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AUTHOR: DRC/DDG Global Risk Education Technical Advisor Finalized: 1 st December 2016 NIGERIA KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES SURVEY _________________________________ Danish Refugee Council / Danish Demining Group 2016 Yobe State
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Page 1: NIGERIA - reliefweb.int · A full list of documents and ... (NEMA), head of police bomb ... In northeast Nigeria there has been significant displacement of

AUTHOR: DRC/DDG Global Risk Education Technical Advisor Finalized: 1st December 2016

NIGERIA KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND

PRACTICES SURVEY

_________________________________ Danish Refugee Council / Danish Demining Group 2016

Yobe State

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Contents

1. BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................ 5

1.1 Impact of conflict on the civilian population .............................................................................. 5

1.2 Danish Demining Group in Nigeria ........................................................................................... 5

2. AIM AND OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................... 6

3. METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................... 7

3.1 Survey design ........................................................................................................................... 7

3.1.1 Overview of methodology ..................................................................................................... 7

3.1.2 Target groups ........................................................................................................................ 8

3.1.3 Geographic locations ............................................................................................................ 8

3.1.4 Sampling ................................................................................................................................ 9

3.1.5 Challenges and limitations .................................................................................................... 9

4. FINDINGS ............................................................................................................................... 11

4.1 Internally displaced persons ................................................................................................... 11

(F) Demographic information .................................................................................................... 11

(G) Recognition.......................................................................................................................... 15

(H) Effects of explosive hazards ............................................................................................... 16

(I) Indicators and marking systems ......................................................................................... 19

(J) Unsafe behaviour ................................................................................................................ 21

(K) Safe behaviour .................................................................................................................... 22

(L) Beliefs .................................................................................................................................. 25

(M) Communication channels to disseminate information ........................................................ 26

4.2 Host communities ................................................................................................................... 30

(A) Demographic information .................................................................................................... 30

(B) Recognition.......................................................................................................................... 31

(C) Effects of explosive hazards ............................................................................................... 33

(D) Indicators and marking systems ......................................................................................... 35

(E) Unsafe behaviour ................................................................................................................ 37

(F) Safe behaviour .................................................................................................................... 39

(G) Beliefs .................................................................................................................................. 41

(H) Communication channels to disseminate information ........................................................ 42

5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................... 46

5.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 46

5.2 Existing knowledge and knowledge gaps .............................................................................. 46

5.2.1 Attitudes towards mines/ERW ........................................................................................ 4748

5.2.2 Practices that influence risk-taking behaviour .................................................................... 48

5.2.3 MRE messages ................................................................................................................... 50

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5.2.4 Communication channels to disseminate information ........................................................ 51

5.2.5 Casualty data ...................................................................................................................... 52

5.2.6 Categorization of respondents ............................................................................................ 52

6. ANNEXES ............................................................................................................................... 54

6.1 Community entry procedures ................................................................................................. 54

6.2 Individual interview form ......................................................................................................... 55

6.3 Focus group discussion form: mines /ERW, adults ............................................................... 66

6.4 Focus group discussion form: mines/ERW, adolescents ....................................................... 71

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1. BACKGROUND

1.1 Impact of conflict on the civilian population

Nigeria’s northeast is currently experiencing a significant humanitarian crisis, which has resulted from the ongoing counter-insurgency operations being conducted by the Nigerian armed forces and MNJTF against Boko Haram. High insecurity in the region has made access to populations in need of assistance and protection extremely difficult for humanitarian actors. While Boko Haram lost territory to security forces easing access to some areas in 2015, the government counter offensive overall has hampered humanitarian access. In parallel, displacements continue with movements of return initiated by the Government from Adamawa to Borno while IDPs continued to arrive in camps in Adamawa. As the counter insurgency operations have intensified, many civilians are caught in the conflict resulting in serious protection risks and violations, particularly in Borno State. While large areas of territory have been recaptured by the Nigerian army, the insurgency continues to target civilians in villages, IDP camps and urban centres including markets, education facilities, places of worship and health facilities. Large areas of Borno remain unsafe and inaccessible. It is therefore expected that during the programme timeframe, the following will unfold: a) Protracted displacement in urban centres, principally Maiduguri, Damaturu, and Yola with increased risks of violence, violation of human rights, increased vulnerability and poverty linked to the decrease of access to services; b) Continuous displacements from and within Borno and Yobe States towards Adamawa and Maiduguri; c) Ongoing forced returns, including from neighbouring states, generating further rights violations, exposure to violence and displacement if enforced without a sustainable and safe environment.

1.2 Danish Demining Group in Nigeria

Danish Demining Group (DDG) is a “Specialised Business Unit” within the Danish Refugee Council (DRC). DRC/DDG initiated, in October 2015, the implementation of an emergency assistance programme in Adamawa focusing on the provision of protection and emergency Non-Food assistance to IDPs in 13 informal camps and host communities. Two protection referral centres were established in Yola to address protection needs of individuals referred by communities and other stakeholders. DRC/DDG has initiated building protection capacity of government actors through training them on key protection issues and their role as duty bearers. In addition, DRC/DDG is delivering emergency Mine Risk Education sessions for women, men, boys and girls in camps and host communities in Borno and Adamawa states. DRC/DDG believes that MRE activities are essential to ensure that conflict-affected populations have the necessary knowledge and skills to protect themselves from the landmine/ERW threat in Nigeria. However, due to the escalation of conflict over the last year and the changing nature of the threat the MRE approach has to be adapted to reflect the current realities. In particular for returnee, and IDP communities, it is essential to carry out a Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) survey on mine/ ERW risks, allowing for the appropriate targeting of messages and methodologies according to identified needs and vulnerabilities.

.

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2. AIM AND OBJECTIVES The KAP survey is intended to provide valid information at a local level to identify critical needs for risk education according to geographic areas and target groups. The aim and objectives of the KAP are outlined in the table below:

The KAP survey will ensure that risk education messages, methods and materials are developed and adapted to address the knowledge gaps, issues in practice and to the priorities of the specific target groups. This in-depth understanding of the predominant behaviours and subsequent practices within the resident, returnee and IDP population in Yobe State would support to plan, implement and eventually evaluate the risk education projects of DRC/DDG. At a strategic level the KAP survey results will also contribute to stabilisation and the provision of humanitarian assistance in Nigeria by helping to ensure at-risk groups have the knowledge and skills to protect themselves from landmines/ERW.

AIM

To enhance understanding of the humanitarian impact of mines/ERW and to identify risk education gaps and needs amongst children and adults from resident and IDP communities in

Nigeria.

Objective One To measure (a)

knowledge of children and their families (b)

attitudes to the problem, and (c) practices, in terms of their stated behaviour towards explosive hazards.

Objective Two

To better understand the socio-cultural and socio-

economic factors that influence the risk-taking behaviour of those living in affected communities.

Objective Three

To produce recommendations for

tailored and appropriate risk education

methodologies and messages for different demographics of the

target population.

Objective Four To establish a baseline

against which DRC/DDG can measure the results

of risk education.

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3. METHODOLOGY

3.1 Survey design

The KAP survey was designed to collect both quantitative and qualitative comprehensive data from a representative sample in areas where DR/DDG has an established presence. The survey collected both qualitative and quantitative data guided by IMAS Mine Risk Education Best Practice Handbook 13 and UNICEF Emergency MRE Handbook.

3.1.1 Overview of methodology

The KAP survey involved the cross-analysis of secondary data and primary data collected through key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and household interviews. The six main components of the survey are as follows: Secondary data review; Training of enumerators; Community entry; Interviews with People of Knowledge; Individual interviews; Focus group discussions; Debriefing of team leaders; Triangulation and establishing confidence level about the collected information. A more detailed breakdown of the six main components of the survey is included below. (1) Secondary data review Secondary information has been used to inform the design of the primary data collection, including: Development of an overview of the situation and context; Identification of target groups; Identification of geographical areas; Adaptation of methodology; Selection of sampling method; Creation of PwK profiles and interview formats; Development of individual interview questionnaires and focus group discussion formats. Secondary data review included analysis of the findings of assessments carried out by other international non-governmental organisations (INGOs) and human security actors, data made available by government agencies, as well as media sources on the crisis. Ongoing collection of available secondary data has taken place throughout the duration of the KAP survey so that this information can be used to triangulate and supplement the primary data. A full list of documents and secondary data sources that have been analysed can be made available upon written request to the DRC/DDG Global Risk Education Technical Advisor. (2) Community entry Due to insecurity and the sensitivities about data-collection in general in northeast Nigeria, as well as more specifically linked to needs and vulnerabilities for risk education, the manner in which the DRC/DDG KAP survey was introduced to the local authorities and at the community level was critical. A procedure was established to ensure that good community relations were maintained, which is included in Annex One.

(3) Interviews with People of Knowledge (PwK)

PwK interviews are an important tool to gather qualitative information. They were conducted with a list of identified individuals to get their input on certain aspects of the community, the target group in question, and the history of conflict in the area. PwK were selected either because of their professional background, leadership responsibilities or because of their particular personal experience. The following categories of PwK were identified.

# Target

1 UN and NGOs

OCHA, UNICEF, IOM, IRC, STC, ICRC, MSF, DRC, local NGOs and civil society organisations

2

Government and military

State Emergency Management Authority (SEMA), National Emergency Management Authority (NEMA), head of police bomb disposal squad, State Governor, CiMiC Representative, Ministry of Health, Garrison Commander, head of LGA

3 Community

Emir, community elders, Mullah, priests, Head of CJTF (vigilantes), Youth leader, Women’s leader, children’s leader

4 IDP camps Camp manager, camp supervisors

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(4) Focus group discussions

Focus group discussions (FGD) are a tool for qualitative research in which a group of people are asked about their perceptions, opinions, beliefs, and attitudes towards a given topic. Questions are asked in an interactive group setting where participants are free to talk with other group members. For the KAP survey, FGD were essential to ensure the collection of more qualitative information to supplement the quantitative data collected during individual interviews. As with PwK interviews, it was important that different representative groups were included in focus group discussions as this allowed an analysis of a comprehensive humanitarian picture per geographic location, as well as an analysis of the different KAP of IDP, returnee and host-communities. FGD selection criteria included the most relevant participants for the project and have been designed to ensure representation of different groups within the community. In each of the selected sites the below list of FGD were carried out:

1. Local authorities; 2. Men, mobilised with the assistance of the local leaders or camp management; 3. Women, mobilised with the assistance of the Women’s leader or camp management; 4. Youth, mobilised with the assistance of the Youth leader or camp management; 5. An optional fifth group at the community level is representatives of the civilian joint task force.

3.1.2 Target groups

The target population for the KAP included internally displaced people (IDPs), returnees, and host-communities in conflict and non-affected areas. These groups were identified as the most critical through consultation with a broad range of stakeholders.

• Internally Displaced Person (IDP) - Persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border (Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, UN Doc E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2.). In northeast Nigeria there has been significant displacement of people across the country, with IDP some IDP living in camp /camp-like settings and the majority residing within host-communities whereby they rent accommodation or are hosted by friends and/or family.

Returnees - Persons or groups of persons who have forcibly or voluntarily returned to their place of origin. This

includes those who were displaced within the country and also those who were refugees in neighbouring

countries such as Cameroon. In some cases the return is temporary, due to i) ongoing attacks, or i) the fact that

homes and much essential infrastructure has been destroyed. Exact numbers of returnees are not known, but in

Yobe State they are thought to be high.

Host-communities - Persons or groups of persons residing in the communities that are hosting the displaced

population. This can include families and friends of displaced persons or groups of persons who host them in

their houses.

3.1.3 Geographic locations

Damaturu was the only Local Government Authority (LGA) in Yobe State where DRC/DDG was given permission by SEMA to carry out data collection. Additional criteria when identifying the geographic scope of the KAP included:

Informal and formal camp settings housing IDPs from some of the most conflict affected areas;

Areas that were identified as either hosting a significant number of IDPs and/or returnees;

Areas that were identified as a high priority for intervention either as part of the DFID Consortium, or EU Trust Fund proposals;

Areas that were identified through secondary research as potentially being highly contaminated by mines/ERW due to the intensity of fighting that took place there.

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Areas that were accessible to DRC/DDG teams based on the results of the DRC/DDG security assessment

Human and financial resource constraints meant that a limit had to be placed on the number of sites to enumerate.

Based on these criteria, wards that were selected included: Damaturu Central; Kukareta / Warsala; Maisandari / Waziri Ibrahim Estate; Damasku.

3.1.4 Sampling

The sampling frame was constructed purposively in order to best meet the objectives of the KAP survey and to deal with limitations in the data available for constructing the survey methodology. Although these primary sampling units were selected purposively from the entire population of Yobe State, some principles of random sampling were then employed to draw the final sample in order to increase the representativeness and reliability of the data. The total sample for each of these was calculated according to the % of the total population size that it represented of the total population size. A confidence level of 95% and confidence interval of 3% was then applied to calculate the total number of interviewees required at each site.

Ward name Estimated # of individuals in

ward Location Name Location type

Damaturu Central 829 Bukar Ali Primary

School Formal Camp

Kukareta / Warsala 1634 Kukareta Primary

School Formal Camp

Maisandari / Waziri Ibrahim Estate

711 Mohammed Gombe

Farm Informal Camp

Kukareta / Warsala 721 Huri Village Camp Informal Camp

Damakasu 938

Host Community

Damaturu Central 868 Nasarawa Host Community

Kukareta / Warsala 4038

Host Community & informal camp

Maisandari / Waziri Ibrahim Estate

651

Host Community

In the absence of a household list or map which would have enabled a more systematic sampling of the village or camp population, the random walk method was employed. The household head was first interviewed followed by all present members above the age of six. In the event that the household head was absent, one attempt was made to revisit. If the household head was still not present, no replacements need to be made in place of the absent household.

3.1.5 Challenges and limitations

A number of challenges were faced during the planning and implementation of the KAP survey in Yobe State.

(A) Security and access

Ongoing military operations and restrictions on access provided by the local authorities meant that the only LGA where DRC/DDG was granted permission from SEMA and the military to carry out data-collection was Damaturu. In addition to this, due to constraints in terms of accessibility/suspicion/openness to sharing information in the Yobe context meant that two enumerators were arrested on suspicion of being members of an AOG. In addition to this, one of tribes in Damaturu was uncooperative due to rumours that the enumerators were working for police. Finally, there was a delay in getting authorization to enter one of the formal camp locations, which delayed data-collection by up to one week.

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(B) Accessing men and children

The data-collection team faced difficulties finding men and children to include as respondents to the survey. In the case of men, this was due to the fact that during the day the majority of them would go to market in Damaturu. In the case of children, it was because parents were reluctant to allow them to be interviewed individually on the topic of mines/ERW.

(C) Sample frame

Resource constraints meant that the KAP survey was not able to obtain a truly representative sample in Yobe State. In addition to this, the lack of available data meant that it was not possible to conduct random and statistically valid data-collection. Therefore the data and findings should be treated as providing a snapshot of information on the current aspects of knowledge, attitude and practices related to mines/ERW within the host communities and IDP populations.

(D) Focus group discussions

When the write up of focus group discussions was submitted, the level of detail that is useful had not been captured by the teams. This indicates that the enumerators were not correctly trained on how to conduct a focus group discussion and the level of detail that should be written down to show the responses.

(E) PwK interviews

No written record of the findings of the PwK interviews was ever submitted. It later transpired that this was due to the fact that the team struggled to find PwKs because they all said that they were too busy.

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4. FINDINGS Overall, the KAP survey covered 1,222 respondents, which exceeded the target of 962 set in the sample frame. A total of 5 FGD and 2 PwK interviews were conducted and the results of these were used to triangulate and validate the findings from the individual interviews. The intention was to conduct the analysis disaggregated according to the main target groups identified in the survey: IDPs, returnees, and host-communities. However, only one respondent identified themselves as a returnee, so the analysis instead focuses on the needs and vulnerabilities for MRE of IDP and host-communities. A gender and diversity lens has also be applied, to ensure that an analysis of how factors such as age, gender, and socio-economic status etc can influence risk-taking behaviour amongst the target population.

4.1 Internally displaced persons

(F) Demographic information

A total of 525 IDP respondents participated in the KAP survey and of this figure, 251 were male and 274 were female. Out of the total enumerated IDPs, 86% of respondents were adults and 14% children. 56% of IDP respondents were the household head and of this figure, 60% were male and 40% female. Figure One: breakdown of IDP respondents by age and gender

, Out of the total number of IDP respondents, 1 was displaced from Adamawa state, 167 from Borno state and 357 from within Yobe state. 70% of IDPs from Borno originated from Kaga LGA and 20% from Damboa. 82% of IDPs from Yobe state originated from Gujiba LGA and 14% from Damaturu LGA. The IDP from Adamawa originally came from Michika.

48%

52%

male female

20 23 21 15

77

126

101 83

32 27

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Figure Two: LGAs of origin for IDPs displaced from Borno and Yobe States

Respondents were asked to provide information on why they left their place of origin. 353 respondents emphasised the fact that their place of origin was under the control of armed groups and 329 mentioned the insurgency as the main factors. 204 respondents stated a general lack of safety and 204 that their homes had been destroyed. Attacks using improvised explosive device were mentioned by 106 respondents, notably those coming from Gujba (55/116), Kaga (29/116), Damaturu (14/116), Damboa (4/116), Biu (1/116), Michika (1/116), Maiduguri MC (1/116), Tarmuwa (1/116). Aerial bombings were cited by 14 respondents, coming from Gujba (8/14), Damaturu (5/14), and Kaga (1/14). Mines and ERW were cited by those coming from Gujba (10/16), Damaturu (3/16), and Kaga (3/16). Figure Three: why did you leave your place of origin?

85% of respondents stated that they were planning to return to their place of origin, and in terms of timeframe the majority said that it would be when the fighting stops or when there is a peace deal. In terms of why they would want to return, the most common reason was to reclaim land (270/444), to reclaim other property (182 out of 444), or because the place is now safe (109 out of 444). Other reasons cited related to general hardships experienced in the place of displacement, such as unavailability of land for agriculture (139 out of 444), hardship in camps (125 out of 444), high rent in the place of displacement (76 out of 444) and lack of job opportunities (46 out of 444).

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Figure Four: why do you want to return?

15% of respondents stated that they were not planning to return to their place of origin. In terms of why not, the most common reason was the fact that the insurgents are still present (43 out of 78), military operations are ongoing (27 out of 78), or because they are scared to return (31 out of 78). Other reasons cited related lack of resources to facilitate their return (30 out of 78), the fact that they no-longer have family in their place of origin (25 out of 78), or because there are better business opportunities in town 13 out of 78). Figure Five: why do you not want to return?

55% of respondents stated that the highest level of education that they had achieved was the madrasa. This was particularly the case for men aged 18-34 (43 out of 77), women aged 18-34 (76 out of 126), men aged 35-59 (62 out of 101), women aged 35-59 (45 out of 83), men aged 60+ (23 out of 32) and women aged 60+ (17 out of 27). 18% of total IDP respondents stated that they had received no formal education, most notably boys aged 6-11 (6 out of 20),

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women aged 18-34 (28 out of 126), women aged 35-59 (27 out of 101), women aged 35-59 (22 out of 83), men aged 60+ (7 out of 32) and women aged 60+ (9 out of 27). Figure Six: breakdown of IDP respondent level of education by age and gender

158 out of 291 household heads stated that their primary income generating activity was agriculture. Out of these 158 respondents, 40% listed the average daily income being 501-1000 Naira, 32% said 301-500 Naira, and 17% 0-300 Naira. 17 household heads stated that their primary income generating activity was begging and out of these 17 respondents, 47% listed the average daily income as 0-300 Naira, 47% said 301-500 Naira, and 6% said 501-1000 Naira. 17 household heads listed their primary income generating activity as “other”, which included firewood collection, selling goods in town, labouring and transport providers. Overall 50% of households are living on less than 500 Naira a day, and 50% on more.

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Madrasa

Junior Secondary School

Primary School

Higher Islamic Studies

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Secondary School Certificate

National Diploma

National Certificate of Education

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Figure Seven: IDP respondent’s primary income generating activities and average daily income

(G) Recognition

IDP respondents were shown photo prompts which contained photos of mines/ERW and asked to explain what they were. 149 respondents stated that they did not know what the items were and 169 provided the wrong answer, saying that the objects were either: toys (44 out of 169), a pineapple (35 out of 169) or metal (90 out of 169). Figure Eight: gender and breakdown of recognition of explosive hazards

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Women 60+

Incorrect

Correct

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35% of respondents reported having seen explosive hazards and 61% said that they had not. The most significant finding is that the majority of those who reported having seen a device mentioned that it was at a military checkpoint, on a military base, on the road or in close proximity to the road. The graph below shows where different respondents reported to have seen these explosive devices: Figure Nine: where have you seen these items?

62% of respondents that reported having seen some of these devices stated that they had seen UXO. 17% of respondents claimed to have seen IED and 17% landmines. A higher percentage of men and women reported having seen these devices as compared to children and adolescents. Figure Ten: breakdown of explosive hazards reported to have been seen by category and munition group

(H) Effects of explosive hazards

Respondents were asked whether or not they consider explosive hazards to be dangerous. 82% of respondents said yes, 10% did not know and 5% said that they were not dangerous. 15 out of 126 women aged 18-34 and 13/83 women aged 35-59 stated that they did not know if the items were dangerous. In addition to this, 8 out of 126 women aged 18-34, 8 out of 97 men aged 35-59, and 6 out of 83 women aged 35-59 stated that they if the items were not dangerous.

21

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34

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Figure Eleven: gender and age breakdown of IDP responses on whether explosive hazards are dangerous

In the category of boys aged 6-11, 13 out of 20 respondents respectively said that if one of these items exploded it could kill you or injure you, and 2 out of 20 said nothing would happen. For girls aged 6-11, 18 of 23 respondents said that if one of these items exploded in your vicinity it could kill you, 15 said it could injure you and 4 said it could blind you. Figure Twelve: gender and age breakdown of IDP responses on why explosive hazards are dangerous

In terms of additional effects on the individual, the majority of respondents highlighted the fact that the person would not be able to work and that they would become dependent on others for survival. For boys aged 6-11, 8 out of 20 respondents mentioned dependency, 7 out of 20 inability to work, 5 out of 20 unable to go to school and 5 out of 20 unable to travel. For girls aged 6-11, 12 out of 23 respondents mentioned inability to work, 8 out of 23 isolation, 8 out of 23 unable to go to school and 6 out of 23 dependency. For boys aged 12-17, 15 of 21 respondents mentioned inability to work, 9 out of 21 dependency, and 8 of 21 inability to go to school. For girls aged 12-17, 7 out of 21 respondents mentioned inability to work, and 4 out of 21 emphasised inability to travel. For men aged 18-34, 47 out of 77 mentioned inability to work, 36 out of 77 dependency, compared to 65 out of 122 and 48 out of 122 of female respondents in the same age group. In the 35 – 59 age group, 63 out of 101 men mentioned inability to work, 47 of 101 dependency and 31 of 101 isolation. 41 of 83 women in the same age category cited inability to work, 34 of 83 dependency and 22 of 83 inability to travel. In the 60+ age group, 18 out of 32 men mentioned inability to

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Boys 6-11 Girls 6-11 Boys 12-17 Girls 12-17 Men 18-34 Women 18-34

Men 35-59 Women 35-59

Men 60+ Women60+

Yes No Don't know No response

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Boys 6-11 Girls 6-11 Boys 12-17

Girls 12-17

Men 18-34

Women18-34

Men 35-59

Women35-59

Men 60+ Women60+

Nothing

Injure you

Kill you

Blind you

Don't know

No response

Other

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work, and 13 of 32 dependency. 20 of 27 women in the same age category cited inability to work and 16 of 27 dependency. Figure Thirteen: what are the effects on the individual?

In terms of the effects on the family if a relative was killed or injured by a mine/ERW, the main ones cited by adults were reduced income and also the additional pressure of expensive hospital bills. In general, very few respondents said that children would be taken out of school to provide care, although it was statistically more of a concern for women than men. For boys aged 6-11, 8 out of 20 respondents mentioned children being forced to work as their primary concern, with 6 out of 20 mentioning children taken out of school, reduced income and expensive hospital treatment respectively. For girls aged 6-11, 11 out of 23 respondents mentioned reduced income and expensive hospital treatment respectively, and 7 out of 23 that children would be taken out of school. For boys aged 12-17, 9 of 21 (respondents mentioned reduced income and children taken out of school respectively, and 8 of 21 cited that children would be forced to work. For girls aged 12-17, 9 out of 21 respondents mentioned pressure on the spouse, and 8 out of 21 emphasised expensive hospital treatment. For men aged 18-34, 34 out of 77 mentioned expensive hospital treatment, 30 out of 77 reduced income, and 27 of 77 pressures on the spouse. 38 of 122 women aged 18 – 24 highlighted family crisis, 59 of 122 reduced income, 52 of 122 expensive hospital treatment, and 43 of 122 begging. In the 35 – 59 age group, 46 out of 101 men mentioned expensive hospital treatment, and 41 of 101 reduced income. 36 of 83 women in the same age category cited expensive hospital treatment, 35 of 83 reduced income and 32 of 83 family crisis. In the 60+ age group, 13 out of 32 men mentioned expensive hospital treatment and pressure on the spouse respectively. 12 out of 32 cited reduced income and 11 of 32 begging. 19 out of 27 women in the same age category cited reduced income, 13 of 27 mentioned expensive hospital treatment and 11 of 27 begging.

130

48

238

316

126 103

62 41

61 42 48

76 90

20

89 87

5 36

4 6

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Figure Fourteen: what are the effects on the family of someone who is killed or injured by an explosive hazard?

(I) Indicators and marking systems

Respondents were asked if they could list possible dangerous areas and indicators that a place could be contaminated with mines/ERW. The most commonly mentioned possible dangerous area was military camps, followed by battle areas, agricultural areas and destroyed buildings. For boys aged 6-11, 5 out of 20 respondents mentioned old military positions and on the side of footpaths respectively, and 4 of 20 at checkpoints and by main roads. For girls aged 6-11, 9 out of 23 mentioned old military positions, 5/23 battle areas, and 5/23 destroyed buildings. . For boys aged 12-17, 8/21 mentioned old military positions, 9/21 battle areas, 7/21 the side of main roads, and 7/21 on footpaths. For girls aged 12-17, 6/15 respondents mentioned destroyed buildings, 5/15 agricultural areas and 4/15 military camps. For men aged 18-34, 29 of 77 respondents mentioned military camps, 27/77 agricultural areas, 21/77 destroyed buildings, and 20/77 old military positions and battle areas respectively. For women aged 18-34, 37 of 126 respondents mentioned military camps, 35/126 battle areas, 26/126 agricultural areas, and 23/126 along main roads. Figure Fifteen: what are the possible dangerous areas that could be affected by mines/ERW?

156

117

89

71

135

115

149

221

71

169

214

32

9

5

Family crisis

Husband will take a new wife

Wife will be divorced

Wife wil be returned to parents

Children taken out of school

Children forced to work

Begging

Reduced income

Wife becomes care provider

Pressure on the spouse

Expensive hospital treatment

Don't know

No response

Other

181

89

137

28

76

127 110

82 89 93 97

12 4

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Respondents were also asked about their knowledge of indicators that an area could be contaminated with explosive hazards. In all age and gender categories respondents mentioned destroyed abandoned buildings or vehicles as the most common. Following that, evidence of battles, burnt trees and human remains were cited as possible indicators. 66 respondents stated that they did not know what the indicators are. Out of this figure, 5/23 girls aged 6-11 (23%), 5/27 women aged 60+ (19%), 13/83 women aged 35-59 (16%) 3/20 boys aged 6-11 (15%) 17/126 women aged 18- 34 (13%) did not know what the indicators are. Figure Sixteen: what are the common indicators of danger?

Respondents were also asked about their knowledge of official and unofficial marking systems. In all age and gender categories respondents mentioned crossed sticks, red cloth tied to a stick, or holes dug in the road as the most common. 67 respondents stated that they did not know what the indicators are. Out of this figure, 5/23 girls aged 6-11, 4/21 boys aged 12-17, 5/27 women aged 60+, 13/83 women aged 35- 59, 3/20 boys aged 6-11, 4/30 men aged 60+, 2/15 girls aged 12-17, and 17/126 did not know what the official or unofficial marking systems are. Figure Seventeen: what are the common marking systems used to indicate danger

248 221

155 129

62

102 80

44

72 66

19 8

60

223

74 71 52

113

74 53 60

202

81 67

6 16

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Respondents were also asked what they would do if they came across either an official or unofficial marking system. The majority of respondents said that they would find another path, inform others or report the sign, although a worrying number of respondents stated that they would ignore the sign. For boys aged 6-11 the most common stated behaviours were to find another path (11/20), to report the sign (10/20), and inform others of the sign (7/20). Of concern is that 6/20 of boys aged 6-11 said that they would ignore the sign. For girls aged 6-11, the most common stated behaviours were to find another path (15/23) or to ignore the sign (8/23). For boys aged 2-17, 18/21 said that they would find another path, and 9/21 would inform others and report the sign, although 5/21 said that they would ignore it and 4/21 said that they would keep going. For girls aged 12-17 girls, whilst many knew the appropriate behaviour to adopt, 3/15 said that they would remove the sign and 5/15 said that they would keep going. For men and women aged 18-34, the majority of respondents stated that they would find another path, inform others or report the sign. However for women, 14/126 said that they would keep going, 13/126 would not tell anyone, 9/126 would ignore the sign and 12/126 did not know what to do. For men, 21/77 stated that they would ignore the sign. In the age category of 35-59, again the majority of both male and female respondents claimed that they would find another path, inform others, or report the sign. However, for men, 11/101 would keep going and 23/101 would ignore the sign, and for women 13/83 would ignore the sign, 7/83 would not tell anyone, and 7/83 would keep going on the same path. For the age category of 60+, 5/32 men would ignore the sign and 4/27 women would not tell anyone. Figure Eighteen: what would you do if you came across one of these signs?

(J) Unsafe behaviour

To deepen understanding about how people behave in specific situations involving explosive hazards, respondents were asked: why people enter dangerous areas; and whether or not they understand the risks of entering these areas. The analysis indicates that the most common reasons that people would enter unsafe areas were due to agricultural activities (209/525) and scrap metal collection (180/525). Following on from this, activities such as herding livestock (113/525) and following animals (113/525) into unsafe areas were highly rated. of respondents said that when people enter possible dangerous areas they do not understand the danger, compared to 14% who said that they do. For the 14% of respondents that said people still enter despite knowing that it is dangerous, the most common reasons that they listed were farming (28/75), scrap metal collection (28/75) and hunting bush meat (13/75).

49

311

29

200 216

10

41

95

23 7 10

Keep going Findanother

path

Removesign

Informothers

Report Take sign Not tellanyone

Ignore thesign

Don'tknow

Noresponse

Other

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Figure Nineteen: why do people enter dangerous areas?

Respondents were then asked whether people collect items and if so whether or not they understand the risk of doing so. 51% of reported that people do not collect mines/ERW, but 37% reported that they do. The most highly listed reasons that people collect them were listed as to play with the item, to sell the item, and out of curiosity. 84% of respondents stated that people did not know the danger of handling these items, whereas 10% said that they do. Figure Twenty: why do people collect mines/ERW?

(K) Safe behaviour

Respondents were then asked what they would do if they encountered a mine/ERW. The majority of people stated that they would find another path (248 out of 525), report it (236 of 525) and inform others (172 of 525). This demonstrates that a significant number of the local population know the appropriate safe behaviour to adopt. However, 87 of said that they would ignore the mine/ERW, 52 said that they would keep going, 45 said that they would remove it, 25 that they would not tell anyone and that they did not know what to do respectively. The graph below demonstrates that women aged 18-34 are the most at risk in this regard.

9

74

5 12 9

91

23

58

36 25 27

2 3 5

113 97

50 32

209

37

113

49 34

180

57

22 18 29 25

9 5

68 56

92 101 111

24

50

5 2 0

50

100

150

200

250

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Figure Twenty One: what would you do if you came across a mine/ERW?

In terms of reporting, the majority of respondents stated that they would report a mine/ERW to the relevant authorities. Those mentioned most highly were the Civilian Joint Task Force (246/525), the Emir (231/525), the local police (185/525) and the local military (159/525). Children and adolescents stated that they would primarily report the item to their mother or father. Very few respondents (4/525) said that they did not know who to report to, and 8 women aged 18-34 stated that they would not report it if they found a mine/ERW. Figure Twenty Two: if you came across a mine/ERW who would you report it to?

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Boys 6-11

Girls 6-11

Boys 12-17

Girls 12-17

Men 18-34

Women18-34

Men 35-59

Women35-59

Men 60+ Women60+

Dispose of it myself

Keep going

Find another path

Remove it

Inform others

Report it

Not tell anyone

Ignore it

Don't know

No response

Other

15

231 246

106

67 79

109

159 185

89

6 28

6 8 20

121

40

3 4

73 92

2 7 4 11

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82% of respondents said that they had never made a report, whereas 9% said they had. In terms of what would prevent people from reporting mines/ERW, the most commonly cited reasons were fear of being accused of being an insurgent or fear of interrogation by the police or military.

Figure Twenty Three: what would prevent you from making a report?

Respondents were asked what they would do if they thought that they had accidentally entered a minefield. Overall, the majority knew that they call for help (245/525) and inform the community (204/525). However, of concern is that only 72/525 stated that they should stand still and 76/525 that they should inform the authorities. A relatively large number of respondents stated that they would retrace their steps, particularly men aged 18-34 (30/77), women aged 18-34 (23/126), and men aged 35-59 (30/101). 14/126 women aged 18-34 stated that they did not know what to do.

Figure Twenty Four: what would you do if you realised that you had entered into a minefield?

Respondents were then asked what they would do if they came across a mine/ERW accident involving a family member or friend. Whilst 262/525 respondents said that they would report the accident to the authorities, an alarming 225/525 respondents stated that they would run to their assistance. This was a reaction that was common

83

117 101

66 47

20

163

64 64 60 49

76 104

63 72

245

135

204

76 43

29 8

40

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across all the age and gender groups. Only 24/525 respondents stated that they would not know what to do in this situation, 9 out of which were women aged 18-34. Figure Twenty Five: what would you do if you came across an accident involving a friend or family member?

Respondents were asked what they would do if one of their animals entered a minefield. 214/525 said that they

would call the animal to come to them, which could expose them to risk. 45/525 stated that they would follow the

animal in there, of which 13/45 were women aged 18-34, 7/45 were men aged 35-59, and 5/45 were boys aged 6-

11.

Figure Twenty Six: what would you do if one of your animals entered a minefield?

(L) Beliefs

An important element of the survey was to understand any belief systems that exist in north east Nigeria which

might affect how the local population interacts with explosive hazards. Across all age and gender categories, a high

number of respondents stated that you could destroy a mine/ERW with a prayer.

225

152

263

121

70 47

24 14 7

Run to theirassistance

Run away Report to theauthorities

Tell them tocome to me

Tell them touse theirclothes tostop thebleeding

Nothing Don't know No response Other

45

199 214

168

201

40

5 9 28

Follow it inthere

Run away Call theanimal

Report tothe

authorities

Call for help Nothing Don't know No response Other

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Figure Twenty Seven what are the ways in which you have heard that you can destroy one of these items?

Other beliefs that need to be addressed with each age and gender category are included in the table below:

Age and gender group Beliefs

Boys 6-11 Spiritual rights (5/20), throwing stones at it (2/20)

Girls 6-11 Getting animals to walk over it (4/23), throwing stones at it (3/23)

Boys 12-17 Burying it in a hole (3/21), throwing stones at it (3/21)

Girls 12-17 Throw it in the river (3/15)

Men 18-34 Throw it in the river (10/77)

Women 18-34 Throw it stones at it (10/126)

Men 35-59 Throw it stones at it (12/101), throw it in the river (7/101), use a charm (6/101), get animals to walk over it (6/101)

Women 35-59 Throw it stones at it (10/83), hit it with a stick (6/83), spiritual rights (6/83), use a charm (6/83)

(M) Communication channels to disseminate information

The survey intended to understand the different communication channels that the local population in north east Nigeria use to access information. For respondents listed as IDPs, one of the most important things to understand is who they would ask for information if returning to their place of origin. 229/525 respondents mentioned the Emir and 227/525 the CJTF. These sources of information were cited by all age and gender groups. Children and adolescents also said that they would ask the Malam.

10 28 28

219

23 29 36 22 50

23

172

65

9 10

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Figure Twenty Eight: who would you ask for information if returning to your place of origin?

Respondents were also asked to elaborate on the main forums in which they would look for and receive information. 291/525 said that they get information in the mosque and 184/525 in the home. Primary aged children mentioned school and the madrasa as important forums for receiving information, as well as within the home. For adolescents they stated the same places, with the exception of school for adolescent girls. In addition to in the mosque, the most common places cited by adult men and women were community meetings. Adult women also mentioned naming ceremonies, at home and at distribution centres. For those aged 60+, home was the most commonly stated forum for receiving information. Figure Twenty Nine: what are the main places that you would get new information from?

229 227

138

64 67

113 122

25

41

137

103 114

7

31

4 1

21

38

3

62

83

7 14

69

7 0

9

57

118

184

12

143

43 20 7 27

140

11 56 47

291

1 20 8 8

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Respondents were asked to elaborate on who the opinion leaders are in their community, to try and understand more about who is best placed to influence the behaviour of different age and gender groups. 373/525 mentioned the community leaders, 254/525 the elders, and 232/525 the traditional leaders. Younger children and adolescents also mentioned their mother but also their father. Girls generally cited the mother more, whereas for boys it was the father. Figure Thirty: who are the opinion leaders in your community?

Respondents were asked to explain their preferred media source, to deepen understanding of which communication channels are most appropriate for disseminating MRE messages through non-direct channels. The most highly ranked channels for all age and gender groups were local radio (231/525), word of mouth (158/525) and national radio (138/525). 17/126 women aged 18-34 also mentioned social media.

Figure Thirty One: what are the main media through which you get new information?

Respondents mentioned a number of different radio stations that they commonly listen to, including BBC Hausa, Dutch Bele, Danal Kuru and YBC FM. Respondents were asked what time of day they usually listen to the radio to

373

45 47 17

138 101

7

254 232

9

90

17 8 5

71

23 7

81

4 4 8

40

138

231

4 19

49

119

34

83

7

84

158

43

18 14

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identify the best time to disseminate radio spots for MRE. 272/525 respondents cited early morning and 212/525 late evening. From mid-morning to early evening listenership is very low, particularly for children and adolescents. Figure Thirty Two: at what time of day do you usually listen to the radio?

Respondents were asked to give examples of how they prefer new information to be presented to them. 318/525 stated group discussion, 277/525 said presentation, and 108/525 said lecture. Primary school aged children also mentioned songs and community mapping was a tool cited by working age adults.

Figure Thirty Five: what are your preferred ways to have new information presented to you?

272

52 58 47

81 98

212

50

99

10

Earlymorning

Midmorning

Midday Earlyafternoon

Lateafternoon

Earlyevening

Lateevening

Don't know Noresponse

Other

277

15 4 9 18

318

6 23

36

6

108

58 37

21 25

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4.2 Host communities

(A) Demographic information

A total of 685 host-community respondents participated in the KAP survey and of this figure, 353 were male and 332 were female. Out of the total enumerated representatives of host-communities, 85% of respondents were adults and 15% children. 68% of host-community respondents were the household head and of this figure, 58% were male and 42% female. Figure Thirty Six: breakdown of host-community respondents by age and gender

,

64% of respondents stated that the highest level of education that they had achieved was the madrasa. The madrasa was cited by all age and gender groups, but most notably the case for men aged 18-34 (80 out of 118), women aged 18-34 (94 out of 146), men aged 35-59 (93 out of 153), women aged 35-59 (67 out of 101), men aged 60+ (27 out of 34) and women aged 60+ (20 out of 27). 15% of total respondents stated that they had received no formal education, including 16% of men aged 18-34 (19/118), 18% of women aged 18-34 (26 out of 146), 16% men aged 35-59 (25 out of 153), 22% women aged 35-59 (22 out of 101), 15% of men aged 60+ (5 out of 34) and 22% of women aged 60+ (6 out of 27). Figure Thirty Seven: breakdown of host-community respondent level of education by age and gender

48%

52%

Female Male

22 25 26 31

118

146 153

101

34 27

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Boys 6-11

Girls 6-11

Boys12-17

Girls12-17

Men18-34

Women18-34

Men35-59

Women35-59

Men60+

Women60+

No education

Madrasa

Junior Secondary School

Primary School

Higher Islamic Studies

Higher National Diploma

Secondary School Certificate

National Diploma

National Certificate of Education

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338 out of 467 household heads stated that their primary income generating activity was agriculture. Out of these 338 respondents, 23% listed the average daily income being 0-300 Naira, 42% said 301-500 Naira, 21% said 501-1000 Naira, 10% said 1001-3000 Naira and 4% said 3001+ Naira. 24 out of 467 household heads stated that their primary income generating activity was begging and out of these 24 respondents, 46% listed the average daily income as 0-300 Naira, 42% said 301-500 Naira, 8% said 501-1000 Naira, and 4% said 1001-3000 Naira. Overall 66% of households are living on less than 500 Naira a day.

Figure Thirty Eight: host-community respondent’s primary income generating activities and average daily income

(B) Recognition

Host-community respondents were shown photo prompts which contained photos of mines/ERW and asked to explain what they were. 94 out of 685 respondents stated that they did not know what the items were and 377 provided the wrong answer, saying that the objects were either: toys (123), a pineapple (110) or metal (144). Figure Thirty Nine: ability to correctly identify explosive hazards

In terms of ability to correctly identify different types of explosive hazards, within the 6-11 age category, a higher number of girls were able to correctly identify them, with 7/23 respondents able to identify projectiles, 6/23 landmines, 5/23 IED and 5/23 fuses. For boys aged 6-11, 5/20 could identify fuses, 4/20 could identify landmines, 2/20 grenades, and 2/20 IED. For boys and girls aged 12-17, very few respondents could correctly describe the

338

0 0 24

0 1 8 8 0 3 2 7 0 3 2 4 0 0 7 3 2

Agr

icu

ltu

re

Go

vern

men

t…

Ass

ista

nce

fro

m a

n…

Beg

gin

g

Bri

ckla

yer

Car

pen

ter

Cat

tle-

rear

ing

Co

oki

ng

Do

mes

tic

serv

ant

Dri

ver

Fish

ing

Go

vern

men

t w

ork

er

Hea

lth

care

pro

vid

er

Ho

use

bo

y /

girl

No

inco

me

Teac

her

Trad

er

Trad

itio

nal

hea

ler

Wea

vin

g

No

res

po

nse

Oth

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24%

42%

20%

10%

4%

0-300

301-500

501-1000

1001-3000

3001+

279

127

181

211

95

144 161

56 51 48

123 110 100 94

13

78

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different types of explosive hazards, but in general boys were more able than girls with 3/21 able to identify grenades and 3/21 able to identify projectiles. Figure Forty: ability to correctly identify explosive hazards by age and gender

19% of respondents reported having seen explosive hazards (132/685) and 78% (533/685) said that they had not. The most significant finding is that the majority of the 132 people who reported having seen a device mentioned that it was near their house (43/132) and around bunkers (40/132. The graph below shows other places where different respondents reported to have seen these explosive devices: Figure Forty One: where have you seen these items?

62% of respondents that reported having seen some of these devices stated that they had seen UXO. 27% of respondents claimed to have seen IED and 17% landmines. A higher percentage of men and women reported having seen these devices as compared to children and adolescents.

37

47

40

46

251

261

303

214

62

43

22

15

27

23

89

103

88

72

24

20

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Boys 6-11

Girls 6-11

Boys 12-17

Girls 12-17

Men 18-34

Women 18-34

Men 35-59

Women 35-59

Men 60+

Women 60+

Incorrect Correct

17

10

1 5

40

9 6 5

3 3

43

0 1 1 4

0 0

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Figure Forty Two: breakdown of explosive hazards reported to have been seen by category and munition group

(C) Effects of explosive hazards

Host-community respondents were asked whether or not they consider explosive hazards to be dangerous. 86% of respondents said yes, 8% said no, 4% did not know and 2% did not respond. 14/146 women aged 18-34 and 13/153 men aged 35-59, 5/25 girls aged 6 – 11 and 8/101 women aged 35-59 stated that the items were not dangerous. In addition to this, 7/146 women aged 18-34 did not know if the items were dangerous. Figure Forty Three: gender and age breakdown of IDP responses on whether explosive hazards are dangerous

In all age and gender categories, the majority of respondents knew that if you were in the vicinity of one of these items when it explodes, there would be physical effects such as death, injury or blindness. However for girls aged 6-11, 5 out of 25 (20%) respondents did not know what would happen and 8 out of 101 women aged 35-59 (8%) said that nothing would happen.

66%

13%

18%

3%

UXO

Landmines

IED

Other

65

20

40

69

13

22

2 7

12

47

3 2 3

18 18 22 23

106

119

133

86

30 24

2 5 2 3 6 14 13

8 2 3 1 1 0 0

5 7 4 5 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 6 3 2 1 0

Boys 6-11 Girls 6-11 Boys 12-17 Girls 12-17 Men 18-34 Women 18-34

Men 35-59 Women 35-59

Men 60+ Women 60+

Yes No Don't know No response

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34

Figure Forty Four: what will happen if one of these items explodes when you are close by?

In terms of additional effects on the individual, the majority of respondents from all age and gender groups highlighted the fact that the person would not be able to work and that they would become dependent on others for survival. In addition to this, 8/22 boys aged 6 – 11 mentioned inability to travel and 7/22 mentioned inability to attend school as an effect. For girls aged 6-11, 7/25 mentioned inability to marry, and 11/25 mentioned inability to attend school. For adolescent girls, 13/31 stated that they would not be able to attend school and 11/31 were concerned that they would be seen as a burden on the family. For adolescent boys, 12/26 highlighted that they would not be able to travel, 9/26 mentioned inability to attend school , 7/26 emphasised that they would be seen as a burden on the family, or would experience psychological suffering. Adults in general listed more negative effects on an individual, citing concerns such as social isolation, infertility, and concerns related to how they would be perceived. Adults were also more highly concerned on the effect that it would have on a child, for example not being able to get an education, or girls not being able to be married. For adult women, concerns related to the wife being rejected or divorce were more commonly cited than by adult male respondents. Figure Forty Five: what are the effects on the individual?

In terms of the effects on the family if a relative was killed or injured by an explosive hazard, the main ones cited by boys aged 6-11 were that children would be taken out of school (11/22), children would be forced to work (11/22), or that the family would be forced to beg (9/22). For girls aged 6-11 the primary concerns were that children would

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Boys 6-11 Girls 6-11 Boys 12-17 Girls 12-17 Men 18-34 Women18-34

Men 35-59 Women35-59

Men 60+ Women60+

Nothing Injure Kill Blind Don't know No response Other

93 112

390 395

213

140 124 142 118

52

106 132

106

39 64 49

3 21 2 7

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be taken out of school (14/25), children would be forced to work (13/25), the father would take a new wife (13/25), or that the mother would be divorced (12/25). For boys aged 12-17, they emphasised that children would be taken out of school (15/26), children would be forced to work (14/26), that there would be reduced income (10/26), and that there could be family crisis (10/26). For girls aged 12-17, concerns included that children would be forced to work (16/31), there would be reduced income in the family (14/31), the wife would be divorced (13/31), and that children would be taken out of school (12/31). For men and women aged 18-34 the most commonly mentioned effect was that the wife would be divorced (men 56/118; women 53/146), or they would take a new wife (men 56/118; women 62/146). They also mentioned that children would be taken out of school (men 54/118; women 50/146) and forced to work (men 45/118; women 49/146). Both men and women aged 35-59 voiced similar effects, such as divorce of the wife (men 66/153; women 44/101), taking a new wife (men 62/153; women 42/101) children being taken out of school (men 63/153; women 45/101), reduced income (men 60/153; women 32/101), and being forced to beg (men 58/153; women 37/101). Finally, for the elderly, both men and women expressed similar ideas on the effects, such as the wife being divorced (men 18/34; women 14/27), taking a new wife (men 15/34; women 10/27), begging (men 11/34; women 14/27) and generally reduced income (men 11/14; women 14/27). Figure Forty Six: what are the effects on the family?

(D) Indicators and marking systems

Host-community respondents were asked if they could list possible dangerous areas that could be contaminated with mines/ERW. The most commonly mentioned possible dangerous area was military camps (301/685), followed by old military positions (242/685), agricultural areas (201/685), battle areas (181/685), and destroyed buildings (170/685). Of significance is that 86/685 respondents stated that they did not know of any possible dangerous areas that could be contaminated, of which 19 were women aged 18-34, 16 were men aged 35-59, 15 were women aged 35-59 and 8 were men aged 60+.

170

281 287

192

286 254

227 237

115 98 115

15 8 6

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Figure Forty Seven: what are the possible dangerous areas that could be affected by mines/ERW?

Respondents were also asked about their knowledge of indicators that an area could be contaminated with explosive hazards. In all age and gender categories respondents mentioned destroyed abandoned vehicles (370/685) or buildings (335/685) as the most common. Following that, evidence of battles (192/685), burnt trees (159/685) and trees or bushes not collected for firewood (151/685) were cited as possible indicators. 88 respondents stated that they did not know what the indicators are. Out of this figure, 21 were men aged 35-59, 18 were women aged 18-34, 12 were 8 were women aged 35-59 and men aged 18-34 respectively and 7 were men aged 60+. Figure Forty Eight: what are the common indicators of danger?

Respondents were also asked about their knowledge of official and unofficial marking systems. In all age and gender categories respondents mentioned crossed sticks (304/685), a pile of stones (222/685), holes dug in the ground (171/685), painted stones (171/685) or red cloth tied to a stick (162/685 as the most common. 46 respondents stated that they did not know what the indicators are. Out of this figure, 11 were men aged 35-59 and 8 were women aged 18-34.

301

242

181

44

98

201 170

109 131

94 86

13 3

335 370

192 159 151

116 111

53 69 88

17 8

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Figure Forty Nine: what are the common marking systems used to indicate danger?

Respondents were also asked what they would do if they came across either an official or unofficial marking system. The majority of respondents said that they would inform others (396/685), report it (362 (685) or find another path (240/685). However a worrying number of respondents stated that they would ignore the sign (82/685). Of these 82 people, 27 were women aged 18-34, 17 were men aged 18-34, and 11 were men aged 35-59 . In addition to this, 62/685 stated that they would keep going, of which 21 were women aged 18-34, 14 were women aged 35-59 and 11 were men aged 35-59. 60/685 said that they would remove the sign, of which 13 were men aged 35-59 and women aged 35-59 respectively, and 11 were men aged 18-34. 45/685 stated that they would not tell anyone, of which 12 were women aged 18-34, 8 were women aged 35-59 and men aged 35-59 respectively, and 7 were men aged 18-34. 42/685 said that they would take the sign, of which 12 were men aged 35-59 and 9 were men aged 18-34. 12/ women aged 18-34 also said that they did not know what to do if they came across a sign. Figure Fifty: what would you do if you came across one of these signs?

(E) Unsafe behaviour

To deepen understanding about how people behave in specific situations involving explosive hazards, respondents were asked: why people enter dangerous areas; and whether or not they understand the risks of entering these areas. The analysis indicates that the most common reasons that people would enter unsafe areas were due to

131

304

149

222

171 171

115 107 106

162

102

46

6 27

62

240

60

396 362

42 45

82

17 12 14

Keep going Findanother

path

Removesign

Informothers

Report Take sign Not tellanyone

Ignore thesign

Don'tknow

Noresponse

Other

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scrap metal collection (243/685) and agricultural activities (190/685). Following on from this, activities such as gathering firewood (16/685) following animals (160/685) into unsafe areas were highly rated.

Figure Fifty One: why do people enter dangerous areas?

75% of respondents said that when people enter possible dangerous areas they do not understand the danger, compared to 14% who said that they do. For the 14% of respondents that said people still enter despite knowing that it is dangerous, the most common reasons that they listed were farming (28/75), scrap metal collection (28/75) and hunting bush meat (13/75). 81% of respondents said that people do not understand the danger of entering these areas and 11% said that they do. Respondents were then asked whether local people collect mines/ERW for any purpose. 64% of respondents said that people do collect them and 24% said that they did not. The most highly listed reasons that people collect them were listed as curiosity (196/685), to keep as souveigneers (131/685), to sell (122/685) and to play (109/685). 88% of respondents stated that people did not know the danger of handling these items, whereas 11% said that they do. Figure Fifty Two: why do people collect mines/ERW?

84

135 151

111

190

95

160 165 138

243

116

36 35 65 71

25 13

69

34 43 49

115

13 29

12 3

21

122

28

67

32

109

77

196

131

34 10 4 3 5

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(F) Safe behaviour

Respondents were then asked what they would do if they encountered a mine/ERW. The majority of people stated that they would inform others (315/685), report it (292/685) or find another path (197/685). This demonstrates that a significant number of the local population know the appropriate safe behaviour to adopt. However, 119/685 stated that they would ignore the item, of which 33 were women aged 18-34, 22 were men aged 18-34, 17 were women and men aged 35-59 respectively and 8 were girls aged 6-11. 82/685 said that they would remove the mine/ERW, of which 18 were women aged 18-34, 17 were men aged 35-59 and 13 were women aged 35-59. 65/685 stated that they would keep going, of which. 19 were women aged 18-34, 13 were men aged 35-59 and 12 were women aged 35-59. Alarmingly 35/685 said that they would dispose of the item themselves, of which 13 were women aged 18-34 and 8 were men aged 35-59. Figure Fifty Three: what would you do if you came across a mine/ERW?

In terms of reporting, the majority of respondents stated that they would report a mine/ERW to the relevant authorities. Those mentioned most highly were the local police (361/685), the local military (320/685) and the CJTF (249/685). Figure Fifty Four: if you came across a mine/ERW who would you report it to?

35

65

197

82

315 292

53

119

25 26 15

Dispose ofit myself

Keep going Findanother

path

Remove it Informothers

Report it Not tellanyone

Ignore it Don'tknow

Noresponse

Other

14

221 249

157

66 34

139

320 361

137

26

80

18 16 15

96

34 26 3

53 64

10 3 3 11

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87% of respondents said that they had never made a report, whereas 7% said they had. In terms of what would prevent people from reporting mines/ERW, the most commonly cited reasons were fear of interrogation by the military (337/685), the police (330/685), or the insurgents (230/685).

Figure Fifty Five: what would prevent you from making a report?

Respondents were asked what they would do if they thought that they had accidentally entered a minefield. Overall, the majority knew that they call for help (347/685) and inform the community (272/685). A significant number of respondents stated that they would retrace their steps (354/685), which was common across all age and gender categories. Of concern is that only 129/685 stated that they should stand still and wait for assistance.

Figure Fifty Six: what would you do if you realised that you had entered into a minefield?

Respondents were then asked what they would do if they came across a mine/ERW accident involving a family member or friend. The majority of respondents stated that they would run away (451/685) or report the incident to the authorities (272/685). An alarming 141/685 respondents stated that they would run to the assistance of the injured person, of which 26 were men aged 35-59, 21 were women aged 35-59 and 10 were men aged 60+.

105

330 337

230

77 28

177

59 32 50

16

78 103

78

129

347 354

272

95

38 18 5

29

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Figure Fifty Seven: what would you do if you came across an accident involving a friend or family member?

Respondents were asked what they would do if one of their animals entered a minefield. 374/685 said that they would call the animal to come to them and 364/685 said that they would run away. 122/685 stated that they would follow the animal in there, of which 38 were women aged 18-34, 29 were men aged 35-59 and 17 were women aged 35-59.

Figure Fifty Eight: what would you do if one of your animals entered a minefield?

(G) Beliefs

An important element of the survey was to understand any belief systems that exist in north east Nigeria which might affect how the local population interacts with explosive hazards. Across all age and gender categories, a high number of respondents stated that you could destroy a mine/ERW with a prayer (187/685). In addition to this 102/685 respondents stated that mines/ERW can be destroyed by getting animals to walk over it, 71/685 by throwing stones at them and 69/685 by throwing the mine/ERW in the river.

Figure Fifty Nine what are the ways in which you have heard that you can destroy one of these items?

141

451

272

145

37 15 4 17 0

Run to theirassistance

Run away Report to theauthorities

Tell them tocome to me

Tell them touse theirclothes tostop thebleeding

Nothing Don't know No response Other

14 44

102

187

37 54

69 45

71

40

232

68

9 13

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Typical beliefs that need to be addressed with each age and gender category are included in the table below:

Age and gender group Beliefs

Boys 6-11 Prayer; bury it in a hole; get animals to walk over it

Girls 6-11 Prayer; throw stones at it; spiritual rites

Boys 12-17 Prayer; get an animal to walk over it; throw it in the river; throw stones at it

Girls 12-17 Prayer; get an animal to walk over it

Men 18-34 Prayer; get an animal to walk over it; use a charm

Women 18-34 Prayer; get an animal to walk over it; use a charm; throw stones at it; throw it in the river

Men 35-59 Prayer; get an animal to walk over it; throw stones at it

Women 35-59 Prayer; get an animal to walk over it; use a charm; throw stones at it; hit it with a stick

Men 60+ Prayer

Women 60+ Prayer

(H) Communication channels to disseminate information

The survey intended to understand the different communication channels that the local population in north east Nigeria use to access information. For respondents listed as host-community members, 247/685 stated that they would ask the local military for information, 237/685 said the CJTF, 229/685 said the local police and 182/685 the Emir. These sources of information were cited by all age and gender groups. Figure Sixty: who do you ask for information in the community?

Respondents were also asked to elaborate on the main places in which they would look for and receive information. 313/685 said that they get information in the madrasa, 273/685 in the mosque, 235/685 in community meetings and 176/685 in the home. Primary aged children and adolescents mentioned school and the madrasa as important forums for receiving information, as well as within the home. In addition to in the mosque, the most common places cited by adult men and women were community meetings. Adult women also mentioned naming ceremonies, at home and at distribution centres. For those aged 60+, home and community meetings were the most commonly stated forums for receiving information.

182

237

158

83 56

145

247

50 52

164

229

131

24

88

25 19 15 29

7

51 66

15 27

71

6 6 6

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Figure Sixty One: what are the main places that you would get new information from?

Respondents were asked to elaborate on who the opinion leaders are in their community, to try and understand more about who is best placed to influence the behaviour of different age and gender groups. 430/685 mentioned the community leaders, and 337/685 the traditional leaders. Younger children and adolescents mentioned their mother but primarily the father. Figure Sixty Two: who are the opinion leaders in your community?

Respondents were asked to explain their preferred media source, to deepen understanding of which communication channels are most appropriate for disseminating MRE messages through non-direct channels. The most highly ranked channels for all age and gender groups were local radio (416/685), TV (362/685) and national radio (314/685). Both men and women aged from 18-59 mentioned radio, and women in particular said that word of mouth is a common channel for messages to be passed.

58 73

176

36

313

90 61

41 72

232

41

102 101

273

5 17 7 7

430

25 38 28

263

152

59

258

337

30

149

39 20 26

154

37 11

57

2 2 5

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Figure Sixty Three: what are the main media through which you get new information?

Respondents mentioned a number of different radio stations that they commonly listen to, including BBC Hausa, Dutch Bele, Danal Kuru and YBC FM. Respondents were asked what time of day they usually listen to the radio to identify the best time to disseminate radio spots for MRE. 490/685 respondents cited early morning and 386/685 late evening. From mid-morning to early evening listenership is very low, particularly for children and adolescents. Figure Sixty Four: at what time of day do you usually listen to the radio?

Respondents were asked to give examples of how they prefer new information to be presented to them. 426/685 stated group discussion and 257/685 said presentation. This was common across all age and gender groups, although women also mentioned songs and role play as methods which they like.

52

314

416

34 38

201

362

42 66

12 36

102

9 24 18

490

78 37

57 68 110

386

28

97

6

Earlymorning

Midmorning

Midday Earlyafternoon

Lateafternoon

Earlyevening

Lateevening

Don't know Noresponse

Other

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Figure Sixty Five: what are your preferred ways to have new information presented to you?

257

26 11 7 23

426

17 33 19 6

138

67 23 36 25

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5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 General

Overall, the KAP survey covered 1,222 respondents, of which 44 % were IDPs and 56% from the host community, (only 1 respondent listed themselves as a returnee). Of this number, 85% of respondents were adults and 15% children. 48% of respondents were male and 52% female, corroborating a gender-balanced sample. Qualitative data was collected through 5 FGD with adults and adolescents to support triangulation. Resource constraints meant that the KAP survey was not able to obtain a truly representative sample in Yobe State, so the data and findings should be treated as providing a snapshot of the situation of the current aspects of knowledge, attitude and practices related to mines/ERW within the host communities and IDP populations.

5.2 Existing knowledge and knowledge gaps

The recent outbreak of conflict in north east Nigeria has resulted in the local population being relatively uninformed about mines/ERW, particularly when it comes to recognition of explosive devices. For the IDP population, 42% of children aged 6-11 were unable to recognize mines/ERW, compared to 32.5% from the same age group in host communities. In the case of adolescents, it was 57% of IDP teenagers compared to 38.5% from the host community. For IDP adults, 43.5% could not recognize mines/ERW, compared to 37% from the host communities. The analysis shows that both IDP and host communities have similar levels of existing knowledge related to mines/ERW. The only significant difference is with regards to ability to recognize explosive devices, where adult and child IDP respondents had less knowledge. This means that in all MRE sessions, emphasis should be put on being able to recognize and distinguish between harmless and potentially dangerous items. In addition to this, 64% of total respondents mentioned seeing UXO, compared to 15% that claimed to know of mine use. Therefore emphasis should be put on UXO recognition, including projectiles, fuses, grenades and mortars. High numbers of adults and children representing both IDPs and host-communities were able to identify that mines/ERW are harmful and could cause death or injury. The most commonly mentioned effects on the individual included dependency, inability to work, social isolation and in some cases children not being able to go to school. Communities subsequently consulted for feedback on the preliminary results of the survey also mentioned the loss of position in the society, loss of self-confidence and psychological problems as effects on the individual. The effects on the family were a reduction in income, expensive medical treatment, family crisis, family members being forced to beg, children being taken out of school, and in some cases the husband could take a new wife. After presenting results to the communities for feedback divorce, child labour and child headed homes were also mentioned as effects on the family. All of these aspects therefore need to be highlighted in MRE messages and materials. Only 5% of IDP children and adolescents were not able to explain what the negative effects could be on the individual, compared to 2% from the host community. In the case of IDP adults were unable to, 4%, compared to 2% from the host community. The most commonly mentioned possible dangerous areas were former and current military camps, battle areas, checkpoints, agricultural areas and roads or footpaths used by the military or insurgents. Consultations with surveyed communities on the preliminary results of the survey also showed that cemetery, deserted schools and hospitals, warehouses, and mosques occupied by the fighters were considered dangerous by many. These need to be reflected in MRE materials and messages. That said, only 9% of IDP children and adolescents could not list possible dangerous areas, compared to 7% from the host community. In the case of adults, 9% of IDP, compared to 6% from the host community could not do so. In addition to this, the message that former battle areas could be contaminated needs to be reinforced. This is especially relevant for IDP populations when they start to return home, since their communities and the routes that they travel on could be affected with explosive devices. This was corroborated during FGDs, where it was mentioned a number of times that for returnee populations, they will be particularly vulnerable when travelling to their place of origin, and also when undertaking tasks to reconstruct their homes. MRE sessions targeted to IDP populations should therefore that messages and materials highlight these vulnerabilities and provided targeted safety advice.

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In terms of the most common indicators of a possible contaminated area, destroyed abandoned houses, destroyed abandoned vehicles, unused agricultural areas, burnt trees and uncollected firewood were listed. Regarding ability to list indicators of mine/ERW contamination, 9% of IDP and 9% from the host community respectively were unable to do so. In the case of adults, 9% from IDPs and % from the host community had knowledge gaps in this regard. In terms of ability to identify official and unofficial marking systems, 10% of IDP children and adolescents were unable to, compared to 7% from host communities. 9% of adults representing IDPs were unable to, compared to 10% from host communities. It should be noted that only 15% of respondents were aware of official marking systems and indeed at this stage there is no evidence of them being used in Nigeria. Therefore it would be much more effective in MRE sessions to reinforce unofficial and local marking systems that are used to indicate danger, such as crossed sticks (43%), red cloth tied to a stick (30%), and a pile of stones (24%). Subsequent consultations with the surveyed communities on the preliminary results showed that common local marking systems also included thorny branches surrounding a perimeter considered dangerous, painted drums and rope around a dangerous zone. For a full breakdown of identified knowledge gaps by age and gender group, please see the table below:

Criteria

IDPs Host community

Children

6 – 11

Adolescents

12-17

Adults 18-

34

Adults 35-

59

Adults

60+

Children

6 – 11

Adolescents

12-17 Adults 18+

Adults 35-

59

Adults

60+

M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F

Cannot

identify

mines/ERW 51 33 39 75 35 43 40 52 46 45 37 24 40 33 26 28 23 25 28 31

Cannot

explain the

effects of

mines/ERW

on the

individual

8 5 4 2 3 5 0 4 7 2 3 2 2 0 3 3 2 2 1 3

Cannot

explain the

effects of

mines/ERW

on the

family

6 4 5 2 2 4 0 3 3 1 2 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 0 0

Cannot list

possible

dangerous

areas

16 7 4 10 5 13 6 14 12 12 5 6 6 11 4 7 5 7 10 3

Cannot list

indicators

that an

area could

be

dangerous

13 8 3 12 4 10 4 10 8 10 7 10 6 11 5 6 7 9 11 3

Do not

know how

these areas

are usually

marked

(official or

unofficial)

10 11 10 9 7 9 6 11 8 8 6 8 8 5 3 4 4 6 9 1

5.2.1 Attitudes towards mines/ERW

82% of IDP respondents and 86% of host community respondents agreed that mines/ERW are dangerous. This was corroborated with the fact that the majority of all respondents realised that these device can cause death or injury if

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they explode. However, the results of the survey also show that despite the fact that people understand the danger, they still on occasions take risks. For example, 14% of IDP respondents said that when people enter dangerous areas, they do so knowing that it is not safe. The reason that they listed for this correspond to the risk-taking categories of the reckless (since they often enter out of curiosity) and the intentional (since many reported that it was during livelihood activities). This clearly demonstrates that knowledge of safe behaviour in itself is not enough, because there are other factors that influence risk-taking. In particular the design of MRE messages and methodology must take the socio-economic factors that influence risk-taking into account, in order to be truly effective. This underlines the need for a participatory methodology that allows local people Only 9% of IDP respondents and 7% of host community respondents stated that they had made a report to the relevant adult or authorities, despite the level of knowledge about who to report to being high amongst all categories of respondents. Low reporting is likely to be due to the fact that people fear being associated with the insurgents, which would result in interrogation by the police or military. Therefore more needs to be done to build confidence of community members to report mines/ERW in a safe and potentially anonymous way. This is especially important since at present it is only the military and police EOD teams that are carrying out clearance. In addition, when asked for feedback on the results of the survey, community members mentioned that low reporting levels were sometimes due to the fact that people feared reporting the wrong item as they are not sure to recognize an explosive when they see one. Some people also mentioned they didn’t know where and how to initiate the report. This means it must be made clear that it is important to report even if the nature of the item is not confirmed and that more clarity on the procedure is needed. For a full breakdown of attitudes by IDP and host-community, please see the table below:

Criteria

IDPs Host-community

Yes No Don’t know

No response

Yes No Don’t know

No response

% of respondents that think that mines/ERW are dangerous

82 5 10 3 86 8 4 2

% of respondents that have made a report of a mine/ERW

9 82 2 7 7 87 1 5

5.2.2 Practices that influence risk-taking behaviour

The findings of the KAP identified that there are certain practices that exist in north-east Nigeria that can serve to increase exposure to mine/ERW risk. Respondents from host communities cited livelihoods activities such as farming (9%) and scrap metal collection (11%) as reasons why people would enter dangerous areas. Similarly, IDPs mentioned farming (13%), scrap metal collection (11%), and activities related to livestock herding (14%). Communities consulted for feedback on the preliminary results of the survey also mentioned hunting as an activity that can put people at risk. 11% of host-community respondents and 14% of IDPs said that people did understand the danger of doing this, which demonstrates that socio-economic status and perceived lack of alternative are key drivers of risk-taking behaviour. Lack of federal / state government assistance was also perceived as one of the reason why people continue to carry on activities that could put them at risk. This implies DRC/DDG needs to establish strong links with livelihood activities implemented in the area both internally and by other organisations. This also reinforces the idea thatconfidence needs to be built between communities and security service providers. 37% of IDPs said that local people collect mines/ERW, compared to 64% of representatives of host-communities. In both instances this is a very worrying finding which needs to be addressed in MRE. However, before a appropriate messages can be developed, it is essential to understand more about the motivations for collecting these items. In the case of host communities, the most commonly reported reasons were curiosity (23%), to keep as a souveigner (16%) and to sell (15%). For IDPs, the primary motivations were to play with the item (24%), to sell (20%), and out of curiosity (15%). The analysis here shows that engagement in unsafe behaviours is due to both a lack of knowledge,

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but also socio-economic factors that drive risk-taking. Another practice mentioned during FGDs is that returnees try to take shortcuts to avoid checkpoints In addition to this DRC/DDG analysed a set of criteria to assess what people stated their real action would be in a given situation. The first was what people would do if they came across a local marking system to indicate danger. Overall, IDPs were much more risk-averse in this situation, with only 18% that did not know what to do or stated that they would adopt the wrong behaviour. However it should be noted that 28% of adolescent girls lacked the knowledge of what to do in this situation, meaning that they are more vulnerable. With regards to host-communities, an average of 32% of respondents did not know or gave the incorrect answer and children and adolescents were the least informed. The second scenario was related to what people would do if they came across an item of UXO. Overall 43% of respondents did not know what to do or stated that they would adopt the wrong course of action, such as taking the item or ignoring it. This represented 55% of IDP respondents, compared to 59% of host-community respondents. Particularly vulnerable in this situation were adolescent girls from IDP (52%) and host-communities (45%), as well as children aged 6-11 and women aged 18-34 in general. For women, a concerning number said that they would take actions such as to take the item and throw it in the river or hit it with a stick. Therefore there is clear need to address this during MRE sessions. In terms of what to do if respondents suspected that they had entered a minefield, children aged 6-11 from IDP and host community populations were the most vulnerable. In addition to this, an alarmingly high number of respondents said that they would retrace their steps, which is in fact the course of action they should only take as a last resort if it is believed that there is no help coming. In addition to this, few respondents realised that they should stand still and wait for help, because any further movement could expose them to risk. Further consultations with the surveyed communities showed that there is a perception that standing still is more dangerous than running away, and that people also fear that if the police catch them standing there they will be suspected, or that the item can explode because of the heat. Therefore in MRE sessions, there is a need for DRC/DDG to emphasise safe behaviours in case of entering in a minefield. Finally, in terms of what to do if they came across an accident involving a family member or friend, a significantly high number of respondents across all age and gender categories stated that they would run to their assistance and in doing so they would expose themselves to risk. Therefore the correct course of action in this scenario needs to be reinforced in MRE sessions. When consulted for feedback on the preliminary results of the survey, community members insisted that it was hard for them to consider not running to assist the victim that God would not approve such act. Therefore, there is a need to emphasize the fact the best way someone can help another in case of accident is to fetch for help and not getting injured as well by entering a dangerous area. For a full breakdown of stated behaviours in given situations by age and gender group, please see the table below:

Criteria

IDPs Host community

Children

6 – 11

Adolescents

12-17

Adults 18-

34

Adults 35-

59 Adults 60+

Children

6 – 11

Adolescents

12-17 Adults 18+

Adults 35-

59

Adults

60+

M f m f m F m f m F M F M F M F M F M F

Do not

know

what to do

if saw a

sign or

would

adopt the

wrong

behaviour

15 17 14 28 10 13 12 14 8 10 31 30 35 18 23 31 20 29 17 20

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Do not

know

what to do

or would

adopt the

wrong

behavior

if they

found an

item of

UXO

37 37 33 52 23 37 25 33 34 18 37 46 36 45 29 44 28 34 37 17

Do not

know

what to do

or would

adopt the

wrong

behavior

if they had

entered a

minefield

37 31 19 34 24 22 23 21 22 25 37 38 19 30 29 24 27 28 16 30

Do not

know

what to do

or would

adopt the

wrong

behavior

if they

came

across a

mine/ERW

accident

43 44 44 32 31 38 29 33 32 34 19 21 17 23 9 19 15 15 25 20

5.2.3 MRE messages

Since there is little evidence of mine laying, emphasis for materials and messages related to recognition should be on the UXO most commonly found. Specifically these images should include projectiles, mortars, grenades, cluster munitions, fuses etc. Inclusion of photos of landmines would be controversial, but worth including since at this stage it is not known whether or not they have been widely used. In terms of effects, messages should emphasise that mines/ERW are dangerous and can cause death or injury. Messages on the effects on the individual should highlight dependency, inability to work, social isolation and in some cases children not being able to go to school and psychological problems, loss of self-confidence and loss of position in the society. Messages on the effects on the family are a reduction in income, expensive medical treatment, family crisis, family members being forced to beg, children being taken out of school, child headed home and chil labour, and in some cases the husband could take a new wife and/or divorce. Possible dangerous areas that should be emphasised include former battle areas, current and former military positions, checkpoints, roads and footpaths that were used by the military or the insurgents, unused agricultural land, cemetery, deserted schools and hospitals, warehouses and mosques formerly occupied by the insurgents. Indicators to mention include destroyed abandoned houses, destroyed abandoned vehicles, unused agricultural areas, burnt trees and uncollected firewood. Any reference to marking systems should focus on the local versions, such as crossed sticks, piles of stones, a stick with a piece of red material tied to it, thorny branches, painted drums and rope surrounding a perimeter. Official marking systems are not at present widely used in north east Nigeria, but could be worth including in the future. Unsafe behaviours that must be addressed are scrap metal collection, farming activities, hunting in affected areas, playing with items, hitting them with sticks, throwing them in rivers, removal of marking systems, and taking shortcuts. Specific to IDPs returning to their place of origin, messages should address the particular vulnerabilities that they will face whilst travelling home and also during activities to reconstruct their homes. These should also be transformed into safe behaviours, by emphasising the need to ask about safe roads to travel on and asking local people about known safe places to gather materials for reconstructing homes and other typical livelihoods activities.

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Messages on what to do if you come across an item of UXO, should emphasise that hitting it with a stick, throwing it into the river or bushes could cause the item to explode. They should also address some of the beliefs on how to dispose of explosive hazards, such as use of prayer, or getting animals to walk over them. Messages on what to do if you think you have entered a mined area should highlight that the first thing to do is to stand still and observe your surroundings. It is of critical importance that it is made clear that retracing your steps is a last resort if it is perceived that no help is coming. In addition to this, it is recommended that messages on what to do if your animal(s) enter a contaminated area are integrated into MRE sessions, since this was listed by respondents to the survey as one of the main reasons why people would knowingly enter dangerous areas. Finally, MRE sessions should emphasise that if you come across an accident involving a mine or a UXO, the safest behaviour is stay away and fetch for help. Messages should be defined with the input of local people to ensure that they are formulated in a way that is understandable to them. Messages should be field tested with a sample of the local population to ensure that they are understood in the way that they are intended to be.

5.2.4 Communication channels to disseminate information

The survey intended to understand the different communication channels that the local population use to access information. Recommendations on the most effective communication channels mentioned by the local population for sharing information are as follows: The preferred languages for MRE message dissemination in Yobe state for both the host communities and IDPs are Kanuri and Hausa. Other languages are spoken, but these two are the most common across the widest segment of the population. In addition to this, since literacy levels are variable, but usually quite low amongst the local population (especially those from rural areas), all MRE materials should be primarily pictorial. In terms of whom the local population would turn to for information there were distinct similarities between the IDP and host communities, with the Bulama, local military, local police, elders and Emir being highly ranked by both. This was also reflected in terms of who the local population consider to be the opinion leaders in their communities. Therefore it is of primary importance that DRC/DDG maintains good relationships with these individuals to ensure access and credibility. It is recommended that MRE sessions are first conducted with the leaders to get their buy-in and support for future MRE with the local population. In terms of the places that people would look for new information, the mosque was highly rated by all participants, as well as the madrasa and schools for children and adolescents. Adults from both IDP and host community populations highlighted that community meetings were key forums for receiving information, although IDPs also mentioned distribution centres. Therefore the main places that DRC/DDG should seek to carry out MRE, include the mosque, madrasa, schools, community meetings and distribution centres. These places should be selected according to the main target group of the session. In terms of the preferred media of the local population, the majority mentioned local and national radio. In particular, these included BBC Hausa, Dutch Bele, Danal Kuru and YBC FM. This means that in the future DRC/DDG should aim to use these channels to access the widest possible audience. Also of note is that radio listenership is highest in the early morning and late evening, so DRC/DDG should disseminate messages within these timeframes to ensure the maximum possible coverage. In addition to this, it is important to mention that leaflets and posters were hardly mentioned by the local population as a media that they like to receive information via. The significance of this is that DRC/DDG should focus resources on developing approaches for media such as radio, inclusion in newspapers, and ensuring that messages are disseminated by word of mouth. From the responses derived from the KAP, it is determined that a community-based methodology that engages community members to learn and improve awareness amongst themselves would be effective with the local population. Respondents of all different age and gender groups expressed a preference for group discussion and presentation as their favoured ways of receiving new information and this should be reflected in the methodology

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used by DRC/DDG. Songs and roleplays were also mentioned by women, so it is recommended that the DRC/DDG team work to develop some scripts and songs for use when targeting women with MRE. When asked to provide feedback on the results of the survey, community members added that audio and visual information sent on cell phones could also be a good way to share important information. The use of social media and digital applications was also mentioned by youth, which means DRC/DDG could explore more innovative/creative channels for MRE messages dissemination. As per SOP 9 on RE, DRC/DDG should develop Nigeria-specific adult and child-focused flipcharts. These should be used as teaching aids during the sessions. Recommendations on the content of these flipcharts should be discussed with and approved by the DRC/DDG Global Risk Education Technical Advisor. The flipcharts should be defined with the input of local people to ensure that they are formulated in a way that is understandable to them. The flipcharts should be field tested with a sample of the local population to ensure that they are understood in the way that they are intended to be.

5.2.5 Casualty data

An analysis of casualty data is essential for understanding more about i) who is having accidents, and ii) the circumstances surrounding them. At present there is limited quality casualty data available in Nigeria that represents the scale of the problem as a result of the current conflict. DRC/DDG teams have collected anecdotal reports of casualties, but in most cases have not been able to verify their validity. This highlights the fact that more effort is needed strengthen the injury surveillance system.

5.2.6 Categorization of respondents

Before a programme can implement effective MRE, it must understand the underlying causes of landmine/ERW casualties in the target area. The UNICEF Emergency MRE Handbook1 sets out four distinct types of landmine casualty (which they call ‘risk-taking categories),’ to which a fifth has been added. These are: 1. The Unaware. The person doesn’t know about the danger of mines or ERW; 2. The Uninformed. The person knows about mines or ERW but doesn’t know about safe behaviour; 3. The reckless. The person knows about mine safe behaviour but ignores it; 4. The Intentional. The person has no option but to intentionally adopt unsafe behaviour; 5. The Misinformed. The person has been given poor information about safety or believes, wrongly, that s/he

knows all about landmines/ERW. These definitions are important as they help MRE project designers ensure that their activities take account of these issues. The chart below explains which demographic of the Aden population falls into each risk-taking category. These results have been validated through the triangulation of information from focus group discussions, individual interviews and casualty data:

1 http://www.unicef.org/protection/Emergency_MRE_Toolkit_-_Final_Handbook.pdf

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Children from ages 6 to 11 and women UNAWARE • Both women and younger children were the least successful in recognizing mines/ERW or able to say what the safe behaviour

was in certain scenarios.

The internally displaced population UNINFORMED • The IDP population has information on the dangers of mines/ERW but lacks knowledge of how to stay safe when they return to

their place of origin. They are particularly at risk when travelling on the roads when they return to their place of origin and during activities to reconstruct their homes.

Adolescent boys and young men RECKLESS • There are men who know about the dangers of mines/ERW, but who have accidents whilst driving because they try to take

shortcuts. There are also adolescent boys and young men who are reported to ignore warning signs and enter unsafe areas out of curiousity.

All age and gender groups carrying out livelihood activities INTENTIONAL

• All age and gender groups from families of lower socio-economic status are likely to be involved in livelihoods activities, such as agricultureal tasks and scrap metal collection, which significantly increases their exposure to risk from explosive hazards.

MISINFORMED • None identified

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6. ANNEXES

6.1 Community entry procedures

Formal camp setting

a. The first point of contact should always be through SEMA/NEMA, whereby DRC/DDG submits a letter

explaining proposed activities and receive a letter of authorisation.

b. The second point of contact should always be through the CiMiC representative for the state and the

Garrison Commander for the specific area, whereby DRC/DDG should submit a letter explaining proposed

activities and receive a letter of authorisation.

c. The third point of contact should always be through the Camp Manager and Camp Commandant to explain

the purpose of the activity and get their support to arrange a meeting with the local leaders within the

camp.

d. The fourth point of contact should be a meeting with the local leaders, including the Bulama, local

government leaders, traditional elders, Women’s Leader, Youth Leader, and the Children’s Leader.

Community setting

a. The first point of contact should always be through SEMA/NEMA, whereby DRC/DDG should submit a letter

explaining proposed activities and receive a letter of authorisation.

b. In Borno, the second point of contact should always be through the CiMiC representative for the state and

the Garrison Commander for the specific area, whereby DRC/DDG should submit a letter explaining

proposed activities and receive a letter of authorisation. In Andamawa and Yobe this is unlikely to be

necessary.

c. The third point of contact should always be a meeting with the Emir to explain the purpose of the activity

and get support to call a meeting with other local leaders.

d. The fourth point of contact should be a meeting with the local leaders, including the Bulama, local

government leaders, traditional elders, head of the civilian joint task force, representatives of the police and

military, religious leaders.

During all meetings DRC/DDG should clearly explain who DRC/DDG is (with a particular emphasis on us being a humanitarian organisation that is neutral and impartial), the planned activities and be careful to manage expectations. Community entry meetings should be conducted by the Risk Education Project Manager with assistance from the Supervisor.

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6.2 Individual interview form

FOR ENUMERATOR USE ONLY

E.1. Name of Enumerator E.2. Date of survey

LOCATION

L.1. State L.2. LGA L.3. Ward L.4 Name of village or camp

FOR DATA ENTRY USE ONLY

D.1. Questionnaire Serial Number D.2. Data entry clerk’s initials

D.3. Date of data entry (date/month/year)

INTRODUCTION

Hello. My name is ________________ and I am working for DRC/DDG. The organisation is conducting a survey in the area and yours has randomly selected. The survey is intended to help us to understand more about the knowledge, attitudes and practices of children and adults related to landmines and explosive remnants of war. We will use the information that you provide to design an educational programme that is intended to provide people with the information that they need to keep themselves and their families safe from landmines/ERW. The results will be written up in a report, but your personal answers will be kept confidential, and will be used to help DRC/DDG design better programmes in this region. We would like to begin by interviewing you. This includes men, women (from age 18), girls and boys (from ages 6-17). Participation in the survey is voluntary and you are free to decline to answer any or all questions. This survey will take a maximum of one hour to complete.

1- PERMISSION

1.1 Are you happy to participate in this survey? 1.2 For child respondents, has an adult (teacher or

parent) given permission for them to participate in the

survey:

Yes

No

Yes

No

Thank the respondent for his/her time and proceed to the next question.

2 - RESPONDENT DETAILS

2.3 Sex of interviewee: 2.4 Age of

interviewee:

2.5 Type of respondent

Male

Female

IDP

Returnee

Host-community

Nomad

2.6 What are the main languages that you

can speak?

2.7 What are the main languages that you can read?

2.8 What is the highest level of education that you have reached?

(Tick only one response) No formal education

Primary school

Junior secondary school certificate

Higher national diploma

Madrasa

Higher Islamic studies

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Senior secondary school certificate

National diploma

National certificate of education

Bachelors

Other _____________________________

2.9 For child respondents only: how regularly do you currently attend school?

(Tick only one response)

I do not attend school Less than one day a week 1 day a week 2 days a week 3 days a week

4 days a week 5 days a week It varies from week to week Other ______________________________

3- ACCOMMODATION DETAILS (this section should only be completed with the household head)

3.2 What is the status of your current accommodation situation?

(Tick only one response)

In rented house (self-paid)

In rented house (paid by others)

Hosted by relatives

Hosted by non-relatives

In non-formal settlements

In unfinished / abandoned buildings

In public building (schools, mosques)

_____________________________

Other _____________________________

3.3 What is the primary income generating activity of the household

(Tick only one response)

Agriculture / farming

Fishing

Trading

Cattle rearing

Weaving

Making food products to sell at

market

Begging

Teacher

House boy/girl

Assistance provided by the

government

Assistance provided by an

NGO

Government worker

Domestic servant

Bricklayer

Carpenter

Transport

Healthcare worker

Traditional medicine

No income

No response

Other

_________________________

___

3.4 What would you estimate is the average daily income of your household?

(Tick only one response)

0 – 300 Daira

301 – 500 Daira

501 – 1000 Daira

1001 – 3000 Daira

3,000 + Daira

For those interviewees listed as IDPs, please continue to section 4. For those listed as returnees, continue to section 5.

For all others continue to section 6.

4 – PLACE OF ORIGIN / RETURN TO HOME FOR IDPS (this section should only be completed with respondents listed

as IDPs)

4.2 What is your state of origin? 4.3 What is your LGA of origin? 4.4 What is your ward of origin?

4.5 Why did you leave your place of origin?

(Don't read the answers to the person, tick all what she/he mentions)

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Area controlled by armed

groups

Lack of safety for my family

Housing destroyed

Facilities destroyed during the

conflict

Poor access to basic services

and facilities (schools,

hospitals)

Presence of mines or

explosive remnants of war

No food

Religious conflict

No presence of security

forces

Regular IED attacks

Looting of properties

Insurgency

Ongoing military operations

Aerial bombing

Tribal conflict

Lack of opportunity to work

Forcibly displaced from the house

A specific threat was made against

me and/or my family

Don’t know

No response

Other

____________________________

___

4.6 When did you leave your place of origin?

(Tick only one response)

Before 2014 During 2014 During 2015 During 2016

Don't know No response Other_______________________________

4.7 Are you planning to return to your place of origin?

(Tick only one response)

Yes

No

Don’t know

No response

4.8 If yes, when do you plan to return?

(Tick only one response)

☐ When the peace deal is signed

When the fighting stops

Don't know No response Other __________________________________

4.9 Why would you want to go back?

(Don't read the answers to the person, tick all what she/he mentions)

☐ Reclaim land Reclaim property High rent in host-communities No prospects in the camps

☐ The area is now safe

No land for farming

Hardship in camps

Other _______________________________

4.10 Why would you not want to go back?

(Don’t read the answers to the person, tick all what she/he mentions)

Better treatment in camps Better conditions in camps My community is still under the control of the

insurgents There are ongoing military operations I have no family left there I have no resources to rebuild my life there

More business opportunities in town

I am too scared

Don’t know

No response

Other _________________________________

5 – RETURNEES (this section should only be completed with respondents listed as returnees)

5.1 What was your state of

displacement?

4.3 What was your LGA of

displacement?

4.4 What was your ward of origin?

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5.2 Why did you leave your place of origin?

(Don't read the answers to the person, tick all what she/he mentions)

Area controlled by armed

groups

Lack of safety for my family

Housing destroyed

Facilities destroyed during the

conflict

Poor access to basic services

and facilities (schools,

hospitals)

Presence of mines or

explosive remnants of war

No food

Religious conflict

No presence of security

forces

Regular IED attacks

Looting of properties

Insurgency

Ongoing military operations

Aerial bombing

Tribal conflict

Lack of opportunity to work

Forcibly displaced from the house

A specific threat was made against

me and/or my family

Don’t know

No response

Other

____________________________

___

5.3 When did you return home?

(Tick only one response)

Less than 1 month 1-3 months 3-6 months 6-12 months

More than 1 year Don't know No response Other_______________________________

5.4 Why did you go back?

(Don't read the answers to the person, tick all what she/he mentions)

☐ Reclaim land Reclaim property High rent in host-communities No prospects in the camps

☐ The area is now safe

No land for farming

Hardship in camps

Other _______________________________

6– MINE / UXO RECOGNITION

6.1 Can you tell me what these items are? (Show photo of mines/ERW. Don’t read the answers to the person, tick all that she/he mentions)

Grenades

Mortars

Landmines

Projectiles

Cluster munitions

Metal

Fuses

Booby traps

Artisanal mines

Aerial bombs

Toys

Pineapple

Improvised explosive device

Do not know

No response

Other ________________________

6.2 Have you ever seen any of these items in the area that you live or work?

(Tick only one response)

Yes

No

Don’t know

No response

6.3 If yes, where did you see these items?

(Don't read the answers to the person, tick all what she/he mentions)

In the fields In the forest Next to the road On the road Trenches and bunkers In the mountains

Military bases Farming areas Caves Schools In the house Water points

At the military checkpoint Airports / heliports Don’t know No response Other

____________________________

6.4 Can you point on this poster to the items that you have seen?

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(show the photos of mines/ERW and tick the ones that they mention)

Grenades

Mortars

Landmines

Projectiles

Cluster munitions

Fuses

Booby traps

Artisanal mines

Aerial bombs

Other ____________________________

7– EFFECTS OF MINES / UXO

Now I am going to ask you some questions about the effects of these items

7.1 Are these items dangerous?

(Tick only one response)

Yes

No

Don’t know

No response Other_______________________________

7.2 What can happen if one of these items explodes when you are nearby?

(Don't read the answers to the person, tick all what she/he mentions)

Nothing will happen It can kill you It can injure you It can blind you

Don’t know No response Other ___________________________________

7.3 What would be the effect on an individual person if they were injured by one of these items? (Don't read the answers to the person, tick all what she/he mentions)

Isolation

Wife can be rejected by family

Dependency

Can’t work

Can’t go to school

Can’t travel for any reason

People will view them as a

burden

People will view them as

careless

People will think they have bad

luck

Infertility

Women would be divorced

Girls would not be able to get

married

Psychological suffering

Will be viewed as a second

class citizen

Stigmatisation

Discriminisation

No effect

Don’t know

No response

Other ____________________________

7.4 What would be the effect on the family of a person who was killed or injured by one of these items?

(Don't read the answers to the person, tick all what she/he mentions)

Family crisis

Husband could take a new wife

Husband could divorce wife

Wife could be returned to

parents

Children would be taken out of

school to provide care

Children would be taken out of

school to work

They would be forced to beg in

the streets

Reduced family income

Wife will have to stay home

and look after husband

Children taken out of school to

act to provide care

Children taken out of school to

generate income

Pressure on husband/spouse

to provide income

Family have to pay for

treatment of victim

No effect

Don’t know

No response

Other ____________________________

7.5 Have you heard about any accidents involving these items in your community?

Yes

No

Don’t Know

No response

7.6 What was the person doing at the time of the accident?

Fleeing the conflict

Collecting firewood

Collecting water

Hunting bush meat

Cutting poles in the forest

Cutting grasses to construct

housing

Taking a shortcut to return

Scrap metal collection

Farming

Don’t know

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Trading

Grazing animals

home

Fishing

Travelling

No response

Other

_________________________

__

7.7 Please provide details of the number of people killed or injured as a result of the accident, including

gender.

Number of people killed: Women _____________

Girls _______________

Boys _______________

Men ________________

Number of people injured Women _____________

Girls _______________

Boys _______________

Men ________________

7.8 Please tell us about any common beliefs in the community about why people become disabled

There was an evil spirit

Bad luck

God’s will

Spiritual rites

The person was reckless

They did something wrong and it is a punishment

Don’t know

No response

Other

__________________________________

8– DANGEROUS AREAS AND INDICATORS OF MINES/UXO

Now I am going to ask you about how you can recognize that an area might be contaminated with these items

8.1 What are the areas that could be contaminated with these items?

(Don't read the answers to the person, tick all what she/he mentions)

Former military camps

Old trenches/military positions

Areas where battles took place

Airports / heliports

Streams and riversides

Agricultural areas

Destroyed buildings

Main roads

Checkpoints

Footpaths

Don’t know

No response

Other ________________________________

8.2What are the common indicators that an area might be contaminated with these items?

(Don't read the answers to the person, tick all what she/he mentions)

Destroyed or abandoned buildings

Destroyed or abandoned military vehicles

Visible evidence of battles

Burnt trees and grasses

Trees and bushes not collected for firewood

Human remains

Dead animals with missing or damaged limbs

Craters

Overgrown, unattended fields and pastures next

to cultivated used areas

Don’t know

No response

Other ________________________________

8.3 How are places that are dangerous usually marked?

(Don't read the answers to the person, tick all what she/he mentions) Danger mine sign

Crossed sticks

Red and white tape

Pile of stones

Painted stones

Big holes dug in the road

Thorny branches placed around the perimeter

A line of leaves leading up to the danger

Thorny bushes planted in the ground

Red cloth tied to a stick

Pieces of cloth tied in trees

Don’t know

No response

Other

___________________________________

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8.4 What would you do if you came across one of these signs?

(Show the respondent a photo of local or official marking systems. Don't read the answers to the person, tick all what she/he mentions)

Keep going Find another path Remove it

Inform others of danger Report it Take it

Not tell anyone about it

Ignore it

Don’t know

No response

Other

___________________________________

9– BEHAVIOUR

Now I am going to ask you about your observations of how people behave with these items, and also how you would

react in certain situations.

9.1 If people enter areas where there are these objects, what do you think the reason for this is?

(Don't read the answers to the person, tick all what she/he mentions)

Cattle herding Hunting Collecting traditional plants Belief that they are invincible Farming Fishing Following animals into the area Gathering firewood Collecting water

Scrap metal collection Curiosity Other economic activity

________________________ Cutting poles for construction Cutting grasses Gathering corn stalks These objects are throughout

the village No alternative

Hunting bush meat Transporting goods Travelling Fleeing from conflict Unaware of danger Visiting relatives Don’t know No response Other

_______________________________

9.2 Do you think they realize the danger of entering these areas?

(Tick only one response)

Yes No

Don’t know No response

9.3 Do people in your area collect these items for any reason?

(Tick only one response)

Yes No

Don’t know No response

9.4 If yes, why do they collect them?

(Don't read the answers to the person, tick all what she/he mentions)

For self-defence To sell scrap metal To extract explosives to use Personal stockpiles Belief that they are invincible

To play with They don’t know that it is

dangerous Curiosity

As souveigners

To make the area safe

To make improvised explosive

devices Stubbornness

Don’t know

No response

Other _______________________________

9.5 Do you think they understand the risk of collecting these items?

(Tick only one response)

Yes No

Don’t know No response

9.6 What would you do if you came across one of these items?

(Show photo of mines/UXO. Don't read the answers to the person, tick all what she/he mentions)

Dispose of it myself Keep going on the same path Find another path

Inform others of danger Report it Not tell anyone

Don’t know

No response

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Remove it Ignore it Other

____________________________

___

9.7 What are the local beliefs on how you can destroy one of these objects?

(Don't read the answers to the person, tick all what she/he mentions)

With juju With a charm Sending animals to walk over it Prayer Traditional ceremony

Spiritual rites

Throw it in a river

Bury it in a hole

Throw stones at it

Hit it with a stick

I have not heard of any way to

destroy these

Don’t know

No response

Other

____________________________

___

9.8 If you came across one of these items, who would you report it to?

(Don't read the answers to the person, tick all what she/he mentions)

I would not report it The Emir Community Joint Task

Force Malam Male family members Government authorities traditional authorities Local military

Local police Religious leader International NGO (please specify)

___________________________ Youth Association Women’s Association Children’s Association Mullah Any elder in the community

Camp manager Camp staff Priest Mother Father Teacher Don’t know No response Other

____________________________

9.9 Have you ever made a report after finding a suspicious item?

(Tick only one response)

Yes

No

Don’t know

No response

9.10 What would prevent you from making a report?

(Don't read the answers to the person, tick all what she/he mentions)

No security presence

Interrogation by police

Interrogation by military

Interrogation by insurgents

Nothing will happen even if I

report it

I prefer to deal with the

object myself

Accusation of being an

insurgent

Do not know who to report

to

Don’t know

No response

Other

____________________________

___

9.11 What would you do if you thought that you were in a minefield?

(Don't read the answers to the person, tick all what she/he mentions)

Keep calm Inform others around you that

you are in a dangerous area Take note of my surroundings Stand still

Call for help Retrace my steps to a safe

place Inform other members of

the community about the presence of the dangerous area

Inform the authorities if I thought it was safe to do so

Not inform the authorities because it is not safe to do so

Don’t know No response Other

_______________________________

9.12 What would you do if you saw one of your family members or friends lying injured or dead in a minefield?

(Don't read the answers to the person, tick all what she/he mentions)

Run to their assistance Run away

Tell the person to use their clothing to stem the bleeding

Don’t know No response

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63

Report to the authorities Tell the person to come to

you

Nothing Other

____________________________

___

9.13 What would you do if you one of your animals entered an area that you knew was not safe?

(Don't read the answers to the person, tick all what she/he mentions)

Follow it in there Run away Call the animal to come back to

me

Report to the authorities Call for assistance Nothing

Don’t know No response Other

_________________________

___

10– PUBLIC INFORMATION DISSEMINATION

10.1 If arriving in a new area/returning to your home after a long absence, who would you ask for information?

(Don't read the answers to the person, tick all what she/he mentions) The Emir Community Joint Task Force Malam Male family members Government authorities traditional authorities

Local military

Town crier

Village orator

Any elder in the community

Local police Religious leader International NGO (please

specify) ________________________

Youth Association Women’s Association Children’s Association Mullah Camp leaders

Priest Mother Father Teacher Siblings Friends Don’t know No response

Other ____________________________

10.2 What are the main forums in which you get new information?

(Don't read the answers to the person, tick all what she/he mentions)

School

Distribution centres

Home

Church

Madrasa

Markets

Distribution centres

Local NGO offices

International NGO offices

Government offices

Community meeting

Transit centres

Naming ceremonies

Weddings

Mosque

Garages

Do not know

No response

Other _____________________

10.3 Who are the main opinion leaders in your community?

(Don't read the answers to the person, tick all what she/he mentions)

Community leaders

Village orator

Mullah

Priest

Father

Mother

Siblings

Elders

Traditional leaders

Traditional healers

Military

Peers / friends

Grandmother

Grandfather

Camp manager

Teachers

Medical doctor

Neighbours

Do not know

No response

Other _____________________

10.4 What are the media through which you most commonly receive information?

(Don't read the answers to the person, tick all what she/he mentions)

Social media

National radio stations

Local radio stations

Billboards

Posters

TV

Leaflets

Cell phone/text message

Online news websites

Speaking directly to an expert

Do not know

No response

Other _____________________

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Newspapers and magazines Word of mouth

10.5 What are the main radio stations that you listen to?

(Write down what she/he mentions)

10.6 At what time of day do you usually listen to the radio?

(Don't read the answers to the person, tick all what she/he mentions)

Early morning

Mid-morning

Midday

Early afternoon

Late afternoon

Early evening

Late evening

Do not know

No response

Other _____________________

10.7 How do most like to be taught about new topics?

(Don't read the answers to the person, tick all what she/he mentions)

Direct presentation

Role play

Games

Drawing

Theatre / drama

Group discussion

Poetry

Songs

Question and answer sessions

Competitions

Lecture

Community mapping

Do not know

No response

Other ______________________

11– PREVIOUS EXPOSURE TO RISK EDUCATION

11.1 - How many times have you participated in a risk education session?

(Tick only one response)

0

1

2

3

4

5+

11.2 - Who provided those risk education sessions?

(Don't read the answers to the person, tick all what she/he mentions)

DRC/DDG Other ____________________________________

11.3 - How long ago did you last participate in an risk education session?

(Tick only one response)

0- 3 months 4-6 months 6 months – 1 year More than 1 year

Don't know No response Other_______________________________

11.4 - What other channel have you previously received risk education through?

(Don't read the answers to the person, tick all what she/he mentions)

Radio

Posters

Community meeting

Leaflets

Don’t know No respose Other __________________________

10– PREVIOUS EXPOSURE TO RISK EDUCATION

12– OTHER

12.1 Is there anything else that you would like to add?

(please write detailed notes on anything that the person says)

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65

END –THANK THE REPONDENT FOR THEIR TIME AND ASK THEM IF THEY HAVE ANY QUESTIONS FOR YOU

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6.3 Focus group discussion form: mines /ERW, adults

1 - TEAM DETAILS

1.1 Enumerator name(s) 1.2 Team 1.3 Date

1.

2.

3.

2 - LOCATION DETAILS

2.1 - State: 2.2 –LGA 2.3 – Ward 2.4 – Community / camp

3 - RESPONDENT DETAILS

3.1 Respondent names: 3.2 Sex of respondents: 3.3 Position in community: 3.4 Estimated age

of respondent

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

Male Female

Male Female

Male Female

Male Female

Male Female

Male Female

Male Female

Male Female

Male Female

Male Female

Male Female

Male Female

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

3.5 Type of audience

Authorities

Women in host-community

Women in IDP camp

Female returnees

Men in host-community

Men in IDP camp

Male returnees

Other (please specify

______________________________________________________________________)

Q1 - Can you tell me what these items are?

Show pictures of mines/ERW and be clear that you are not indicating the poster but the actual items

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67

Q2 - Are these items dangerous? Please explain your answer.

Show pictures of ERW and be clear that you are not indicating the poster but the actual items

Q3– How do these items impact on the security of your community?

Q4 – How does the existence of these items affect the daily life of people in your community?

Show pictures of mine/ERW

Q5– Do people in your community collect these items for any reason? If yes, why?

Show pictures of mines/ERW

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Q6 – Please describe any accidents involving these items in this area during the last year and a half.

Q7 – In general, what are the activities that put adults at risk of having accidents involving these items? Are there

any differences between men and women?

Q8 – In general, what are the activities that put children at risk of having accidents involving these items? Are

there any differences between boys and girls, including those of different ages?

Q9 – What do you think are the activities that would put returnees at risk of having accidents with these items?

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Q10 – What have you heard are the ways in which you can destroy one of these objects?

Q11 – Tell me about any coping mechanisms that the community has developed to reduce the threat and

possibility of accidents involving mines/ERW.

Q12 – From where have you acquired your knowledge on these items, warning signs, and safety behaviours

previously?

Q13 - What are the best ways to spread awareness in your community, and why?

Q14 – Who in the community do you trust to share important information with you?

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Q15 – Is there anything else that you would like to add?

END OF FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION:

Ask if participants if they have any questions for the facilitators

Remember to manage expectations

Recap on how information will be used

Thank the participants for their time

Close the discussion

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71

6.4 Focus group discussion form: mines/ERW, adolescents

1 - TEAM DETAILS

1.1 Enumerator name(s) 1.2 Team 1.3 Date

1.

2.

3.

2 - LOCATION DETAILS

2.1 - State: 2.2 –LGA 2.3 – Ward 2.4 – Community / camp

3 - RESPONDENT DETAILS

3.1 Respondent names: 3.2 Sex of respondents: 3.3 Position in community: 3.4 Estimated age

of respondent

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

Male Female

Male Female

Male Female

Male Female

Male Female

Male Female

Male Female

Male Female

Male Female

Male Female

Male Female

Male Female

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

3.5 Type of audience

Children in host-community

Children in IDP camp

Children of returnees

Other (please specify

______________________________________________________________________)

Q1 - Can you tell me what these items are?

Show pictures of mines/ERW

Q2 - Can you tell me whether or not these items are dangerous? Please explain your answers.

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Show pictures of mines/ERW

Q3 – If you saw one of these items what would you do?

Show pictures of mines/ERW

Q4 – If you saw this what would you do?

Show pictures of local marking systems

Q5 – Can you give me examples of any times when you have seen people in your community handling these items.

Why do you think were they doing that?

Q6 – Do you think that was safe for them to handle them? If yes, why? If not, why not?

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Q7 – What are the ways in which you have heard that it is possible to destroy these items?

Q8 – In general, what are the activities that mean other children at risk of being hurt by these items? Are there

any differences between boys and girls?

Q9 – If you found one of these items who would you tell and why?

Q10 – Who do you listen to most about important things in the community?

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Q11 – How do you like to learn new things?

Q12 – Is there anything else that you would like to add?

END OF FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION:

Ask if participants if they have any questions for the facilitators

Remember to manage expectations

Recap on how information will be used

Thank the participants for their time

Close the discussion