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Neural Correlates of Music-Evoked Nostalgia Frederick S. Barrett 1,2 , Petr Janata 1,2 1 Department of Psychology, Unversity of California, Davis, 2 Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis Introduction Nostalgia is an emotionally rich experience, characterized by experience of both positive and negative emotions, and socially-themed autobiographical memories (Barrett, submit- ted; Batcho, 2007; Routledge, 2008; Wildschut, 2006). Recent investigations have impli- cated nostalgia as an emotion often triggered by music (Janata, 2007; Juslin, 2008; Zent- ner, 2008). A recent study has also highlighted the MPFC as a region that may be involved in music-evoked autobiographical memory (MEAM) recall (Janata, 2009). Investigation of music-evoked nostalgia may provide unique insight into the neural basis of emotional ex- perience during memory recall, and may provide us with more information about the neural dynamics of happy and sad emotional experiences. In this study, we used popular music to evoke nostalgic experiences within participants while they were undergoing an fMRI scan. We also asked participants to complete two dif- ferent happy and sad emotion induction procedures while being scanned, and compared areas of activation during happiness and sadness induction with areas whose activation tracked increasing strength of nostalgic experience. Methods Participants: 11 UC Davis undergraduate students (8 females; age: 18-33; mean: 22.8 +/- 4.4) who had experienced at least 30% music-evoked autobiographical memories (MEAMs) in a music-evoked nostalgia validation study (Barrett, submitted). Emotion Induction Procedures: block-designed runs with (4) 1” rest periods each, sepa- rated by (3) 1” self-paced task periods. ° Velten Procedure (Velten 1968; Frost 1982; Goritz 2006) - 3 runs (happiness, sadness, neutral) - 30 ordered, self-referential statements of increasing emotional intensity. “Please read each statement carefully and try to put yourself in the mood of a person who might be speaking that statement. Once you have reached this mood state, please press a button to move on to a new statement” ° Schneider Procedure (Schneider 1997; Schneider 2004; Schneider 2007) - 2 runs (happiness, sadness) - 40 photographs of actors making facial emotional expressions “We want you to feel as happy as possible. We will show you pictures of happy faces which can help you to feel the requested emotion. Please look at the faces and try to feel what each person is feeling. You may use as many faces as you need to feel happy. If you want to try a different face, press any button and you will be shown a new face.” Before and after each run, participants gave separate ratings of how happy and how sad they had felt, on the following 5pt scale: Not at all, Weakly, Moderately, Strongly, Extremely. Nostalgia Procedure: Participants listened to (30) 20s song samples during (2) 13:20” func- tional runs (15 stimuli per run). After each sample, they rated the degree to which they had experienced Nostalgia, Happiness, Sadness, Autobiographical Memories, and Song Famil- iarity, on the above 5pt rating scale. A jittered ISI of 1-5s was introduced between the end of each response period and the beginning of the following stimulus. Song Samples: Songs, chosen from a database of more than 3600 samples downloaded from the Billboard Top 100 Pop, Hip Hop and R&B lists on the Apple iTunes Music Store, were randomly selected from those songs that were released when a given participant was between 8 and 19 years old. Only the first 20s of the samples were played. Conclusions We used a variety of tasks to evoke nostalgia, happiness, and sadness within individuals. Strength of nostalgic ex- perience was related to increased activation in areas previously found to be related to emotional experience, self-referential processing, and autobiographical recall. These findings are consistent with previous studies of MEAMs and literature on the neural mechanisms underlying autobiographical memory recall, and suggest that MPFC activation is involved in both the experience of emotions, and the recall of emotionally rich nostalgic memories. The degree to which participants differ in activation related to induced mood may be a function of the effectiveness of a particular mood induction method, and differences in mood induction effectiveness should be taken into account in further analyses. Citations: Batcho, K. I. (2007). American Journal of Psychology, 120(3), 361-381; Barrett, F.B., Grimm, K., Robins, R., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., & Janata, P. (submitted). Emotion; Routledge, C., Arndt, J., Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2008). Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 132-140; Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Arndt, J., & Routledge, C. (2006). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(5), 975-993; Janata, P. J., Tomic, S. T., & Ra- kowski, S. K. (2007). Memory, 15(8), 845-860; Juslin, P. N., Liljestrom, S., Vastall, D., Barradas, G., & Silva, A. (2008). Emotion, 8(5), 668-683; Zentner, M., Grandjean, D., & Scherer, K. R. (2008). Emotion, 8(4), 494-521; Janata, P. (2009). Cerebral Cortex, epub ahead of print, February 24, 2009; Velten, E. (1968). Behav Res & Therapy, 6, 473-482; Frost, R.O., & Green, M.L. (1982). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 8(2), 341-348; Goritz, A.S., & Moser, K. (2006). Cognition and Emotion, 20(6), 887-896; Schneider, F., Grodd, W., Weiss, U., Klose, U., Mayer, K.R., Nagele, T., & Gur, R.C. (1997). Psychiatric Re- search, 76, 75-82. This study was funded in part by a Templeton Advanced Research Program grant from the Metanexus Institute. I feel like bursting with laughter-- I wish somebody would tell a joke and give me an excuse! I feel like bursting with laughter-- I wish somebody would tell a joke and give me an excuse! I feel like bursting with laughter-- I wish somebody would tell a joke and give me an excuse! + Emotion Induction 3 3.5 4 4.5 Induced Happiness Induced Sadness Nostalgia -10 +10 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Figure 5. Conjunction of individual nostalgia, happy emotion induction, and sad emotion induction contrasts, from five participants who reported strong nostalgic experiences and strong induced emotion for both happi- ness and sadness runs. Conjunction of individual mid-line sagittal slices demonstrates overlap between areas active during emotion induction tasks, and areas whose increased activity is correlated with increased strength of nostalgia. Within subjects, activations related to induced happiness and induced sadness show differential profiles of activation in the MPFC. Individual contrasts are thresholded at p < 0.001, extent threshold = 10 Vh Vs Vn Fh Fs 1 3 5 sad 1 3 5 happy Vh Vs Vn Fh Fs fMRI Analysis: Data were analyzed using SPM5. Preprocessing steps in- cluded realignment of EPI data with the first volume of each run, coregistra- tion of the reference EPI volumes with a participant’s high-resolution struc- tural scan via a coplanar T1-weighted axial image, and spatial normalization of the participant’s structural image to the MNI251 T1 template. The nor- malized images were resliced to conist of 3mm isotropic voxels, and smoothed with a 5-mm isotropic kernel. Data from all runs were concat- enated within individual, and a fixed-effects GLM model including motion parameter estimates, stimulus onset regressors, response onset regressors, a “music playing” regressor, and task-related regressors, was fit for each in- dividual. Responses given after each song during the nostalgia procedure were mod- eled as parametric modulations of the “music playing” regressor. Each block of each mood induction run was modeled with separate linear regressors, to model increasing mood state as increasing activation over the course of a single block. Results Nostalgic Experience -40 -30 -10 +10 +30 +40 4 5 6 Induced Happiness Induced Sadness Nostalgia Figure 4. Emotion Induction Ratings. After each emotion induction run, participants rated their happiness and sadness on a 5 point scale. Happiness ratings did not differ between Velten happy and Faces happy runs, nor did sadness ratings differ between Velten sad and Faces sad runs. Happiness ratings during both Velten and Faces happiness induction runs were greater than sadness ratings (p < 0.01), and sadness ratings during both Velten and Faces sadness induction runs were greater than happiness ratings (p < 0.05). Participants rated happiness greater than sadness during Velten neutral runs (p < 0.05), which suggests that the intended neutral Velten runs may not serve as good controls for target emotion runs in this sample. Figure 2. Single-subject design matrix Fig 1. Velten Procedure illustration Figure 3. Conjunction of group-level nostalgia, happy emotion induc- tion, and sad emotion induction contrasts. Group-level contrasts show, most notably, MPFC and inferior frontal sulcus activation related to in- creased strength of nostalgic experience, and posterior insula as well as areas involved in self-referential processing are shown to be active during induced sadness. No consistent activation pattern is shown for induced happiness. Group-level contrasts were thresholded at p < 0.005, voxel extent > 5 1. response*bf 37. linear_run6 2. cues*bf 38. linear_run7 3. music_playing*bf 4-9 parametric regressors 10-15 Motion 39-41 velten_happy_linear 16. linear_run1 42-48 run constants 17. faces_onset 18-20 faces_happy_linear 21. faces_on 22. linear_run2 23. velten_on 24. velten_onset 25-27 velten_sad_linear 28. linear_run3 29. faces_sad_linear 32-31 linear_run4 33. linear_run5 34-36 velten_neutral_linear 1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 48
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Neural Correlates of Music-Evoked Nostalgia€¦ · Neural Correlates of Music-Evoked Nostalgia Frederick S. Barrett1,2, Petr Janata1,2 1Department of Psychology, Unversity of California,

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Page 1: Neural Correlates of Music-Evoked Nostalgia€¦ · Neural Correlates of Music-Evoked Nostalgia Frederick S. Barrett1,2, Petr Janata1,2 1Department of Psychology, Unversity of California,

Neural Correlates of Music-Evoked NostalgiaFrederick S. Barrett1,2, Petr Janata1,2

1Department of Psychology, Unversity of California, Davis, 2Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis

IntroductionNostalgia is an emotionally rich experience, characterized by experience of both positive and negative emotions, and socially-themed autobiographical memories (Barrett, submit-ted; Batcho, 2007; Routledge, 2008; Wildschut, 2006). Recent investigations have impli-cated nostalgia as an emotion often triggered by music (Janata, 2007; Juslin, 2008; Zent-ner, 2008). A recent study has also highlighted the MPFC as a region that may be involved in music-evoked autobiographical memory (MEAM) recall (Janata, 2009). Investigation of music-evoked nostalgia may provide unique insight into the neural basis of emotional ex-perience during memory recall, and may provide us with more information about the neural dynamics of happy and sad emotional experiences.

In this study, we used popular music to evoke nostalgic experiences within participants while they were undergoing an fMRI scan. We also asked participants to complete two dif-ferent happy and sad emotion induction procedures while being scanned, and compared areas of activation during happiness and sadness induction with areas whose activation tracked increasing strength of nostalgic experience.

MethodsParticipants: 11 UC Davis undergraduate students (8 females; age: 18-33; mean: 22.8 +/- 4.4) who had experienced at least 30% music-evoked autobiographical memories (MEAMs) in a music-evoked nostalgia validation study (Barrett, submitted).

Emotion Induction Procedures: block-designed runs with (4) 1” rest periods each, sepa-rated by (3) 1” self-paced task periods.

° Velten Procedure (Velten 1968; Frost 1982; Goritz 2006)

- 3 runs (happiness, sadness, neutral) - 30 ordered, self-referential statements of increasing emotional intensity.

“Please read each statement carefully and try to put yourself in the mood of a person who might be speaking that statement. Once you have reached this mood state, please press a button to move on to a new statement”

° Schneider Procedure (Schneider 1997; Schneider 2004; Schneider 2007)

- 2 runs (happiness, sadness) - 40 photographs of actors making facial emotional expressions

“We want you to feel as happy as possible. We will show you pictures of happy faces which can help you to feel the requested emotion. Please look at the faces and try to feel what each person is feeling. You may use as many faces as you need to feel happy. If you want to try a di�erent face, press any button and you will be shown a new face.”

Before and after each run, participants gave separate ratings of how happy and how sad they had felt, on the following 5pt scale: Not at all, Weakly, Moderately, Strongly, Extremely.

Nostalgia Procedure: Participants listened to (30) 20s song samples during (2) 13:20” func-tional runs (15 stimuli per run). After each sample, they rated the degree to which they had experienced Nostalgia, Happiness, Sadness, Autobiographical Memories, and Song Famil-iarity, on the above 5pt rating scale. A jittered ISI of 1-5s was introduced between the end of each response period and the beginning of the following stimulus.

Song Samples: Songs, chosen from a database of more than 3600 samples downloaded from the Billboard Top 100 Pop, Hip Hop and R&B lists on the Apple iTunes Music Store, were randomly selected from those songs that were released when a given participant was between 8 and 19 years old. Only the �rst 20s of the samples were played.

ConclusionsWe used a variety of tasks to evoke nostalgia, happiness, and sadness within individuals. Strength of nostalgic ex-

perience was related to increased activation in areas previously found to be related to emotional experience, self-referential processing, and autobiographical recall. These �ndings are consistent with previous studies of

MEAMs and literature on the neural mechanisms underlying autobiographical memory recall, and suggest that MPFC activation is involved in both the experience of emotions, and the recall of emotionally rich nostalgic

memories. The degree to which participants di�er in activation related to induced mood may be a function of the e�ectiveness of a particular mood induction method, and di�erences in mood induction e�ectiveness should be

taken into account in further analyses.

Citations: Batcho, K. I. (2007). American Journal of Psychology, 120(3), 361-381; Barrett, F.B., Grimm, K., Robins, R., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., & Janata, P. (submitted). Emotion; Routledge, C., Arndt, J., Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2008). Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 132-140;

Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Arndt, J., & Routledge, C. (2006). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(5), 975-993; Janata, P. J., Tomic, S. T., & Ra-kowski, S. K. (2007). Memory, 15(8), 845-860; Juslin, P. N., Liljestrom, S., Vast�all, D., Barradas, G., & Silva, A. (2008). Emotion, 8(5), 668-683; Zentner, M.,

Grandjean, D., & Scherer, K. R. (2008). Emotion, 8(4), 494-521; Janata, P. (2009). Cerebral Cortex, epub ahead of print, February 24, 2009; Velten, E. (1968). Behav Res & Therapy, 6, 473-482; Frost, R.O., & Green, M.L. (1982). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 8(2), 341-348; Goritz, A.S., & Moser, K. (2006). Cognition and Emotion, 20(6), 887-896; Schneider, F., Grodd, W., Weiss, U., Klose, U., Mayer, K.R., Nagele, T., & Gur, R.C. (1997). Psychiatric Re-

search, 76, 75-82.

This study was funded in part by a Templeton Advanced Research Program grant from the Metanexus Institute.

I feel like bursting with laughter--I wish somebody would tell a joke

and give me an excuse!

I feel like bursting with laughter--I wish somebody would tell a joke

and give me an excuse!

I feel like bursting with laughter--I wish somebody would tell a joke

and give me an excuse!

+

Emotion Induction

3

3.5

4

4.5

Induced HappinessInduced SadnessNostalgia

-10

+10

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

Figure 5. Conjunction of individual nostalgia, happy emotion induction, and sad emotion induction contrasts, from �ve participants who reported strong nostalgic experiences and strong induced emotion for both happi-ness and sadness runs. Conjunction of individual mid-line sagittal slices demonstrates overlap between areas

active during emotion induction tasks, and areas whose increased activity is correlated with increased strength of nostalgia. Within subjects, activations related to induced happiness and induced sadness show di�erential

pro�les of activation in the MPFC. Individual contrasts are thresholded at p < 0.001, extent threshold = 10

Vh Vs Vn Fh Fs

1

3

5sad

1

3

5happy

Vh Vs Vn Fh Fs

fMRI Analysis: Data were analyzed using SPM5. Preprocessing steps in-cluded realignment of EPI data with the �rst volume of each run, coregistra-tion of the reference EPI volumes with a participant’s high-resolution struc-tural scan via a coplanar T1-weighted axial image, and spatial normalization of the participant’s structural image to the MNI251 T1 template. The nor-malized images were resliced to conist of 3mm isotropic voxels, and smoothed with a 5-mm isotropic kernel. Data from all runs were concat-enated within individual, and a �xed-e�ects GLM model including motion parameter estimates, stimulus onset regressors, response onset regressors, a “music playing” regressor, and task-related regressors, was �t for each in-dividual.

Responses given after each song during the nostalgia procedure were mod-eled as parametric modulations of the “music playing” regressor. Each block of each mood induction run was modeled with separate linear regressors, to model increasing mood state as increasing activation over the course of a single block.

Results

Nostalgic Experience

-40 -30 -10

+10+30+40

4

5

6

Induced HappinessInduced SadnessNostalgia

Figure 4. Emotion Induction Ratings. After each emotion induction run, participants rated their happiness and sadness on a 5 point scale. Happiness ratings did not di�er between Velten happy and Faces happy runs, nor did sadness ratings di�er between Velten sad and Faces sad runs. Happiness ratings during both Velten and Faces happiness induction runs were greater than sadness ratings (p < 0.01), and sadness ratings during both Velten and Faces sadness induction runs were greater than happiness ratings (p < 0.05).

Participants rated happiness greater than sadness during Veltenneutral runs (p < 0.05), which suggests that the intended neutralVelten runs may not serve as good controls for target emotionruns in this sample.

Figure 2. Single-subject design matrix

Fig 1. Velten Procedure illustration

Figure 3. Conjunction of group-level nostalgia, happy emotion induc-tion, and sad emotion induction contrasts. Group-level contrasts show, most notably, MPFC and inferior frontal sulcus activation related to in-

creased strength of nostalgic experience, and posterior insula as well as areas involved in self-referential processing are shown to be active

during induced sadness. No consistent activation pattern is shown for induced happiness. Group-level contrasts were thresholded at p <

0.005, voxel extent > 5

1. response*bf 37. linear_run62. cues*bf 38. linear_run73. music_playing*bf 4-9 parametric regressors10-15 Motion 39-41 velten_happy_linear16. linear_run1 42-48 run constants17. faces_onset18-20 faces_happy_linear21. faces_on22. linear_run223. velten_on24. velten_onset25-27 velten_sad_linear28. linear_run329. faces_sad_linear32-31 linear_run433. linear_run534-36 velten_neutral_linear

1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 48