution of light reaching the earth's surface depends on how much atmosphere the lightpasses through, as well as the humidity of the atmosphere. In the morning and evening, thesun is low in the sky and light waves pass through more atmosphere than at noon. Thewinter sunlight also passes through more atmosphere versus summer. In addition, differentlatitudes on the earth have different average thicknesses of atmosphere that sunlight must

penetrate. The figure below illustrates the atmospheric effects on solar energy reaching theearth. Clouds, smoke and dust reflect some solar insolation back up into the atmosphere,allowing less solar energy to fall on a terrestrial object. These conditions also diffuse orscatter the amount of solar energy that does pass through.


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Angle of Incidence

The suns electromagnetic energy travels in a straight line. The angle

at which these rays fall on an object is called the angle of incidence. Aflat surface receives more solar energy when the angle of incidence iscloser to zero (i.e. perpendicular) and therefore receives significantlyless in early morning and late evening. Because the angle of incidenceis so large in the morning and evening on earth, about six hours ofusable solar energy is available daily. This is called the solarwindow.


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Absorptance vs. Reflectance

Certain materials absorb more insolation than others. More absorptivematerials are generally dark with a matte finish, while more-reflectivematerials are generally lighter colored with a smooth or shiny finish.

The materials used to absorb the sun's energy are selected for theirability to absorb a high percentage of energy and to reflect a minimumamount of energy. The solar collector's absorber and absorber coatingefficiency are determined by the rate of absorption versus the rate of

reflectance. This in turn, affects the absorber and absorber coating'sability to retain heat and minimize emissivity and reradiation. Highabsorptivity and low reflectivity improves the potential for collectingsolar energy.


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Collecting and Converting Solar Energy

Solar collectors capture the suns electromagnetic energy andconvert it to heat energy. The efficiency of a solar collectordepends not only on its materials and design but also on its

size, orientation and tilt.

Available solar energy is at its maximum at noon, when the sunis at its highest point in its daily arc across the sky. The sun's

daily motion across the sky has an impact on any solarcollector's efficiency and performance in the following ways.

1.Since the angle of incidence of the solar energy measuredfrom the normal (right angle) surface of the receiving surface

changes throughout the day, solar power is lower at dawn anddusk. In reality, there are only about 6 hours of maximumenergy available daily.2.The total energy received by a fixed surface during a given

period depends on its orientation and tilt and varies with weatherconditions, time of day and season.


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Insolation

Insolation is the amount of the suns electromagnetic energy thatfalls on any given object.

Simply put, when we are talking about solar radiation, we arereferring to insolation.

In Florida (at about sea level), an object will receive a maximum ofaround 300 Btu/ft2hr (about 90 watts/ft2 or 950 watts/meter2) at highnoon on a horizontal surface under clear skies on June 21 (the dayof the summer equinox).


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PV Solar Radiation (Flat Plate, Facing South,Latitude Tilt)Static Maps

These maps provide monthly average daily totalsolar resource information on grid cells ofapproximately 40 km by 40 km in size. Theinsolation values represent the resource availableto a flat plate collector, such as a photovoltaicpanel, oriented due south at an angle from

horizontal to equal to the latitude of the collectorlocation.

Resource:

National Renewable Energy Laboratory

www.nrel.gov/gis/solar.html


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OptimumPerformanceConsiderations

OptimumTilt:

Tolatitude

for

greatest

performance

or

up

to

latitude

minus

5 degrees.

OptimumSummerLoad: Latitudeminus15degrees(e.g.solarairconditioning).

OptimumWinterLoad: Latitudeplus15degrees(e.g.solarspaceheating).

OptimumAzimuth:

Towardtheequator(e.g.Facingsouthinnorthernhemisphere).


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Figure 1. Sun Path Diagrams for 28 N. Latitude

Seasonal Variations

The dome of the sky and the suns path at various times ofthe year are shown in Figure 1.


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Figure 2a And 2b. Collected Energy Varies with Time of Year And Tilt

For many solar applications, we want maximum annual energy harvest. For others, maximum

winter energy (or summer energy) collection is important. To orient the flat-plate collectorproperly, the application must be considered, since different angles will be best for eachdifferent application.


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Actual Collector Orientation Possibilities


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Collector Orientation

Collectors work best when facing due south. If roof lines or other factors dictate

different orientations, a small penalty will be paid, as shown in Figure 3. As anexample: for an orientation 20 degrees east or west of due south, we must increasethe collector area to 1.06 times the size needed with due south orientation (dashedline on Figure 3) to achieve the same energy output. The orientation angle awayfrom due south is called the azimuth and, in the Northern Hemisphere, is plus if thecollector faces toward the east and minus if toward the west.

Figure 3. Glazed Collector Orientations


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Tilt Angle

The best tilt angle will vary not only with the collectorsgeographical location but also with seasonal function. Solarwater heating systems are designed to provide heat year-round.

In general:

A)Mounting at an angle equal to the latitude works best for year-round energy use.

B)Latitude minus 15 degrees mounting is best for summer energycollection.

C)Latitude plus 15 degrees mounting is best for winter energy

collection.


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Various Collector Tilt Angles


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Solarwaterheatingsystemsincludestoragetanksandsolar

collectors.

Therearetwotypesofsolarwaterheatingsystems:Active,which

havecirculating

pumps

and

controls,

and

Passive,

which

dont.

Mostsolarwaterheatersrequireawellinsulatedstoragetank.

Solarstorage

tanks

have

an

additional

outlet

and

inlet

connected

toandfromthesolarcollector.

Intwotanksystems,thesolarwaterheaterpreheatswater

beforeitenterstheconventionalwaterheater.

Inonetanksystems,thebackupheateriscombinedwiththe

solarstorageinonetank.

Solar Water Heating System Basics


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Electric Back-Up

Solar systems with single tanks are designed to encouragetemperature stratification so that when water is drawn for service, it is

supplied from the hottest stratum in the tank (i.e. top of tank).

While a solar system tank in the United States normally contains aheating element, the element is deliberately located in the upper third

of the tank.

The electric element functions as back-up when solar energy is notavailable or when hot water demand exceeds the solar-heated supply.


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Natural Gas Back-Up

Natural gas back-up systems may use passive (thermosyphon orintegral collector system) solar preheating plumbed in series forproper operation.

Or two separate tanks may be used for active solar systems withnatural gas back-up heating systems.

The solar storage tank is piped in series to the auxiliary tank sending

the hottest solar preheated water to the gas back-up tank.


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SolarCollectors

Fourtypesofsolarcollectorsareusedforresidential

applications:

Flatplatecollector

Integralcollectorstoragesystems

Batchsystem

Evacuatedtubesolarcollectors


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FlatPlateCollector

Flatplatecollectorsaredesignedtoheatwatertomedium

temperatures(approximately140degreesFahrenheit).


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Flat plate collectors typically include the following components:

1.Enclosure: A box or frame that holds all the components together.

2.Glazing: A transparent cover over the enclosure that allows the suns rays topass through to the absorber. Most glazing is glass but some designs use clear

plastic.

3.Glazing Frame: Attaches the glazing to the enclosure. Glazing gaskets preventleakage around the glazing frame and allow for contraction and expansion.

4.Insulation: Material between the absorber and the surfaces it touches that

blocks heat loss by conduction thereby reducing the heat loss from the collectorenclosure.

5.Absorber: A flat, usually metal surface inside the enclosure that, because of itsphysical properties, can absorb and transfer high levels of solar energy.

6.Flow Tubes: Highly conductive metal tubes across the absorber through whichfluid flows, transferring heat from the absorber to the fluid.


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IntegralCollectorStorage(ICS)Systems

In other solar water heating systems the collector and storagetank are separate components. In an integral collector storage(ICS) system, both collection and solar storage are combined

within a single unit. Most ICS systems store potable waterinside several tanks within the collector unit. The entire unit isexposed to solar energy throughout the day. The resultingwater is drawn off either directly to the service location or as

replacement hot water to an auxiliary storage tank as water isdrawn for use.

Cutaway of an ICS system


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Batch solar water heater

Batch System


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The simplest of all solar water heating systems is a

batch system.

It is simply one or several storage tanks coated withblack, solar-absorbing material in an enclosure withglazing across the top and insulation around the other

sides.

It is the simplest solar system to make. When exposedto sun during the day, the tank transfers the heat it

absorbs to the water it holds.

The heated water can be drawn directly from the tankor it can replace hot water that is drawn from an interiortank inside the building.


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EvacuatedTubeSolarCollectors

Thistypeofsystemfeaturesparallelrowsoftransparentglasstubes.

Eachtubecontainsaglassoutertubeandmetalabsorbertubeattached

toafin. Thefinscoatingabsorbssolarenergybutinhibitsradiativeheat

loss.

Thesecollectors

are

used

more

frequently

for

commercial

applications.


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Evacuated-tube collectors generally have a smaller solar collecting surfacebecause this surface must be encased by an evacuated glass tube. They

are designed to deliver higher temperatures (approximately 300 degreesFahrenheit). The tubes themselves comprise the following elements:

1.Highly tempered glass vacuum tubes, which function as both glazing and

insulation.

2.An absorber surface inside the vacuum tube. The absorber is surroundedby a vacuum that greatly reduces the heat loss.


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ActiveSolarWaterHeatingSystems

TherearetwoSolarWaterHeatingSystemtypes:ActiveandPassiveTherearetwotypesofActiveSolarWaterHeatingSystems:

DirectCirculationSystems

IndirectCirculationSystems


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DirectCirculationSystems

Pump circulates domestic water through the collector(s) and into

the

building. This type of system works well in climates where it rarely

freezes.


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DirectPumpedSystem


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DirectSystemwithPhotovoltaicPoweredPump


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Direct System with Automatic Drain-down system configuration


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Thedirectpumpedsystemhasoneormoresolarenergycollectors

installedontheroofanda

storage tank located somewhere within the building. A pump circulates the water from the

tank

up

to

the

collector

and

back

again.

This

is

called

a

direct

(or

open

loop)

system

because

thesunsheatistransferreddirectlytothepotablewatercirculatingthroughthecollectorand

storagetank. Neitheranantifreezenorheatexchangerisinvolved.

This system has a differential controller that senses temperature differences between water

leavingthe

solar

collector

and

the

coldest

water

in

the

storage

tank.

When

the

water

in

the

collectorisabout1520Fwarmerthanthewaterinthestoragetank,thepumpisturnedonby

thecontroller. Whenthetemperaturedifferencedropstoabout35F,thepumpisturnedoff.

Inthisway,thewateralwaysgainsheatfromthecollectorwhen

thepumpoperates.

A flushtype freeze protection valve installed near the collector provides freeze protection.

Whenever temperatures approach freezing, thevalveopens to letwarmwater flow through

thecollector.

Thecollector

should

always

allow

for

manual

draining

by

closing

the

isolation

valves

(located

abovethestoragetank)andopeningthedrainvalves.

Automaticrecirculationisanothermeansoffreezeprotection. Whenthewaterinthecollector

reachesatemperaturenear freezing, thecontroller turns thepumpon fora fewminutes to

warmthe

collector

with

water

from

the

storage

tank.


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DirectSystem

Advantages

Servicewateruseddirectlyfromcollectorloop.

Noheatexchanger moreefficientheattransfertostorage.

Circulationpump(ifneeded)needsonlytoovercomefriction

losses system

pressurized.


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DirectSystem

Disadvantages

Qualityofservicewatermustbegoodtopreventcorrosion,scaleordepositsincomponents.

Freezeprotectiondependsonmechanicalvalves.

Recommendedin

climates

with

minimal/no

freeze

potential,

andgoodwaterquality.


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IndirectCirculationSystems

Pumpcirculatesanonfreezing,heattransferfluidthroughthecollector(s)

andaheatexchanger.

Thisheats

the

water

that

then

flows

into

the

home.

Thistypeofsystemworkswellinclimatespronetofreezingtemperatures.


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IndirectPumpedSystemUsingAntiFreezeSolution


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This system design is common in northern climates, where freezing weather

occursmorefrequently. Anantifreezesolutioncirculatesthroughthecollector,

and

a

heat

exchanger

transfers

the

heat

from

the

antifreeze

solution

to

the

storagetankwater. Whentoxicheatexchangerfluidsareused,adoublewalled

exchanger is required. Generally, if the heat exchanger is installed in the

storagetank,itshouldbelocatedinthelowerhalfofthetank.

Aheattransfersolution ispumpedthroughthecollector inaclosed loop. The

loopincludesthecollector,connectingpiping,thepump,anexpansiontankand

aheatexchanger. Aheatexchangercoil inthe lowerhalfof thestorage tank

transfersheatfromtheheattransfersolutiontothepotablewaterinthesolar

storagetank. Analternativeofthisdesignistowraptheheat

exchangeraround

thetank. Thiskeepsitfromcontactwiththepotablewater.

The differential controller, in conjunction with the collector and tank sensors,

determineswhen

the

pump

should

be

activated

to

direct

the

heat

transfer

fluid

throughthecollector. Thephotovoltaicpanel locatedontheroofsuppliesthe

powertooperatethecirculatingpump.


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IndirectPumpedSystemUsingAntiFreezeSolution

andWrapAroundHeatExchanger


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Afailsafemethodofensuringthatcollectorsandcollectorlooppipingneverfreeze

istoremoveallthewaterfromthecollectorsandpipingwhenthesystemisnot

collectingheat.

This

is

amajor

feature

of

the

drain

back

system.

Freeze

protection

isprovidedwhenthesystemisinthedrainmode. Waterinthe

collectorsand

exposedpipingdrainsintotheinsulateddrainbackreservoirtankeachtimethe

circulatingpumpshutsoff. Aslighttiltofthecollectorsisrequiredinordertoallow

completedrainage. Asightglassattachedtothedrainbackreservoirtankshows

whenthereservoirtankisfullandthecollectorhasbeendrained.

Inthisparticularsystem,distilledwaterisrecommendedtobeusedasthecollector

loopfluidtransfersolution. Usingdistilledwaterincreasestheheattransfer

characteristicsand

prevents

possible

mineral

buildup

of

the

transfer

solution.

Whenthesunshinesagain,thecirculatingpumpisactivatedbyadifferential

controller. Waterispumpedfromthereservoirtothecollectors,allowingheatto

becollected.

The

water

stored

in

the

reservoir

tank

circulates inaclosedloopthroughthecollectorsandaheatexchangeratthebottomofthe

storagetank.

Theheatexchangertransfersheatfromthecollectorloopfluidtothepotablewater

locatedinthestoragetank.


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IndirectSystem

Advantages

Freezeprotectionprovidedbyantifreezefluidordrainback.

Collector/pipingprotectedfromaggressivewater.


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IndirectSystem

Disadvantages

Mustaccountforreducedheattransferefficiencythroughheat

exchanger.

Addedmaterials=addedcost.

Ifnotusingwater,fluidsrequiremaintenance.

Mostdesignsrequireaddedpumpingcost.


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Passive Solar Water Heaters

Passive solar water heaters rely on gravity and the tendency for waterto naturally circulate as it is heated.

Passive solar water heater systems contain no electrical components,

are generally more reliable, easier to maintain, and possibly have alonger work life than active solar water heater systems.

The two most popular types of passive solar water heater systems

are: Integral-Collector Storage (ICS) andThermosyphon systems.


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IntegralCollectorStorageSystem


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Inanintegralcollectorstoragesystem,thehotwaterstoragesystemisthecollector.

Coldwaterflowsprogressivelythroughthecollectorwhereitis

heatedbythesun.

Hotwaterisdrawnfromthetop,whichisthehottest,andreplacementwaterflows

into the bottom. This system is simple because pumps and controllers are not

required.

On demand, cold water from the building flows into the collector

and hot water

fromthecollectorflowstoastandardhotwaterauxiliarytankwithinthebuilding.

Aflushtypefreezeprotectionvalveisinstalledinthetoppipingnear

thecollector.

As temperatures near freezing, this valve opens to allow relativelywarmwater to

flowthroughthecollecttopreventfreezing.

In

areas

of

the

country,

the

thermal

mass

of

the

large

water

volume

within

theintegralcollectorstoragecollectorprovidesameansoffreezeprotection.


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ThermosyphonSystem


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As thesun shineson the collector, the water inside the collector flow

tubes is heated. As it heats, this water expands slightly and becomeslighterthanthecoldwaterinthesolarstoragetankmountedabovethecollector. Gravitythenpullsheavier,coldwaterdownfromthe

tankand

intothecollectorinlet. Thecoldwaterpushestheheatedwaterthrough

thecollectoroutletandintothetopofthetank,thusheatingthewater

inthe

tank.

In a thermosiphon system there is no need for a circulating pump

and

controller. Potablewater flowsdirectly to the tankon the roof. Solar

heatedwater

flows

from

the

rooftop

tank

to

the

auxiliary

tank

installed

atgroundlevelwheneverwaterisusedwiththebuilding.

The thermosiphon system features a thermally operated valve that

protects the collector from freezing. It also includes isolation valves,whichallowthesolarsystemtobemanuallydrained incaseoffreezingconditions,ortobebypassedcompletely.


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Typical Components of a Direct Flat Plate Collector System

AIR VENT


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Allows air that has entered the system to escape, and in turn prevents air locks that wouldrestrict flow of the heat-transfer fluid. An air vent must be positioned vertically and is usually

installed at the uppermost part of the system. In active direct systems supplied by pressurizedwater, an air vent should be installed anywhere air could be trapped in pipes or collectors.Indirect systems that use glycol as the heat-transfer fluid use air vents to remove any dissolvedair left in the system after it has been pressurized or charged with the heat-transfer fluid. Oncethe air has been purged in these indirect systems, the air vent mechanism is manually closed.

TEMPERATURE-PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE

Protects system components from excessive pressures and temperatures. A pressure-temperature relief valve is always plumbed to the solar storage (as well as auxiliary) tank. Inthermosiphon and ICS systems, where the solar tanks are located on a roof, these tanks may

also be equipped with a temperature-pressure relief valve since they are in some jurisdictionsconsidered storage vessels. These valves are usually set by the manufacturer at 150 psi and210 F. Since temperature pressure relief valves open at temperatures below typical collectorloop operating conditions, they are not commonly installed in collector loops.

PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE

Protects components from excessive pressures that may build up in system plumbing. In anysystem where the collector loop can be isolated from the storage tank, a pressure relief valvemust be installed on the collector loop. The pressure rating of the valve (typically 125 psi) mustbe lower than the pressure rating of all other system components, which it is installed to protect.The pressure relief valve is usually installed at the collector.


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PRESSURE GAUGE

Is used in indirect systems to monitor pressure within the fluid loop. In both direct and

indirect systems, such gauges can readily indicate if a leak has occurred in the systemplumbing.

VACUUM BREAKER

Admits atmospheric pressure into system piping, which allows the system to drain. Thisvalve is usually located at the collector outlet plumbing but also may be installed anywhereon the collector return line. The vacuum breaker ensures proper drainage of the collectorloop plumbing when it is either manually or automatically drained. A valve that incorporatesboth air vent and vacuum breaker capabilities is also available.

ISOLATION VALVES

These valves are used to manually isolate various subsystems. Their primary use is toisolate the collectors or other components before servicing.

DRAIN VALVES

Used to drain the collector loop, the storage tank and, in some systems, the heat exchangeror drain-back reservoir. In indirect systems, they are also used as fill valves. The mostcommon drain valve is the standard boiler drain or hose bib.

CHECK VALVES


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CHECK VALVES

Allow fluid to flow in only one direction. In solar systems, these valves preventthermosiphoning action in the system plumbing. Without a check valve, water that cools in theelevated (roof-mounted) collector at night will fall by gravity to the storage tank, displacinglighter, warmer water out of the storage tank and up to the collector. Once begun, thisthermosiphoning action can continue all night, continuously cooling all the water in the tank. Inmany cases, it may lead to the activation of the back-up-heating element, thereby causing thesystem to lose even more energy.

FREEZE-PROTECTION VALVES

Are set to open at near freezing temperatures, and are installed on the collector return line ina location close to where the line penetrates the roof.

Warm water bleeds through the collector and out this valve to protect the collector and pipesfrom freezing. A spring-loaded thermostat or a bimetallic switch may control the valve.

TEMPERATURE GAUGES

Provide an indication of system fluid temperatures.

A temperature gauge at the top of the storage tank indicates the temperature of the hottestwater available for use.

Temperature wells installed at several points in the system will allow the use of a single

gauge in evaluating system operation.


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SelectingaSolarWaterHeatingSystem

Investigatelocalcodes,covenants,andregulations.

Considertheeconomicsofasolarwaterheatingsystem.

Evaluatethesitessolarresource.

Determinethecorrectsystemsize.

Estimateandcomparesystemcosts.

Building Codes, Covenants, and Regulations for


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Solar Water Heating Systems

Before installing a solar water heating system, you should investigate local building

codes, zoning ordinances, and subdivision covenants, as well as any special regulationspertaining to the site. A building permit will probably be required to install a solar energysystem onto an existing building.

Not every community or municipality initially welcomes renewable energy installations.

Although this is often due to ignorance or the comparative novelty of renewable energysystems, compliance with existing building and permit procedures to install a system isunavoidable.

The matter of building code and zoning compliance for a solar system installation is

typically a local issue. Even if a statewide building code is in effect, it's usually enforcedlocally by the city, county, or parish. Common problems owners have encountered withbuilding codes include the following:

Exceeding roof loadUnacceptable heat exchangersImproper wiringUnlawful tampering with potable water supplies.


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Potential zoning issues include the following:

Obstructing sideyardsErecting unlawful protrusions on roofsSiting the system too close to streets or lot boundaries.

Special area regulationssuch as local community, subdivision, or

homeowner's association covenantsalso demand compliance. Thesecovenants, historic district regulations, and flood-plain provisions caneasily be overlooked.


Solar Water Heating Systems Continued

Renewable Energy Funding Sources


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The Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency (DSIRE) isa comprehensive source of information on state, local, utility, and federalincentives that promote renewable energy and energy efficiency. Thewebsite is http://www.dsireusa.org.
http://www.dsireusa.org/http://www.dsireusa.org/


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Federal Level Funding

Federal Incentives for Renewable Energy

U.S. Department of Treasury - Renewable Energy Grants

Eligible Renewable Technologies:

Solar Water Heating, Solar Space Heating, & Photovoltaic Systems

Energy Efficient Mortgages

Federal Housing Authority (FHA) & Veterans Affairs (VA) programs


Solar Water Heating, Solar Space Heating, & Photovoltaic Systems

State Level Funding


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State of Ohio Incentives for Renewable Energy

Ohio Department of Development - Advanced Energy Program Grants- Multi-Family Residential Solar Thermal Incentive


Solar Water Heating & Solar Space Heating Systems

Applicable Sectors: Multi-Family Residential, Low-Income Residential

Ohio Department of Development - Advanced Energy Program Grants- Non-Residential Renewable Energy


Solar Water Heating, Wind, & Photovoltaic Systems

Applicable Sectors: Commercial, Industrial, Nonprofit, Schools, LocalGovernment, State Government, Agricultural, Institutional


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SiteAssessment


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SolarPathFinder

http://www.solarpathfinder.com


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Collector PositioningFlat-plate collectors for solar water heating are generally mounted on a building or the ground in a fixedposition at prescribed angles. The angle will vary according to geographic location, collector type and use ofthe absorbed heat.Since residential hot water demand is generally greater in the winter than in the summer, the collectorideally should be positioned to maximize wintertime energy collection, receiving sunshine during the middlesix to eight daylight hours of each day. Minimize shading from other buildings, trees or other collectors. Planfor lengthening winter shadows, as the sun's path changes significantly with the seasons.


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Ideally, the collector should face directly south in the northernhemisphere and directly north in the southern hemisphere.

However, facing the collector within 30 to 45 either east or west of duesouth or north reduces performance by only about 10 percent.

A compass may be used to determine true south or north.

The closer to the equator, the less the need to maintain the orientationand direction of the collector, but be aware of the seasonal position ofthe sun in the sky and how it may affect the seasonal performance ofthe system.


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The optimum tilt angle for the collector is about the same as the site'slatitude plus or minus 15. An inexpensive inclinometer will aid indetermining tilt angles. If collectors will be mounted on a sloped roof,check the roof's inclination to determine whether the collectors should bemounted parallel to the roof or at a different tilt. In general, collectorsshould be mounted parallel to the plane of a sloped roof unless the

performance penalty is more than 30 percent. The mounted collectorshould not detract from the appearance of the roof.

Total length of piping from collector to storage should not exceed 100

feet. The longer the pipe run, the greater the heat loss. If a greater lengthis necessary, an increase in piping diameter or pump size may berequired.

If the collectors will be roof-mounted, they should not block drainage or

keep the roof surface from properly shedding rain. Water should notgather or pool around roof penetrations. Roof curbs may be require.


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To Estimate Shading of a Rooftop/Pole Mount on the Future Site


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To Estimate Needed Pole Height to Avoid Shading


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To Estimate How Much to Crop Tree to Avoid Shading


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SiteAssessmentBenefits

Arenewableenergysiteassessmentconductedbyacertified

assessorprovidesanopportunitytodiscusswithanexperienced,

objectivethirdpartyaboutthecharacteristicsofthepropertyandlearn

about

avariety

of

equipment

and

options.

Asiteassessmentisessentialwhenconsideringasolarproject.

The

site

assessors

report

can

be

used

to

present

a

summary

of

informationandoptionstodecisionmakersfortheirapproval.


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Costof

aRenewable

Energy

Site

Assessment

Certifiedassessorsestablishtheirownfeesfortheirservices.

On average, the full cost of an assessment is between $300 and

$500. Thecostvariesdependingon thenumberof technologies

being assessed and the complexity of the system, as well as the

assessorstravelcosts.

When arranging for a site assessment, discuss with the assessor

your expectations so that you can receive an accurate cost

estimate.


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SizingtheSolarHotWaterHeatingSystem

Justas

you

have

to

choose

a30

,40

,or

50

gallon

conventional

water

heater,

you

need to determine the rightsizesolar waterheater to install. Sizingasolar water

heater involves determining the total collector area and the storage volume

requiredtoprovide100%ofyourhousehold'shotwaterduringthesummer.Solar

equipment experts use worksheets or special computer programs to assist

you

in

determininghowlargeasystemyouneed.

Solarstoragetanksareusually50,60,80,or120galloncapacity.Asmall(50to60

gallon) system is sufficient for 1 to 3 people, a medium (80gallon) system is

adequate

for

a

3

or

4person

household,

and

a

large

(120gallon)

system

is

appropriatefor4to6people.

Aruleofthumbforsizingcollectors:allowabout20squarefeetofcollectorareafor

eachof

the

first

two

family

members

and

8square

feet

for

each

additional

family

memberifyouliveintheSunBelt.Allow12to14additionalsquarefeetperperson

ifyouliveinthenorthernUnitedStates.

i i h l i i d


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SizingtheSolarHotWaterHeatingSystem

Continued

Aratio

of

at

least

1.5

gallons

of

storage

capacity

to

1square

foot

of

collector

area

preventsthesystemfromoverheatingwhenthedemandforhotwaterislow.

In very warm, sunny climates, experts suggest that the ratio should be at least 2

gallons

of

storage

to

1

square

foot

of

collector

area.

Forexample,afamilyoffourinanorthernclimatewouldneedbetween64and68

squarefeetofcollectorareaanda96

to102gallonstoragetank.

(Thisassumes

20

square

feet

of

collector

area

for

the

first

person,

20

for

the

second

person,12to14forthethirdperson,and12to14forthefourthperson.

Thisequals64to68squarefeet,multipliedby1.5gallonsofstoragecapacity,which

equals96

to

102

gallons

of

storage.)

Becauseyoumightnotbeabletofinda96gallontank,youmaywanttogeta120

gallontanktobesuretomeetyourhotwaterneeds.

Resources


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AnalysisTools

Preliminary Screening:

To determine if a project is a possible

candidateforsolarhotwaterheating,tryusingtheFederalRenewable

EnergyScreeningAssistant(FRESA)software. Thisisawindowsbased

softwaretool

which

screens

projects

for

economic

feasibility.

It

is

able

to evaluate many renewable technologies including solar hot water,

photovoltaics,andwind.

Another

and

somewhat

more

detailed

screening

tool,

Retscreen,

is provided by Natural Resources Canada. Go tohttp://www.retscreen.net/

todownloadthesimulationsoftware.
http://www.retscreen.net/http://www.retscreen.net/http://www.retscreen.net/http://www.retscreen.net/http://www.retscreen.net/http://www.retscreen.net/


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ResourcesContinued

AnalysisTools

Detailed Performance:

Once preliminary viability has been established, it will

eventually be necessary to evaluate system performance to generate more precise

engineeringdataandeconomicanalysis. Thiscanbeaccomplishedbaseduponhourlysimulation software or by hand correlation methods based on the results of hourly

simulations. Twosoftwareprogramswhichareavailableinclude:

FCHART,

acorrelation

method

available

from

the

University

of

Wisconsin.

Go

to

http://www.fchart.com/

todownloadthesimulationsoftware.

TRNSYS,

softwareavailablefromtheUniversityofWisconsin. Goto

http://sel.me.wisc.edu/trnsys/ to

download

the

simulation

software.

FCHART can be used with the following:
http://www.fchart.com/http://www.fchart.com/http://www.fchart.com/http://www.fchart.com/http://www.fchart.com/http://www.fchart.com/http://sel.me.wisc.edu/trnsys/http://sel.me.wisc.edu/trnsys/http://sel.me.wisc.edu/trnsys/http://sel.me.wisc.edu/trnsys/http://sel.me.wisc.edu/trnsys/http://sel.me.wisc.edu/trnsys/http://sel.me.wisc.edu/trnsys/http://www.fchart.com/


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Collector Types

Flat-Plates

Evacuated TypesIntegral Collectors

System Types

Water Storage Heating

Building Storage HeatingDomestic Water HeatingIntegral Collector-Storage DHWIndoor and Outdoor Pool Heating

Features

Life-cycle economics with cash flowWeather data for over 300 locationsWeather data can be addedMonthly parameter variation2-D incidence angle modifiers

English and SI unitsApproved for use in CaliforniaVersions for Mac, DOS, and Windows

F-Chart


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Example Input

Parameter Input Screen for Flat-Plate Collector

F-ChartExample Input


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Example InputParameter Input Screen for General Solar Heating System

F Chart


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F-ChartExample Output

F-Chart


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F ChartExample Output

Graphical Output Screen showing Solar vs. Month


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Installation

ll i f h l


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InstallationoftheSolarHotWaterSystem

Theproper

installation

of

solar

water

heating

systems

depends

on

many

factors.

Thesefactorsincludesolarresource,climate,localbuildingcoderequirements,

andsafety

issues.

Wind Loading


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A mounted collector is exposed not only to sunlight and the rigors of ultraviolet lightbut also to wind forces. For example, in parts of the world that are vulnerable tohurricanes or extreme wind storms, the collector and its mounting structure need tobe able to withstand intermittent wind loads up to 146 miles per hour. Thiscorresponds to a pressure of about 75 pounds per square foot. Winds, and thermalcontraction and expansion may cause improperly installed bolts and roof seals toloosen over time. As always, follow local code requirements for wind loading.

Roof Mounting Considerations


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Example of a Collector mounted down from

roof ridge to reduce wind loading and heat losses

Do not mount collectors near the ridge of a roof or other places where the wind

load may be unusually high. The figure below shows a desirable location for aroof-mounted collector. Mounting collectors parallel to the roof plane helpsreduce wind loads and heat loss.

Ground Mounting


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In an alternative to roof mounting, the collector for a solar water

heating system may be mounted at ground level. The lower edge ofthe collector should be at least one foot above the ground so it willnot be obstructed by vegetation or soaked by standing water.

Roof Mounted Collectors


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Example of a Rack-mounted collector

There are four ways to mount flat-plate collectors on roofs:

1. Rack Mounting. This method is used on homes with flat roofs. Collectors aremounted at the prescribed angle on a structural frame. The structural connectionbetween the collector and frame and between the frame and building, or site mustbe adequate to resist maximum potential wind loads.

2. Standoff Mounting. Standoffs separate the collector from the finished roofsurface; they allow air and rainwater to pass under the collector and minimize


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Example of a Standoff-mounted collector

surface; they allow air and rainwater to pass under the collector and minimizeproblems of mildew and water retention. Standoffs must have adequate

structural properties. They are sometimes used to support collectors at slopesthat differ from that of the roof angle. This is the most common mountingmethod used.

3. Direct Mounting. Collectors can be mounted directly on the roofsurface Generally they are placed on a waterproof membrane covering


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Example of a Direct- or flush-mounted collector

surface. Generally, they are placed on a waterproof membrane coveringthe roof sheathing. Then the finished roof surface, the collector's structural

attachments, and waterproof flashing are built up around the collector. Aweatherproof seal must be maintained between the collector and the roofto avoid leaks, mildew and rotting.

4. Integral Mounting. Integral mounting places the collector within the roofconstruction itself. The collector is attached to and supported by the structural


102/116

Example of an Integral-mounted collector

construction itself. The collector is attached to and supported by the structuralframing members. The top of the collector serves as the finished roof surface.

Weather tightness is crucial in avoiding water damage and mildew. Only collectorsdesigned by the manufacturer to be integrated into the roof should be installed as thewater/moisture barrier of buildings. The roofing materials and solar collectors expandand contract at different rates and have the potential for leaks. A well sealed flashingmaterial allows the expansion and contraction of the materials to maintain a water

seal.

Roof Work Considerations


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Roof Work Considerations

The most demanding aspects of installing roof-mounted collectors arethe actual mounting and roof penetrations. Standards and codes aresometimes ambiguous about what can and cannot be done to a roof.

Always follow accepted roofing practices, be familiar with local building

codes, and communicate with the local building inspector. These areprime roof work considerations:

1. Perform the installation in a safe manner.

2. Take precautions to avoid (or minimize) damage to the roof area.3. Position collectors for the maximum performance compatible withacceptable mounting practices.

4. Seal and flash pipe and sensor penetrations in accordance with goodroofing practices. Use permanent sealants such as silicone, urethane orbutyl rubber.

5. Locate collectors so they are accessible for needed maintenance.


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Maintenance

M i


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Maintenance

Regular maintenance on simple systems can be as infrequent as every 35years,preferablybyaqualifiedcontractorwithexperienceandknowledgeof

solarhotwaterheatingsystems. Systemswithelectricalcomponentsusually

requireareplacementpartortwoafter10years.

Corrosion and Scaling in Solar Water Heating Systems


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CorrosionandScalinginSolarWaterHeatingSystems

Thetwo

major

factors

affecting

the

performance

of

properly

sited

and

installed

solar

waterheatingsystemsincludescalingandcorrosion.

Corrosion

Most

welldesigned

solar

systems

experience

minimal

corrosion.

When

they

do,

it

is

usually galvanic corrosion, an electrolytic process caused by two dissimilar metalscomingintocontactwitheachother.Onemetalhasastrongerpositiveelectricalcharge

andpullselectronsfromtheother,causingoneofthemetalsto

corrode.

The

heattransfer

fluid

in

some

solar

energy

systems

sometimes

provides

the

bridge

overwhichthisexchangeofelectronsoccurs.

Oxygen entering into an open loop solar system will cause rust in any iron or steel

component.

Such

systems

should

have

copper,

bronze,

brass,

stainless

steel,

plastic,

rubbercomponentsintheplumbingloop,andplasticorglasslinedstoragetanks.


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Scaling

Domesticwater

that

is

high

in

mineral

content

("hard

water")

may

cause

the

buildup

or

scaling of mineral (calcium) deposits in solar heating systems. Scale buildup reduces

systemperformanceinanumberofways.Ifthesystemusesdomesticwaterastheheat

transferfluid,scalingcanoccurinthecollector,distribution

piping,andheatexchanger.

Insystems

that

use

other

types

of

heat

transfer

fluids

(such

as

glycol),

scaling

can

occur

onthesurfaceoftheheatexchangerthattransfersheatfromthesolarcollectortothe

domesticwater.Scalingmayalsocausevalveandpumpfailuresonthedomesticwater

loop.

Scaling can be avoided by using a water softener(s) or by circulating a mild acidic

solution(suchasvinegar)throughthecollectorordomesticwaterloopevery35years,

orasnecessarydependingonwaterconditions.

There maybe theneed to carefullyclean heat exchanger surfaces

with mediumgrain

sandpaper. A "wraparound" external heat exchanger is an alternative to a heat

exchangerlocatedinsideastoragetank.

PeriodicInspectionList

Thefollowingaresomesuggestedinspectionsofsolarsystemcomponents.


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Collectorshading

Visuallycheckforshadingofthecollectorsduringtheday(midmorning,noon,

and midafternoon) on an annual basis. Shading can greatly affect the

performance of solar collectors. Vegetation growth over time or new

construction on the building or adjacent property may produce shading that

wasn'tthere

when

the

collector(s)

were

installed.

Collectorsoiling

Dusty or soiled collectors will perform poorly. Periodic cleaning may be

necessaryin

dry,

dusty

climates.

Collectorglazingandseals

Look for cracks in the collector glazing, and check to see if seals are in good

condition.

Plastic

glazing,

if

excessively

yellowed,

may

need

to be

replaced.

Pipingandwiringconnections

Lookforfluidleaksatpipeconnections.Allwiringconnections

shouldbetight.

Pipingand

wiring

insulation

Lookfordamageordegradationofinsulationcoveringpipesandwiring.

Roofpenetrations

Flashingandsealantaroundroofpenetrationsshouldbe ingoodcondition.


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g p g

Supportstructures

Checkallnutsandboltsattachingthecollectorstoanysupport

structuresfor

tightness.

Pressure

relief

valve

(on

liquid

solar

heating

collectors)Makesurethevalveisnotstuckopenorclosed.

Pumps

Verifythatdistributionpump(s)areoperating.Checktoseeiftheycomeon

whenthe

sun

is

shining

on

the

collectors

after

mid

morning.

If

the

pump

is

notoperating,theneitherthecontrollerorpumphasmalfunctioned.

Heattransferfluids

Antifreeze

solutions

in

solar

heating

collectors

need

to

be

replacedperiodically. If water with a high mineral content (i.e., hard water) is

circulated in the collectors, mineral buildup in the piping may need to be

removed by adding a descaling or mild acidic solution to the water every

fewyears.

Storagesystems

Checkstoragetanks,etc.,forcracks,leaks,rust,orothersignsofcorrosion.

Manufacturers


110/116

ACRSolar

International

Corporation

http://www.solarroofs.com

FAFCO,Inc.

http://www.fafco.com

VeluxAmerica

http://www.veluxusa.com

Heliodyne,Inc.

http://www.heliodyne.com

SiliconSolarInc.

http://sunmaxxsolar.com

Solarhart

http://www.solarhart.com

SunEarth,Inc.

http://www.sunearthinc.com

Solene,LLC

http://www.soleneusa.com

ThermoTechnologies

http://www.thermomax.com


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TradeAssociations

AmericanSolarEnergySociety(ASES)

http://www.ases.org

FloridaSolarEnergyCenter(FSEC) http://www.fsec.ucf.edu

SolarEnergyIndustriesAssociation(SEIA)

http://www.seia.org

SolarRating&CertificationCorporation(SRCC)http://www.solarrating.org

About the American Solar Energy Society


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About the American Solar Energy Society

Established in 1954, the American Solar Energy Society (ASES)is the nonprofit organization dedicated to increasing the use ofsolar energy, energy efficiency, and other sustainabletechnologies in the United States

Ab t th Fl id S l E C t


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About the Florida Solar Energy Center

The Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC) was created by the FloridaLegislature in 1975 to serve as the states energy research institute.The main responsibilities of the center are to conduct research, testand certify solar systems and develop education programs.

About the Solar Energy Industries Association


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About the Solar Energy Industries Association

Founded in 1974, the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) isthe leading national trade association for the solar energy industry.The mission of the Solar Energy Industries Association is to expandmarkets, strengthen research and development, remove market

barriers and improve education and outreach for solar energyprofessionals.

Ab t th S l R ti d C tifi ti C ti


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About the Solar Rating and Certification Corporation

In 1980 the Solar Rating and Certification Corporation(SRCC) was incorporated as a non-profit organizationwhose primary purpose is the development andimplementation of certification programs and national ratingstandards for solar energy equipment.


116/116

The End

NOH SolarWtrHtg Pres

Documents