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New Governments: In Soviet Union, Communism was a new civilization with state Liberal Democracies granted women the right to vote and disenfranchised men. Made government responsible to a mass electorate Democratic Parliaments were created where they had never been before but 1. New nations lacked will and skill for democracy 2. Constitutions were flawed 3. Parliaments were corrupt Economics: Could not return to normalcy of pre-war era Economic power shifted to US Reparations caused nations to make policies for own benefit World market impacted because: 1. Russia was out 2. New countries were incapable of competing 3. New boundaries separated raw materials from factories 4. Nations created trade barriers Unions: Supported the war and won recognition and right to collective bargaining Got better wages Leaders appointed to councils. Government could not ignore labor demands Middle Class feared socialists and workers – became a conservative force willing to accept conservative governments (Fascists & Nazis)
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New Governments: In Soviet Union, Communism was a new civilization with state Liberal Democracies granted women the right to vote and disenfranchised men.

Dec 27, 2015

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Page 1: New Governments: In Soviet Union, Communism was a new civilization with state Liberal Democracies granted women the right to vote and disenfranchised men.

New Governments:In Soviet Union, Communism was a new civilization with stateLiberal Democracies granted women the right to vote and disenfranchised men. Made government responsible to a mass electorateDemocratic Parliaments were created where they had never been before but

1. New nations lacked will and skill for democracy 2. Constitutions were flawed 3. Parliaments were corrupt

Economics:Could not return to normalcy of pre-war era Economic power shifted to USReparations caused nations to make policies for own benefitWorld market impacted because: 1. Russia was out 2. New countries were incapable of competing 3. New boundaries separated raw materials from factories 4. Nations created trade barriers

Unions: Supported the war and won recognition and right to collective bargainingGot better wagesLeaders appointed to councils. Government could not ignore labor demands

Middle Class feared socialists and workers – became a conservative force willing to accept conservative governments (Fascists & Nazis)

Page 2: New Governments: In Soviet Union, Communism was a new civilization with state Liberal Democracies granted women the right to vote and disenfranchised men.

Russia Government Revolt Communist Revolt

White Russians - Cadets and

Social Revolutionaries

Could not get organized

Allied help failed

Red Russians Social Democrats

Epoch Historical Event

Exportable

Fear

Marxist Theories

1. Capitalism Doomed

2. Bourgeoisie would be small, Proletariat would be larger - Evolution

3. Proletariat will overthrow bourgeoisie…Workers of the World Unite!

4. Dictatorship of Proletariat

5. State will wither away

Lenin’s Theories

1. Imperialism is last stage of doomed capitalism

2. Proletariat and Peasant Revolution

3. Proletariat and Peasants led by revolutionary elite force

4. Elite = Communist Party

5. All other parties will wither away

Page 3: New Governments: In Soviet Union, Communism was a new civilization with state Liberal Democracies granted women the right to vote and disenfranchised men.

War Communism

Civil War between White Russians and Red Russians enabled Communists to dictate organization and retain an army

Trotsky and ChekaActions: Seizes

Banks

Transportations systems

Heavy Industry

Grain

Broke the support of proletariat and peasants who were tired of sacrifice

Results:

Repression

Peasants

Baltic Fleet

Factory Workers

Dictatorship of Communists

NEP Lenin’s Reality

Tolerated some capitalism1. Peasants paid taxes but could sell surplus grain in the open market because Peasants were

key to Lenin’s theory2. Light industry and retail businesses flourished

RESULT: Consumer goods not available for farmers. Russia became a land of small, discontented farmers and merchants.

Page 4: New Governments: In Soviet Union, Communism was a new civilization with state Liberal Democracies granted women the right to vote and disenfranchised men.

Trotsky StalinRapid Industrial growth Slow Industrial growthfinanced with farm productsCollectivized farming Modest free enterprise and small Landholding

Revolution outside Russia Socialism in one Country

Criticize Party Seize control of Party with Purges – No Criticism Comiterm & 21 Terms (Bolsheviks)

Moscow was model of SocialismReject RevisionismAccept Communist Party Name Destroy democratic socialism that betrayed working class by working within parliamentary system

Socialists v. Communists

Page 5: New Governments: In Soviet Union, Communism was a new civilization with state Liberal Democracies granted women the right to vote and disenfranchised men.

Italy FASCISM - Right wing dictators - Nationalistic in response to the spread of CommunismFirst authoritarian government to result from fear of CommunismAnti

DemocraticMarxistParliamentarySemitic

For:Middle ClassSmall businessesProperty ownersSmall farmers

Nationalism – State Single Party Terrorism “outside the state, no man or spiritual value can exist.”

MussoliniBackground:Band of Combat – War veterans upset with Treaty of Versailles, socialism and inflationBroke with socialism to champion the stateOpportunist who changed ideas and principles to suit the occasionMain goal was political survival

Conditions:Italian parliamentary system was broken, deadlocked.Some felt Italy had been cheated by Treaty Many strikes, workers seized factories, peasants seized land . The government did nothing to stop this

Page 6: New Governments: In Soviet Union, Communism was a new civilization with state Liberal Democracies granted women the right to vote and disenfranchised men.

Rise to Power:1. Allied with middle class (feared loss of property) against socialists who

undermined national interests2. Formed Black Shirts-terror squads to purge Socialists (internationalists). Crimes

ignored by Conservatives. Controlled local government in North3. 1921 election returned 34 Fascists to Chamber of Deputies4. 1922 Black Shirt March a. Victor Emmanuel III refused to sign a decree to allow army to stop the march. b. Italian Cabinet resigned in protest5. Mussolini made Prime Minister and given dictatorial powers by King and

Parliament for one year.• Election law allowed party with largest popular vote to take 2/3 seats in Chamber.

No longer needed political parties to cooperate with each other to achieve a majority rule. No more coalition governments

• 1924 Fascists control Chamber and dissolve all other parties - dictator state8. Opposition members in Chamber resign when Black Shirts kill Matteotti but it

gave Mussolini more power. Fascists dominated politics at every level.Control:•Every government institution has a parallel party institution•All opposing parties are outlawed•Grand Council of Fascist party decides on candidates•Used propaganda•Lateran Accord 1929 with Catholic Church gives Mussolini acceptability. Pope was temporal leader of Vatican and state paid Church indemnity for territory it confiscated

Page 7: New Governments: In Soviet Union, Communism was a new civilization with state Liberal Democracies granted women the right to vote and disenfranchised men.

France Joyless victors who could not control economy or government

Post War government was conservative

• lenient Treaty of Versailles (are you serious?)

• Wanted a Rhineland state for protection against Germany and Communism

• 1920s saw 27 different cabinets

Goals:

1. Strictly enforce Treaty

2. Make new alliances

Czechoslovakia

Yugoslavia Romania

Poland

Feeling isolated, Germany and Russia sign the Rapallo treaty for economic and diplomatic purposes. Aroused French concerns about German commitment to Versailles

Poincare (C) - declared Germany in default of payments and occupied Ruhr mining. Germans order passive resistance (strike) and French sent own workers to run mines and railroads. Occupation alienated English and hurt German and French economies

Leftists (Cartel des Gauches) recognized the Soviet Union and was lenient to Germany

When value of franc fell, Poincare returned and prosperity continued until 1931

Page 8: New Governments: In Soviet Union, Communism was a new civilization with state Liberal Democracies granted women the right to vote and disenfranchised men.

England swings as a Pendulum do

Electorate expanded to include all men and by 1928 all women 21 years old = more labour members who were no longer considered radical

Liberal Party split between Asquith and George, liberals did have enough to become a majority so they joined with Conservative Party to hold a majority in Parliament

Conservatives replace Liberals with Law, then Baldwin who imposed protective tariffs

Labour get their first crack at governing with MacDonald - social reform with nationalization or seizure of property

Conservatives and Baldwin return to improve economy - 11% unemployment

• back to gold standard that raised price of English goods to foreign countries

•Tried to lower prices by cutting wages that resulted in strikes

•With so much unemployment, labor did not have leverage, Baldwin offered housing and

poor law reforms

Government Needed coalitions to rule…

Empire

• Gandhi gained recognition…talk of Indian self-government… India won right protect own goods

•Failure to pass Irish Home Rule Bill caused Easter uprising in 1916 that was brutally stopped. Irish in Parliament became radicals Sinn Fein who declared Irish independence and created the IRA under Eamon de Valera. Negotiations yielded the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland that stayed in the United Kingdom. Irish independence came in 1949.

Page 9: New Governments: In Soviet Union, Communism was a new civilization with state Liberal Democracies granted women the right to vote and disenfranchised men.

Trials of the Successor States…only enjoyed freedom from 1919 - 1989

Embodiment of nation self-determination and serve as buffer between Communism and the world. But it was very difficult to:

• create a new parliamentary government in countries that had been ruled by kings and armies. Other countries had hundreds of years, they had 20

•Create an economy when all were dependent on foreign loans, except Czechoslovakia. All were agrarian based in an industrial world

•All except Czechoslovakia faced pressure from minority groups within their borders that were not drawn along national lines.

Poland

Too many pieces from Germany, Austria and Russia to form one system of laws and a successful economy

Page 10: New Governments: In Soviet Union, Communism was a new civilization with state Liberal Democracies granted women the right to vote and disenfranchised men.

Czechoslovakia

Had a strong industrial base with middle class

Led by Thomas Masaryk

Extreme German nationalists in Sudetenland would be the downfall

Hungary

Austria

Yugoslavia

Communist government under Kun but it was short lived

Communists were executed or jailed. Lenin ordered Comintern to reject cooperation in the future

Parliamentary government rule but most resented the Treaty, economy was depressed, followed anti-semetic policies

Viable economy

Tried to suppress Nazis

Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes

Fighting between Catholics, Orthodox and Muslims

Page 11: New Governments: In Soviet Union, Communism was a new civilization with state Liberal Democracies granted women the right to vote and disenfranchised men.

Germany

Problems with the Weimar Constitution Social Democrats accepted humiliating terms

Flaws with proportional representation, President would appoint or remove a chancellor and ARTICLE 48 (presidential dictatorship)

Lacked support (people accepted constitutionalism but hated the Social Democrats for accepting terms)

Ruhr invasion caused inflation that hurt the MIDDLE CLASS AND LOWER MIDDLE CLASS

Resented reparations = $132 billion

Inflation did not hurt DEBTORS (lower classes)

Does any of this sound familiar to you ???

Page 12: New Governments: In Soviet Union, Communism was a new civilization with state Liberal Democracies granted women the right to vote and disenfranchised men.

Hitler Depressed with a fiery temper … not a good mixAnti-Semitic (Lueger)WWI gave him focus – National Socialist German Workers’ Party

Twenty-Five Points 1. Repudiate Treaty 2. Unify Austria & Germany 3. Exclude Jews 4. Agrarian reform 5. Prohibit land speculation confiscate war profits 6. States control giant cartels 7. Replace department stores with small retail shops

life of hitler

Socialism was not state ownership of production but subordination of all to the state Socialism was not state ownership of production but subordination of all to the state

Formed the SA under Roehm (brown shirts) that weakened Weimar RepublicOratorical skills, and organizational abilities helpedBeer Hall PutschMein Kampf

1. opposed Bolsheviks & JEWS2. living space for Germans3. recovery of military4. targeted Jews, eastern Europe, Soviet Union, any opposition

He was the leader who could transform German, and he would do it legally.

Page 13: New Governments: In Soviet Union, Communism was a new civilization with state Liberal Democracies granted women the right to vote and disenfranchised men.

Stressman Years: abandoned passive resistance in the Ruhr introduced new currency crushed Hitler and communists Dawes Plan lowered payments Hindenburg becomes chancellor – conservatives

Locarno – conciliation - HOPE1. accepted western frontier2. signed treaties of arbitration with Poland & Czechoslovakia3. Little Entente4. Germany in League5. Remove troops from Rhineland 5 years earlier6. Kellogg Briand Pact renounced war as an instrument of national policy7. Young Plan – lowered reparations

Was this really a sign of Hope?