newton's law of motion

Aristotle's Aristotle's Theories of Theories of

MotionMotion

Nothing moves unless you push it.  [it is moved by a mover] Nothing moves unless you push it.  [it is moved by a mover] Some motion is natural for the sublunar elements, rectilinear motion to or Some motion is natural for the sublunar elements, rectilinear motion to or

away from the earth's center for the supralunar quintessence, circular motion away from the earth's center for the supralunar quintessence, circular motion All other motion is violent, and requires a mover All other motion is violent, and requires a mover

[Anselm's nth proof of the existence of God] [Anselm's nth proof of the existence of God] Because motion exists, there must be a self-moved mover, i.e. a Prime Mover [later i.d. Because motion exists, there must be a self-moved mover, i.e. a Prime Mover [later i.d.

God] God]

There is natural, violent, and local motion; There is natural, violent, and local motion; rectilinear and circular motion rectilinear and circular motion

Speed is proportional to motive force, and Speed is proportional to motive force, and inversely proportional to resistance. inversely proportional to resistance.

F/R   [by a constant of proportionality: v = F/R   [by a constant of proportionality: v = k(F/R)] k(F/R)]

There cannot be a vacuum [therefore Natura is a There cannot be a vacuum [therefore Natura is a plenum] plenum]

The most Natural state:  Rest [if terrestrial] The most Natural state:  Rest [if terrestrial] Teleology  -  The 4th and Final Cause  -- "WHY" is Teleology  -  The 4th and Final Cause  -- "WHY" is

the most  important question. the most  important question. [Aristotle's Theory of Causation[Aristotle's Theory of Causation] ]

Galileo Galilei’sGalileo Galilei’sTheoriesTheories

ofofMotionMotion

The Law of The Law of FallFall

During the first decade of the 17th century, Galileo began During the first decade of the 17th century, Galileo began conducting experiments and working with various precise conducting experiments and working with various precise measurements in the search for mathematical equations measurements in the search for mathematical equations capable of describing the movement of bodies. Galileo's use capable of describing the movement of bodies. Galileo's use of mathematics and experimentation for physical research of mathematics and experimentation for physical research were one of the central innovations of his scientific activity. were one of the central innovations of his scientific activity.

Galileo was deeply influenced by Archimedes principles of statics (the theory Galileo was deeply influenced by Archimedes principles of statics (the theory of equilibrium) which he expanded on for his discussion of moving bodies. of equilibrium) which he expanded on for his discussion of moving bodies. Through his use of mathematics and physical experimentation, Galileo was Through his use of mathematics and physical experimentation, Galileo was able to formulate able to formulate the Law of Fall in 1604, which is related to in 1604, which is related to the Law of Inertia which he first formulated in 1612. These laws stand in marked contradiction which he first formulated in 1612. These laws stand in marked contradiction to Aristotelian physics and all that was accepted up to then. From this period to Aristotelian physics and all that was accepted up to then. From this period on, Galileo made distinct efforts to refute Aristotelian theory.on, Galileo made distinct efforts to refute Aristotelian theory.

SIR ISAAC NEWTONSIR ISAAC NEWTON

English physicist andEnglish physicist and mathematician, goes the credit for being mathematician, goes the credit for being

the first to introducethe first to introduce the concepts of mass the concepts of mass and force in mechanics and to formulate and force in mechanics and to formulate the lawsthe laws governing motiongoverning motion. These laws are . These laws are commonly called commonly called Newton’s laws of motionNewton’s laws of motion and constitute the principles of dynamics.and constitute the principles of dynamics.

Newton’s 1Newton’s 1stst Law: Law:

THE LAW THE LAW OF INERTIAOF INERTIA

InertiaInertia-property of matter to resist change in its -property of matter to resist change in its

state of rest or uniform motion.state of rest or uniform motion.

Law of InertiaLaw of Inertia An object that is not An object that is not

moving will not move moving will not move until a net force acts until a net force acts upon it.upon it.

Example:Example:A clock will remain at A clock will remain at

rest on the table rest on the table unless a net force unless a net force acts upon it.acts upon it.

An object that is in uniform motion An object that is in uniform motion moves in the same direction and at the moves in the same direction and at the

same speed unless an external same speed unless an external unbalanced force acts on it.unbalanced force acts on it.

Example:Example:

A man riding a horse isA man riding a horse is thrown in front of the horse thrown in front of the horse when it stops suddenly.when it stops suddenly.

Newton’s 2Newton’s 2ndnd Law: Law:

The Law The Law of of

AcceleratiAccelerationon

Law of AccelerationLaw of Acceleration

States that the acceleration of an States that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to, and object is directly proportional to, and in the same direction as, the net in the same direction as, the net force and is inversely proportional to force and is inversely proportional to the mass.the mass.

Formula:Formula:

a = F/m a = F/m

where where FF is the is the resultant forceresultant force acting on the acting on the body, body, mm is the is the massmass of the body, and of the body, and aa is is its its accelerationacceleration..

Example:Example:

NewtonNewton’s 3’s 3rdrd Law:Law:

The Law The Law of of

InteractioInteractionn

Law of InteractionLaw of Interaction

States that whenever two bodies interact, States that whenever two bodies interact, the forces they exert on each other are the forces they exert on each other are equal in magnitude but opposite in equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.direction.

Example:Example:

The bullet and the gun.The bullet and the gun.

(the acceleration of the bullet is much greater than (the acceleration of the bullet is much greater than that of the gun although the action and the that of the gun although the action and the reaction forces are equal.) reaction forces are equal.)

Explaination:Explaination:When you fire a gun, When you fire a gun,

you are exerting a force. you are exerting a force.

The bullet moves forward The bullet moves forward

and the reactional force is, the gun and the reactional force is, the gun

moves backward.moves backward.

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