New Governments: In Soviet Union, Communism was a new civilization with state Liberal Democracies granted women the right to vote and disenfranchised men. Made government responsible to a mass electorate Democratic Parliaments were created where they had never been before but 1. New nations lacked will and skill for democracy 2. Constitutions were flawed 3. Parliaments were corrupt Economics: Could not return to normalcy of pre-war era Economic power shifted to US Reparations caused nations to make policies for own benefit World market impacted because: 1. Russia was out 2. New countries were incapable of competing 3. New boundaries separated raw materials from factories 4. Nations created trade barriers Unions: Supported the war and won recognition and right to collective bargaining Got better wages Leaders appointed to councils. Government could not ignore labor demands Middle Class feared socialists and workers – became a conservative force willing to accept conservative governments (Fascists & Nazis)
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New Governments: In Soviet Union, Communism was a new civilization with state Liberal Democracies granted women the right to vote and disenfranchised men.
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New Governments:In Soviet Union, Communism was a new civilization with stateLiberal Democracies granted women the right to vote and disenfranchised men. Made government responsible to a mass electorateDemocratic Parliaments were created where they had never been before but
1. New nations lacked will and skill for democracy 2. Constitutions were flawed 3. Parliaments were corrupt
Economics:Could not return to normalcy of pre-war era Economic power shifted to USReparations caused nations to make policies for own benefitWorld market impacted because: 1. Russia was out 2. New countries were incapable of competing 3. New boundaries separated raw materials from factories 4. Nations created trade barriers
Unions: Supported the war and won recognition and right to collective bargainingGot better wagesLeaders appointed to councils. Government could not ignore labor demands
Middle Class feared socialists and workers – became a conservative force willing to accept conservative governments (Fascists & Nazis)
Russia Government Revolt Communist Revolt
White Russians - Cadets and
Social Revolutionaries
Could not get organized
Allied help failed
Red Russians Social Democrats
Epoch Historical Event
Exportable
Fear
Marxist Theories
1. Capitalism Doomed
2. Bourgeoisie would be small, Proletariat would be larger - Evolution
3. Proletariat will overthrow bourgeoisie…Workers of the World Unite!
4. Dictatorship of Proletariat
5. State will wither away
Lenin’s Theories
1. Imperialism is last stage of doomed capitalism
2. Proletariat and Peasant Revolution
3. Proletariat and Peasants led by revolutionary elite force
4. Elite = Communist Party
5. All other parties will wither away
War Communism
Civil War between White Russians and Red Russians enabled Communists to dictate organization and retain an army
Trotsky and ChekaActions: Seizes
Banks
Transportations systems
Heavy Industry
Grain
Broke the support of proletariat and peasants who were tired of sacrifice
Results:
Repression
Peasants
Baltic Fleet
Factory Workers
Dictatorship of Communists
NEP Lenin’s Reality
Tolerated some capitalism1. Peasants paid taxes but could sell surplus grain in the open market because Peasants were
key to Lenin’s theory2. Light industry and retail businesses flourished
RESULT: Consumer goods not available for farmers. Russia became a land of small, discontented farmers and merchants.
Trotsky StalinRapid Industrial growth Slow Industrial growthfinanced with farm productsCollectivized farming Modest free enterprise and small Landholding
Revolution outside Russia Socialism in one Country
Criticize Party Seize control of Party with Purges – No Criticism Comiterm & 21 Terms (Bolsheviks)
Moscow was model of SocialismReject RevisionismAccept Communist Party Name Destroy democratic socialism that betrayed working class by working within parliamentary system
Socialists v. Communists
Italy FASCISM - Right wing dictators - Nationalistic in response to the spread of CommunismFirst authoritarian government to result from fear of CommunismAnti
Nationalism – State Single Party Terrorism “outside the state, no man or spiritual value can exist.”
MussoliniBackground:Band of Combat – War veterans upset with Treaty of Versailles, socialism and inflationBroke with socialism to champion the stateOpportunist who changed ideas and principles to suit the occasionMain goal was political survival
Conditions:Italian parliamentary system was broken, deadlocked.Some felt Italy had been cheated by Treaty Many strikes, workers seized factories, peasants seized land . The government did nothing to stop this
Rise to Power:1. Allied with middle class (feared loss of property) against socialists who
undermined national interests2. Formed Black Shirts-terror squads to purge Socialists (internationalists). Crimes
ignored by Conservatives. Controlled local government in North3. 1921 election returned 34 Fascists to Chamber of Deputies4. 1922 Black Shirt March a. Victor Emmanuel III refused to sign a decree to allow army to stop the march. b. Italian Cabinet resigned in protest5. Mussolini made Prime Minister and given dictatorial powers by King and
Parliament for one year.• Election law allowed party with largest popular vote to take 2/3 seats in Chamber.
No longer needed political parties to cooperate with each other to achieve a majority rule. No more coalition governments
• 1924 Fascists control Chamber and dissolve all other parties - dictator state8. Opposition members in Chamber resign when Black Shirts kill Matteotti but it
gave Mussolini more power. Fascists dominated politics at every level.Control:•Every government institution has a parallel party institution•All opposing parties are outlawed•Grand Council of Fascist party decides on candidates•Used propaganda•Lateran Accord 1929 with Catholic Church gives Mussolini acceptability. Pope was temporal leader of Vatican and state paid Church indemnity for territory it confiscated
France Joyless victors who could not control economy or government
Post War government was conservative
• lenient Treaty of Versailles (are you serious?)
• Wanted a Rhineland state for protection against Germany and Communism
• 1920s saw 27 different cabinets
Goals:
1. Strictly enforce Treaty
2. Make new alliances
Czechoslovakia
Yugoslavia Romania
Poland
Feeling isolated, Germany and Russia sign the Rapallo treaty for economic and diplomatic purposes. Aroused French concerns about German commitment to Versailles
Poincare (C) - declared Germany in default of payments and occupied Ruhr mining. Germans order passive resistance (strike) and French sent own workers to run mines and railroads. Occupation alienated English and hurt German and French economies
Leftists (Cartel des Gauches) recognized the Soviet Union and was lenient to Germany
When value of franc fell, Poincare returned and prosperity continued until 1931
England swings as a Pendulum do
Electorate expanded to include all men and by 1928 all women 21 years old = more labour members who were no longer considered radical
Liberal Party split between Asquith and George, liberals did have enough to become a majority so they joined with Conservative Party to hold a majority in Parliament
Conservatives replace Liberals with Law, then Baldwin who imposed protective tariffs
Labour get their first crack at governing with MacDonald - social reform with nationalization or seizure of property
Conservatives and Baldwin return to improve economy - 11% unemployment
• back to gold standard that raised price of English goods to foreign countries
•Tried to lower prices by cutting wages that resulted in strikes
•With so much unemployment, labor did not have leverage, Baldwin offered housing and
poor law reforms
Government Needed coalitions to rule…
Empire
• Gandhi gained recognition…talk of Indian self-government… India won right protect own goods
•Failure to pass Irish Home Rule Bill caused Easter uprising in 1916 that was brutally stopped. Irish in Parliament became radicals Sinn Fein who declared Irish independence and created the IRA under Eamon de Valera. Negotiations yielded the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland that stayed in the United Kingdom. Irish independence came in 1949.
Trials of the Successor States…only enjoyed freedom from 1919 - 1989
Embodiment of nation self-determination and serve as buffer between Communism and the world. But it was very difficult to:
• create a new parliamentary government in countries that had been ruled by kings and armies. Other countries had hundreds of years, they had 20
•Create an economy when all were dependent on foreign loans, except Czechoslovakia. All were agrarian based in an industrial world
•All except Czechoslovakia faced pressure from minority groups within their borders that were not drawn along national lines.
Poland
Too many pieces from Germany, Austria and Russia to form one system of laws and a successful economy
Czechoslovakia
Had a strong industrial base with middle class
Led by Thomas Masaryk
Extreme German nationalists in Sudetenland would be the downfall
Hungary
Austria
Yugoslavia
Communist government under Kun but it was short lived
Communists were executed or jailed. Lenin ordered Comintern to reject cooperation in the future
Parliamentary government rule but most resented the Treaty, economy was depressed, followed anti-semetic policies
Viable economy
Tried to suppress Nazis
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
Fighting between Catholics, Orthodox and Muslims
Germany
Problems with the Weimar Constitution Social Democrats accepted humiliating terms
Flaws with proportional representation, President would appoint or remove a chancellor and ARTICLE 48 (presidential dictatorship)
Lacked support (people accepted constitutionalism but hated the Social Democrats for accepting terms)
Ruhr invasion caused inflation that hurt the MIDDLE CLASS AND LOWER MIDDLE CLASS
Resented reparations = $132 billion
Inflation did not hurt DEBTORS (lower classes)
Does any of this sound familiar to you ???
Hitler Depressed with a fiery temper … not a good mixAnti-Semitic (Lueger)WWI gave him focus – National Socialist German Workers’ Party
Twenty-Five Points 1. Repudiate Treaty 2. Unify Austria & Germany 3. Exclude Jews 4. Agrarian reform 5. Prohibit land speculation confiscate war profits 6. States control giant cartels 7. Replace department stores with small retail shops
life of hitler
Socialism was not state ownership of production but subordination of all to the state Socialism was not state ownership of production but subordination of all to the state
Formed the SA under Roehm (brown shirts) that weakened Weimar RepublicOratorical skills, and organizational abilities helpedBeer Hall PutschMein Kampf
1. opposed Bolsheviks & JEWS2. living space for Germans3. recovery of military4. targeted Jews, eastern Europe, Soviet Union, any opposition
He was the leader who could transform German, and he would do it legally.
Stressman Years: abandoned passive resistance in the Ruhr introduced new currency crushed Hitler and communists Dawes Plan lowered payments Hindenburg becomes chancellor – conservatives
Locarno – conciliation - HOPE1. accepted western frontier2. signed treaties of arbitration with Poland & Czechoslovakia3. Little Entente4. Germany in League5. Remove troops from Rhineland 5 years earlier6. Kellogg Briand Pact renounced war as an instrument of national policy7. Young Plan – lowered reparations