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A Network for the Improvement of Addis Ababa City Solid Waste Management System December 2002 Addis Ababa
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A Network for the Improvement of Addis

Ababa City Solid Waste Management

System

December 2002

Addis Ababa

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Table of contents Page Chapter – One: Background

1.1 Introduction 4

1.2 Population Distribution by Kifle Ketema 5a

1.3 Solid Waste Generation from Each Kifle Ketema 6

1.4 Objectives 7

1.5 Methodology 7

1.6 Essential requirements to select collection points,

transfer stations and disposal sites. 8

Chapter – Two Solid Waste Handling at Point of Source

2.1 Introduction 10

2.3 Reduction 0f SW at the point of generation 10

2.4 Solid waste Storage Facilities 13

2.5 A Guide to Addis Ababa Solid Waste Handling at Sources

and Collection Frequency 14

Chapter – Three Collection Points for Solid Waste

3.1 Introduction 15

3.2 Type of Collection Points in Addis Ababa City 15

3.4 Collection Points and Transportation 16

3.5 Collection Points and community participation 16

3.6 Recommended Number of Communal Collection points

and the Door-to-Door(block) Collection Routes for Addis Ababa City 17

3.7 Description of Collection Point Facilities 18

3.8 Operation of Collection Point 18

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Chapter - Four

Transfer Stations for Solid Waste Page

4.1 General 19

4.2 Description of transfer station 19

4.3 Transfer stations area determination 20

Chapter -Five

Disposal Sites for Solid Waste

5.1 General 22

5.2 Description of disposal site 22

5.3 Determination of disposal site areas 24

Chapter - Six

Financial Proposals

6.1 Costs for Communal Collection Points construction 26

6.2 Cost for Transfer Stations and disposal site access

roads construction & maintenance 26

Chapter – 7

7.1 Action Plan for the Implementation Programme 29

7.2 Conclusions and Recommendations 33

References 34

Annex:

List of Communal Collection Points

List of door-to-door Collection Routes

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Chapter – One

Background

Introduction

Addis Ababa City has, since1892, been the center of most of the country's commercial

and industrial activities. Significant environmental aspects and impacts often

accompany most activities of the City. The impacts are usually harmful to the various

components of the city environment. The effects of these impacts are more aggravated

with the ever-increasing population growth of the Addis Ababa City.

Population explosion and the associated anthropogenic activities generate huge

amounts of different wastes that adversely affect the physical and organismal

environment of the City. Hence, the air and water segments of the environment are

highly contaminated by injurious wastes of various types.

Chemicals of different origins pollute the soil, reducing its productivity. The residents of

the Addis Ababa City being exposed to this damaged environment have to suffer

serious economic and health problems.

Solid wastes are the potential sources of environmental pollution in the city. Solid

wastes are Industrial, Municipal and an agricultural origin. All solid wastes are not

effectively and efficiently collected and transported to an appropriate disposal sites.

Open fields, riversides, ditches, street sides and many available spaces in the city are

dumping places for all forms of solid wastes. Hence the aesthetic quality of the city is

deteriorated. The health situation of the community is under serious threat. The air is

unfit for breathing.

The water bodies are contaminated to an extent they are completely unfit for an

industrial, agricultural and domestic use purposes. These detrimental pollution

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situations in effect retard the influx of investors in particular and the economic growth of

the City in general. The prevailing environmental pollution problem is partly due to the

absence of well-established solid waste management systems in the City

administration.

The team has therefore proposed a solid waste management system for the Addis

Ababa City that requires the determination of the city government for its immediate

implementation.

The system has incorporated ways and procedures for reduction of solid wastes at the

source, mechanisms of waste collection and transportation from source to the various

disposal sites and the effects of the implementation on the overall mitigation (reduction)

of the solid waste pollution problems in the city of Addis Ababa.

Population Distribution by Kifle Ketema

(Excel Doc)

Solid Waste Generation from Each Kifle Ketema

(Excel Doc)

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Solid waste generation characteristics

Some studies indicates that the composition of Urban solid waste with respect to its per capita generation and source for developing and less developed countries are as given below: Domestic 0.2 to 0.8kg/c/d, Commercial 0.1 to 0.2kg/c/d, Street sweepings 0.05 to 0.2kg/c/d and Institutional 0.05 to 0.2kg/c/d. According to the recent solid waste analysis records (1994EC), the domestic solid waste per capita generation of the Addis Ababa City to be 0.221kg/day.

Composition of Solid Waste Identification of the constituents of solid waste is an essential tool for determining and the preparation of separate waste storage facilities. The amount and types of waste generated each year in the city is increasing and the amount of the individual constituents of the bulk density is still very difficult to be certain. It is believed that improvement in the style of human living such as better housing and living standard cause considerable changes in the composition of solid wastes. This problem raise mainly from the absence of a solid waste management system familiarly rooted with the city community.

The 1994 solid waste composition study result by weight for the Addis Ababa City

is given below:

S.N Constituent % weight

1 Vegetable 4.2 2 Paper 2.5 3 Rubber & plastics 2.9 5 Wood 2.3 7 Bone 1.1 8 Textiles 2.4 9 Metals 0.9 10 Glass 0.5 11 Combustible: Leaves, 15.1 12 Non combustible: stone, 2.5 13 All fine 65.6 Total 100.0

Source: Louis Berger international consultant, 1994 study.

According to the 1994, solid waste generation analysis, the following facts about solid

wastes are established: Density 336kg/m3, Organic portion 60%, Combustible 17%,

Non-combustible 3%, Fines 65% and Recyclable15%.

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Objectives

The primary objective of this study is to develop standardized solid waste management

system for the city of Addis Ababa that:

� Considers efficient and sustainable solid waste collection points, transfer stations

and disposal sites for ten years and above.

� Considers the total population and wastes generated in ten years.

� Aims at an effective and frequent collection, reuse, recycling, transportation and

disposal of solid wastes.

� Considers the conscious and active participation of the community.

� Targets the protection of the environment from solid waste related pollution and

degradation damages.

� Guarantees sustainable economic growth and aesthetic improvement in the city.

� Encourages participation of private entrepreneurs to introduce environmental

friendly technologies.

Methodology

� Evaluate existing solid waste collecting, transporting and disposal procedures of

the City Administration.

� Assess existing solid waste disposal sites with respect to the newly revised City

Master Plan.

� Refer Solid Waste Management experience of other developing & developed

countries from Asia, Europe & Africa.

� Evaluate type, volume and amount of solid wastes generated from each Kifle

Ketema daily & yearly for successive ten years.

� Physically observe vacant spaces available in all Kifle Ketema for collection

points, transfer stations & disposal sites.

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Essential requirements to select solid waste collection points/routes, transfer

stations and disposal sites

The selection of any land for waste collection points/routes, transfer station and

disposal sites have to meet certain acceptable standards or requirements.

Criteria for solid waste collection points/routes.

Solid waste collection points/routes must comply:

− Access road network to waste generating points.

− Capacity of points/routes to hold up all wastes generated in its vicinity according

to the type of wastes.

− No effect on the health of residents and other developmental activities.

− An advantage to speed up frequency of waste collection.

− Facilitating transportation of wastes from the transfer station and point sources.

− Free from any objectionable odor and appearance.

− A minimum area of 8m2 for communal collection points.

Criteria for selection of solid waste transfer stations:

Any transfer station has to have:

− Access of road network to collection points and disposal sites.

− Capacity to accommodate all wastes generated in the sub-cities.

− Minimum impacts on the city environment (life, water, air and soil).

− An efficiency to facilitate transportation of wastes from waste collection points

and to disposal sites.

− Appropriate area for accumulation, transportation, separation and disposal of

wastes.

− Long duration to accommodate wastes in the vicinity &no interference with and

local development activities.

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Waste disposal site selection criteria.

Solid waste disposal sites selected for the Addis Ababa City population should comply

with the minimum requirements of the international standard. Hence a few of the

selection criteria include that:

− They are within the boundary of the City administration.

− They should serve the city population for a period of ten years.

− They must have access road to the transfer stations.

− They must be ½ km far from residential and developmental areas.

− They must facilitate the transportation of wastes from transfer station to disposal

sites.

− They should not pollute water, soil life and air.

− They must be cost effective initially & operationally no public opposition.

− It should be in compliance with the new city master plan.

− There should exist enough land for expansion, if necessary.

− It should be 13 km far from airport.

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Chapter -Two

Solid waste handling at point of source

Introduction

Efficient and effective waste management at a point source will be the beginning of an

appropriate application of perfect SWM systems in Addis Ababa City. This approach

facilitates the technique towards fast waste collection, separation, transportation and the

preparation of the different types of wastes for re-use, recycling and safe disposals. This

trend of waste handling is essentially practical and proved to be efficient by most

developing and developed countries.

Reduction of solid waste General Many valuable materials of various applications will be recovers from all wastes of

different origins in the City of Addis Ababa. Solid wastes can be re-used to prepare

different materials of daily use. Solid wastes such as municipal garbage can be utilized

to generate power and to manufacture natural manure. Plastics and metals from

different sources can be reused or recycled to produce useful object. Solid wastes can

attract private investors to participate and establishing an efficient solid waste

management at sources helps to:

Generate job opportunity for poor people mainly women. Reduces cost of waste transportation. Attracts individuals to participate in waste collection. Reduce number of collection points, transfer stations. Etc Increase the service life (time) of disposal sites Protect the environment from pollution and related hazards Improve the aesthetic condition of the city administration

The chronic solid waste pollution problem in the city of Addis Ababa is, therefore,

mitigated or solved by an efficient application of waste reduction mechanisms like

composting, recycling and reusing.

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Composting

Composting will be designed as a process of converting biodegradable organic

matter in to a use full substance called manure. It will be a man made process that

needs no sophisticated technology and capital investment at household level and for

small scale processing. It will be done at various levels by the different segments of

the community.

Composting of municipal garbage will be conducted at the house hold levels, by the

group of interested individuals, government, and non-governmental organizations.

The primary factors for large scale processing are accessibility of land and market

for the products. The most important benefit of composting organic waste in the

context of Addis Ababa:

− Conversion of organic matter in to useful natural fertilizers.

− Improve the aesthetic degradation in Addis Ababa city

− Reduce cost incurred for health related medication expense

− Open job opportunity for the city youth unemployment

− Substitutes chemical fertilizer that can improve land productivity

− Prevent organic waste related water and air pollution problems

− Minimize the need of land for solid waste collection point, transfer station and

disposal sites

− Reduce the volume of waste to a more manageable level, there by reducing the

transportation costs to the ultimate disposal site

It is there fore essential to implement composting of organic wastes as an

important economic source at household level for growing garden, flower &

vegetables on pilot bases by involving the Waste Management Agency, NGOs &

the community, and encouraging the private sector to do composting at large

scale.

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Recycling and reusing

Recycling and reuse of the waste helps to reduce the problem of waste generation and

disposal. Resources recovery is a method to turn wastes in to resources by recovering

usable products –both material and energy.

One tone of such a waste is approximately equal to 9 million BTU of heat or 65 gallons

of fuel oil or 900 cubic feet of natural gas. Hence solid waste can be used as potential

source of energy for industrial and other institutions.

The volume of municipal garbage in the Addis Ababa City will be reduced at various

levels by:

− Making of different objects of daily use such as paving stones, tiles, chair legs

and tables top, wire scrap and wood chips.

− Incineration of unrecyclable wastes to generate heat and electricity.

− Utilization of objects discarded as useless wastes again with out further

modifications such as bottles, plastic cups, bags, etc

It is therefore important to implement an application of any one of the above

options that will hopefully reduce the solid waste handling and pollution

challenges prevailing in Addis Ababa by organizing and formalizing the informal

recyclers in the city and encouraging the private sector to do incineration at large

scale.

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Storage facilities and frequency of collection

Appropriate solid waste storage can facilitate solid waste collection and transport and

increase the velocity of flow of solid waste. Separate storage of wastes also improves

the frequency of collection and efficiency of transporting wastes to their appropriate

termination points by using standard storage skips/bins.

The recommended type of containers for storage are: Strong paper bags of 50 – 80L OR Strong plastic bags of 50 – 80L for

households & offices, and Bulcky containers (1.1 & 8 m3) for industries, institutions communal

services.

For most developing countries, the frequency of kitchen and decomposable wastes

collection is three to four times a week and for plastics, papers, rubber and textiles twice

a month and for metals and glasses need collection once or twice a month. Bulky

wastes generated by other sources other than households are collected and transported

either to the transfer station or the disposal sites by themselves.

The recommended frequency of collection are:

Decomposable matter should be removed four times a week and

The non- decomposable and recyclable (reusable) materials twice a month.

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A Guide to Addis Ababa City Solid Waste Handling at Source and Collection Frequency

Type Decomposable garbage Non – decomposable

materials

Recyclable/reusable materials How to handle & dispose off refuse

Frequency of

collection

Four times a week Twice a month Twice a month

Collection day Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri. Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri. Mon. Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri.

Recommended

containers

Strong paper/plastic bags of 50 – 80

litter capacity

Strong paper/ plastic

bags of 50 – 80 litter

capacity

Tie together or use strong bags.

Examples Kitchen garbage:

Food scraps (yMGB TRF‰ð# (yMGB TRF‰ð# (yMGB TRF‰ð# (yMGB TRF‰ð#

y>NkùRT DNCÂ l¤lÖC yF‰FÊ y>NkùRT DNCÂ l¤lÖC yF‰FÊ y>NkùRT DNCÂ l¤lÖC yF‰FÊ y>NkùRT DNCÂ l¤lÖC yF‰FÊ

LÈuLÈuLÈuLÈu\\\\ wzt) wzt) wzt) wzt)

House refuse:

Grass, level, chat, floor sweepings.

(yb¤T _‰gþ# gùZÙZ ÅT G‰Æ(yb¤T _‰gþ# gùZÙZ ÅT G‰Æ(yb¤T _‰gþ# gùZÙZ ÅT G‰Æ(yb¤T _‰gþ# gùZÙZ ÅT G‰Æ\\\\

wzt) wzt) wzt) wzt)

Pieces of wood & others:

Sticks, garden trimness, tree cuts

(yXN=T qÜR_‰u# yxTKLT (yXN=T qÜR_‰u# yxTKLT (yXN=T qÜR_‰u# yxTKLT (yXN=T qÜR_‰u# yxTKLT

ï¬ xrM y²F QRNÅFï¬ xrM y²F QRNÅFï¬ xrM y²F QRNÅFï¬ xrM y²F QRNÅF\\\\ wzt) wzt) wzt) wzt)

Plastics/ rubber:

Plastic containers,

buckets, bottles, etc.

Ceramics/ stones:

Bowls cosmetic

containers, dishes,

pots, etc.

Ashes, bags & others:

Light bulbs, ashes, toys,

shoes, sandals,

handbag, batteries,

etc.

Paper:

Books, Magazines, Newspaper,

cardboard boxes, etc.

Metals:

Cans, spoon, fork, dishes, etc.

Glass:

Window glasses, bottles, etc.

Furniture, electrical appliances:

• Oven, heaters, electronics,

chair, table, blankets, etc.

Be sure to store each type of waste

separately as decomposable, non-

decomposable, and recyclable/

reusable.

Be sure to place each type of solid

waste in the designated storage

skips.

Be sure that to bring each type of solid

waste to the designated collection

point on collection day.

Squeeze out as much water as possible

from food scraps.

Cut wooden sticks to small pieces, 40-

50cm.

Use string to tie together flattened and

folded cardboard, magazines,

newspaper and cloth into bundles.

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Chapter – Three

Collection points for Solid Waste

3.1 Introduction

A Collection point is one of the basic elements of solid waste management system.

It is a point where waste generators and collectors meet each other and is a key entry

point for the whole solid waste management system network.

Since waste collection points are not properly located and designed in Addis

Ababa City, wastes are found scattered in all available open (spaces) places. As a

result, the city population has poor confidence that the waste collection service is

functioning properly. The consequence is that, the will of the population to cooperate in

waste collection activities and to pay some fee for the services they are delivered is

extremely low or none.

The effects from poor collection points are seldom recognized, because it is

difficult to estimate the various impacts such as, increase in diseases, absence from

work due to sickness, increased cost for medical care, blockage of traffic routes

resulting from poor and inefficient solid waste collection procedures. Other non-

economical but important effects solid waste pollution are objectionable odor, aesthetic

degradation, vermin and the contamination risks of soil and surface and ground water

bodies.

3.2 Types of collection points in Addis Ababa City

The type of any collection point depends upon the type and volume of the solid

waste desired to be collected. The most commonly used types of collection systems in

Addis Ababa City are door-to-door / block and container collection systems. The

container system is represented by communal type of collection point where 8 and 1.1

m3 skips are placed at open places. The door-to-door /block collection system is also

represented by a collection route with starting and end points. Currently, the estimated

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coverage of door-to-door /block collection service is not more than 35%, container

system is 60% and street sweeping 5%. Of the total daily-generated waste in the city

only about 65% is collected by the existing solid waste collection systems.

Solid waste Collection points and Transportation

Preparation of solid waste Collection points and the relevant transport facilities are

the most expensive parts of the solid waste management system. Therefore, more

attention is usually given to the appropriate selection of collection points and related

transportation facilities (aspects).

Collection is indeed one of the most difficult parts to organize because it involves

the participation of waste producers in collecting wastes at the point of generation and

its transportation to the secondary storage (collection points) that makes waste

transportation ready for the transfer station or secondary storage.

Secondary collection as such is not really difficult; trucks have to collect wastes

directly from household or containers, skips or bins at point of collection and transport it

to the treatment/disposal sites. What is challenging for transport is that trucks or waste

collectors need a well-developed road network and designed routing to access each

collection points. Therefore, there will be micro routing at sub-cities level.

Collection points and community participation.

The active participation of the community is so essential to limit the increase in

costs, to ease the collection, to increase the options for recycling /reuse and reduction

and to improve public health conditions and to enhance the environmental protection.

Such cooperation of the community will be backed up by stringent awareness promotion

campaigns organized by the central and local governments. If not, the will of the

community to pay service fee and to cooperate will remain unsatisfactory.

The community and private enterprises and industries will know how wastes will be

collected and stored and/or delivered. Each change in the collection system, disposal or

cost for waste collection will be declared to the community or other segments of the

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community as immediate as possible by mass media or other appropriate mechanisms.

In this manner every body will be aware of the collection services for each collection

points.

Cooperation from the population becomes more and more important when the

physical layout of the city and the road conditions determine the collection system. In

the case of the Addis Ababa City, most of the inner city parts are not accessible for

trucks or waste collectors and therefore, collection points shall be located adjacent to

the accessible roads. Hence, wastes will be first carried out manually from households

or generation points to the collection points.

Irrespective of who carries this wastes to the collection points (community or the

waste collectors), such situation some how require the conscious and active

cooperation of the city population. If the population would throw away the wastes any

where, all waste collection activities and the setting of a standard waste collection points

will remain ineffective and useless, sky rocketing the solid waste pollution hazards in the

city.

Recommended Number of communal collection points and door-to-door/block

collection routes for Addis Ababa City

The economic aspects and easy way of operation of each system is important to

consider prior to designing, any system that achieves 100 percent collection service

coverage in the city. The communal collection is an acceptable system from the

economical and easy way of operation point of view.

The number of communal collection points will, therefore, be increased from

164 – 293 (by 44.0%) (Refer annex-1) and the number of door-to-door/ block

collection routes will also increase from 86 – 164 (by 47.6%) (Refer annex-2). The

communal collection points will be standardized with respect to the social,

environmental, health and beautification requirements.

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Description of Communal Collection Point Facilities

General

The collection point will have fence, shade and platform. The fence with shade will

have the height to height of skips and designed as ease as possible for emptying

the skips. The platform is made of masonry work.

Location

Collection points are accessible to roads and users.

Labeling

The skips will be labeled for decomposable, non-decomposable and

recyclable/reusable materials with descriptions of waste types.

Fencing and shading

There will be a fence made of grills to secure property and create inaccessibility to

animals. The shade retains and protects waste from rain.

Platform

There will be a platform for emptying the skips and protecting wheel of each skip

from damage.

Skips

There will be one 8m3 or less size of container for decomposable, one 1.1 m3 size

container for non-decomposable and one 1.1 m3 size container for

recyclable/reusable materials.

Operation of Communal Collection Point

Each collection point will be owned by the community organizations like Ider and

organized group of residents. Each Ider or organized group of residents may assign

controllers and the Kebele Administration will monitor and evaluate the whole

operation. The maintenance and emptying of the skips will be carried out by the

services providing agency or institutions.

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Chapter – Four

Transfer Stations for Solid Waste

4.1 General

The transfer station site facilities include vehicle weighing and control, offices for

supervisory staff, canteen, toilet, shower and lockers, equipment shade and

workshop for transfer station equipment, storage and cleaning of salvaged materials,

security guard house and fence, access roads, parking area and unloading point with

containers for trailer trucks.

4.2 Description of transfer stations

Fencing and Guard House

There will be a main gate with signposts, a guardhouse and guard posts. The front

fence will be made of a combination of stone/brick and wire mesh, and the side fence

of concrete post and wire mesh. The guard posts are placed at strategic locations of

the site.

Weigh Bridge and operator office

Space is provided for weighbridges, with an office for operators in between.

Depending on the kind of equipment, scale-reading instruments can be placed inside

the operator’s office.

Office

The office block consists of the office of disposal sites supervisor, the waste disposal

controller (sanitation), first aid clinic and facilities for the canteen service. It is located

at the catchment radius overlooking the weighbridge, the incoming and outgoing

traffics.

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Toilet and Locker

The Turkish type toilet will be constructed. The Turkish type toilets provide room for

hand-wash basins and lockers.

Shade and unloading space

There will be an adequate shade for the point of unloading to the big container of size

holding 48 m3. The containers will be transported to the designated treatment or

recycling facilities.

Salavagale Material Storage Area

A fenced cleaning and storage space is provided for salvageable materials. A paved

platform is foreseen for storage and cleaning of the salvaged materials.

Water Tank and line

A water tank and line is provided to meet the needs both for transfer station and site

facilities.

Site works

Asphalted access road to and from the transfer stations, parking and circulation area

within the site facilities is provided. A large area is also left open for greenery.

Electricity

High voltage with transformer is necessary for workshop working and servicing for 24

hours.

4.3 Transfer Station Area Determination

4.3.1 Bole Arabsa Disposal Site Catchment In this catchment area estimated SW generation per day is about 546 m3. Taking volume containers located in the transfer station is 48m3; the required number containers will be 11. Hence, two transfer stations that accommodate 6 containers, clerk room, toilet and shower, guardhouse and enough maneuvering area for service trucks are needed.

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Based on the above information about 1250-m2 area of land for each transfer station is required. 4.3.2 Dertu Mojo Disposal Site Catchment In this catchment area estimated SW generation per day is about 263 m3. Taking volume of containers located in the transfer station is 48m3, The required number of containers will be 6. Hence, one transfer station that accommodates 6 containers, clerk room, toilet and shower, guard house and enough maneuvering area for service tracks is needed. Based on the above information about 1250-m2 area of land for each transfer station is required. 4.3.3 Fili Doro Disposal Site Catchment

In this catchment area estimated SW generation per day is about 1569 m3. Taking volume of containers located in the transfer station is 48m3, the required number of containers will be 36. Hence, three transfer stations that accommodate 12 containers, clerk room, toilet and shower, guardhouse and enough maneuvering area for service tracks are needed. Based on the above information about 2500-m2 area of land for each transfer station is required.

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Chapter – Five

Disposal Sites for Solid Waste

General

The disposal site facilities include vehicle weighing and control, offices, canteen, toilet,

shower and lockers, equipment shade and workshop for landfill equipment, cleaning

bay for waste collection vehicles, storage and cleaning of salvaged materials, security

guard house and fence, access roads and parking area. The workers are designed in

line with the program for sanitary landfill site facilities and the approved design

parameters.

Description of disposal sites

Fencing and Guard House

There will be a main gate with signposts, a guardhouse and guard posts. The front

fence will be made of a combination of stone/brick and wire mesh, and the side fence

of concrete post and wire mesh. The guard posts are placed at strategic locations of

the site.

Weigh Bridge and operator office

Space is provided for weighbridges, with an office for operators. Depending on the

kind of equipment, scale-reading instruments can be placed inside the operator’s

office.

Office

The office block consists of the office, the waste disposal controller (sanitarian), the

first aid clinic and facilities for the canteen service. It is located at the catchment

radius overlooking the weighbridge, the incoming and outgoing traffics.

Toilet and Locker

The Turkish type toilet will be constructed. The Turkish type toilets provide room for

hand-wash basins and lockers.

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Workshop and waste vehicles cleaning yard.

The workshop and shade are adequate for servicing and parking landfill site

equipment. An office for the senior mechanic and operator and storerooms are

provided. The workshop will provide maintenance, washing and greasing services

for the landfill equipment. Next to the workshop is an open air flushing and cleaning

waste collection vehicles.

Salvageable Material Storage Area

A storage space is provided for salvageable materials. A paved platform is foreseen

for storage and cleaning of the salvaged materials. The storage space will be

covered.

Water Tank and line

A water tank and line is provided to meet the needs both for disposal sites and site

facilities.

Site works

Asphalted access road to and from the disposal sites, parking and circulation & waste

placing area within the site facilities is provided. An area is also left open for

greenery.

Electricity

High voltage with transformer is necessary for workshop & 24 hours security reasons.

Leachate pond & diversion ditch

There will be a leachate collection pond for each disposal for treating the leachate at

central leachate treatment facility that will be constructed at one of the landfill sites.

The surface run-off will be controlled by diversion ditch to decrease volume of

leachate from landfill.

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Determination of disposal site areas

Description of disposal site areas

The four solid waste disposal sites proposed by the Addis Ababa Master Plan Revision

Office (ORAAMP) have been analyzed in this study.

Due to some environmental factors, the team has decided only three namely, BOLE

ARABSA, FILIDERO and DERTU MOJO, which have fulfilled the minimum selection

criteria set in this document.

BOLE ARABSA disposal site catchment area includes the previously proposed YEKA

ABADO disposal site catchment area.

Assumptions

Minimum service time of each solid waste disposal sites will be ten years.

Minimum solid waste fill depth at disposal sites when compacted is ten meters.

Based on the above information and assumptions, the estimated solid waste volume

generated in ten years (2003—2012) and the required area is summarized below.

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Summary of ten year’s solid waste generation and required disposal

site areas.

Estimated amount of SW generation

Required area (ha)

Name of

catchment area

m3 ton

Assumed fill depth (m)

Non compacted

Compacted

Area for buffer

zone and facilities

(ha)

Total area requir

ed (ha)

Available area (ha)

Bole Arabsa

1993409 664472 10 20 10 5 15

15

Dertu Mojo

958843 319616 10 10 5 5 10 10

Fili Doro 5728318 1909440 10 57 29 11 40 20

Note: Based on the Luis Berger International Consultant Study, the source

volume of solid waste at least is reduced by half at point of unloading or

dumpsite.

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26

Chapter – Six

Financial Proposals

Costs for communal collection points construction

6.1.2 Bill of quantity for a single collection point

No Activities Unit Qty Unit Price Total Remark

1 Masonry including all cost and

pointing work

m3 18 370 6660

2 RHS( brick work ) Fence

including all costs (size 60x60 cm)

ml 50m 50m 2500

Sub grand total

9160

6.1.3 Cost summary:

Number of communal collection points =293

Sub-grand total Birr =9160 ETB x 293 =2,683,880 ETB

5% contingency Birr = 134,194 ETB

Grand total Birr =2,818,074 ETB

6.2 Cost for transfer stations & disposal sites access roads construction and maintenance

Section –I Guideline Subject:- Access Road Object:- Visibility study Source of Ref:-

From Master plan Maps (stream layouts, Road net work, proposed length, width, land

use patterns, Topography, vegetative cover of the area, border’s etc);

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From Addis Ababa City Road Authorities (Economic cross sections, standards of the

structures, norms, unit price);

• Observation

• Oral interviews on site & office

• Team discussions.

• Gathered information:- General Maps of Road net work, criteria’s, unit prices,

economic cross sections of (Road, culverts & bridges).

• Challenges to be Expected:-

Grazing, plantations, Conservation of soil & water on sub-basin (catchment area) to prevent a Silt problem.

Grading & Leveling of Topography., Maintenance of the existing transfer stations Road.

Section II - List of Sites, Location and Expected Works

No Name of site

Location Length Width No. culverts

No. of bridges

Area of Road(m2)

Remark

1 Bole Arabsa South-East

8000 10.50 7+1B.C 1 84000 Both side drainage

2 Dertu Mojo West-south

4900 10.50 29 1 51450 “

3 Fili doro North-west

1872 10.50 None 1 19656 “

4 Yelea abado North-east -- -- -- -- -- Total 14,772 36+1B.C 3 155106 B.C (Box

culvert)

Section III - Budget Construction cost for Asphalt & Drainage Structure

Road including drainage (unit price = 350 Birr/m2

No. Sites Area Unit Price Birr/ m2

Total Remark

1 Bole Arabsa 84,000 350 29,400,000 2 Dertu mojo 51,450 350 18,007,500 3 Filidoro 19,656 350 6,879,600

Total 54,287,100

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Bridge Cost (Average unit price = 140,000 Birr/span)

No. Sites No. of bridge

Bridge Span (M)

Unit price (Birr/span)

Total Remark

1 Bole arabsa 1 15 140000 2100000 H=6m

2 Dertu Mojo 1 12 140000 1680000 H=4m 3 Filidro 1 20 140000 2800000 H=9m

Total 6580000 H= Height

Box Culvert Cost (unit price = 25% of bridge cost)

No Site No. Unit price Total Remark 1 Bole Arabsa 1 35,000 35,000 H=2m Total 35,000

4) Road crossing pipes ( unit price= 5% of box culvert )

No Sites No. Unit price ( Birr/No.)

Total Remark

1 Bole Arabsa 7 5250 36750 2 Dertu Mojo 29 5250 152250

3 Filidoro None - -

80 cm is suitable for average diameter pipe as a typical cross-section

Total 189000

Total Cost = 61,196,100 Birr Consultant Cost:- ( Unit Price 5% Of Construction Cost )

=61,196,100 x 0.05 = 3,059,805 Birr

This Cost Includes:- TOR, Tendering, Design, Document Preparation, Supervision & Consulting Process.

Access Road Maintenance For Transfer Station:- (A+B) Unit price = 10% total cost of dumping site access road (Project Cost)

= 64,255,905 x 0.1 = 6,425,591 Birr

Yearly Maintenance Cost (Unit Price= 1% Of A+B+C)

=70,681,496 x 0.01 =706,815 Birr

Sub Grand Total cost = (A+B+C+D) = 71,388,311 Birr

10% contingency = 7,138,831 Birr Grand total = 78,527,142 Birr

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Chapter – 7 29

Action Plan for the Implementation programme

Measures Strategic Actions

Measurable Targets

Principal Approach

Regulatory/ Enforcement

Institutional Financial Implication

Principal Actors

Indicators Time Frame

Improve storage system and frequency of collection

Separate storage at source, as decomposable, non-decomposable & recyclable.

4x a week for decomposable, twice a month for non-decomposable & recyclable.

- Advocate the use of separate storage.

- Provide separate collection service.

- Improve truck fleet

Storage guideline.

Empowerment of Sub-cities & Kebele

Establish Municipal Company with proper budget

150,000 ETB (for advocacy) Source: French Cop. 9.0mill. ETB (for container truck) 18.4 mill. ETB (for side loader) Source: - WB or Loan Grants

C& B Agency, Sub-cities & Kebele AACG

Improved capacity & frequency of collection service coverage to 90%

Jan-Mar 1995 (2003)

Promote solid Waste Reduction at Point of Source and recycling

- Composting of decomposable waste to reduce organic portion by 10% yearly.

- Organizing and formalizing of informal recyclers.

Household demonstration in subcities (100-150 HHs)

Formulate recyclers association.

Community mobilization campaign.

Minimum requirement for composting & recycling

Guideline for access to credit facility

C & B Agency, NGOs & CBOs Private sector Informal recyclers

250,000 ETB (for demonstration) Source: French

Cooperation (90%)

NGO, CBOs (10%)

Private investment & credit system

C & B Agency, Sub-cities, Kebele & NGOs Private company (AACC) MSE

Reduced waste to be transported

Resource recovery

Improve landfill Mgt.

Apr-Jun 1995 (2003)

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Measures Strategic

Actions

Measurable

Targets

Principal

Approach Regulatory/

Enforcement

Institutional Financial

Implication

Principal

Actors

Indicators Time

Frame

Establish a Guide to Addis Ababa City Solid Waste Handling at Source and Collection Frequency

A guide for waste handling at source.

Mon, Tue, Thu & Fri for decomposable waste

Wed for non-decomposable & recyclable materials every 15 day separately.

- Aware the generators on waste handling guide at source.

- Distribute a guide at grass root level.

Regulation for separate collection on specific day

Empowerment of Sub-cities & Kebele.

200,000 ETB Source: French

Cooperation

C & B Agency, Sub-cities & Kebele

Accepted standard of waste handling at source & collection points

Jan-Feb 1995 (2003)

Design standard collection point

293 collection points 164 collection routes.

Provide skips for separate communal storage & reroute door-to-door/block collection routes.

Regulation for secondary storage & users responsibility

C & B Agency provides collection points facilities

C & B Agency, Sub-cities & Kebele

Standard collection points

Dec 1995 (2002)

Construct Collection Points

293 collection points Involve the community to install collection points

EIA Award contractors

C & B Agency, Sub-cities & Kebele

Easy for secondary collection

Jan-Apr 1995 (2003)

Set operation of Collection Point & truck routing

293 for secondary storage & 164 routes.

Make responsible the residents through Iders Council

Users guide line

Empower the community for its operation

2.82 mill. ETB Source: AACG (25%) NGO, CBOs

(65%) French

Cooperation (10%)

Community & Kebele

Reduced refuse dispersion around the skips

Mar 1995 (2003)

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31

Measures Strategic

Actions

Measurable

Targets

Principal

Approach Regulatory/

Enforcement

Institutional Financial

Implication

Principal

Actors

Indicators Time

Frame

Design Transfer Stations

6 transfer stations Provide trailers & large size (21-24m3) containers with separate storage

Guideline for transfer station

C & B Agency provides transfer stations facilities.

1% of construction cost Source: AACM

(25%) NGOs

(50%) JICA (25%)

C & B Agency

Standard transfer stations

Jan-Jun 1995 (2003)

Construct Transfer Stations & access roads

6 transfer stations at Southeast, Southwest & Northwest of the city

Tenderizing for construction

EIA Award contractor

C & B Agency & contractor

Facilitated transport and recycling

Jul-Jun 1995/96 (2003/04)

Set operation of transfer stations

6 transfer station to facilitate transport of waste

Contract out the service or owned by the Agency

Waste Operators guideline

Hire contractors for transport

6.43 mill. ETB Source: AACG

(25%) NGOs

(35%) JICA (20%) GTZ (20%)

C & B Agency & contractor

Improved collection frequency

Jul 1996 (2004)

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Measures Strategic

Actions

Measurable

Targets

Principal

Approach Regulatory/

Enforcement

Institutional Financial

Implication

Principal

Actors

Indicators Time

Frame

EIA for Disposal Sites

EIA document for 3 disposal sites

Consultant for EIA

EIA before sanitary landfill development

C & B Agency & contractor

C & B Agency & consultant

Defined disposal site EI.

Jan-Dec 1995/96 (2003)

Design for Disposal Sites

3 disposal sites design

Consultant for design

EIA C & B Agency & contractor

3% of the construction cost Source: AACG

(25%) NGOs

(35%) JICA (20%) GTZ (20%)

C & B Agency & consultant

Sanitary landfill design

Jan-Jun 1996 (2004)

Construction of Disposal Sites

3 proposed sites development

Tenderizing for construction

EIA C & B Agency & contractor

C & B Agency & consultant

SLF with least EI.

1996-99 (2004-07)

Operation of Disposal Sites

SE,SW, & NW disposal sites

Operate 3 sites in different directions of the city

Operation guide line

C & B Agency establishes SLF operations

52mill. ETB Source: AACM

(10%) WB (90%) JICA (20%) GTZ (20%)

C & B Agency

No env’t pollution

Jan 2000 (2008)

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7.1 Conclusions and Recommendations

The solid waste management system for the city of Addis Ababa is on going

establishment. The city government is determined to do all it can for its implementation.

However all disposal sites many not fulfil the required standards as this system

develops with the city’s economic development. Nevertheless, the initial system is put in

place. Amendments and improvements are attained when the system is under way. A

number of upgrading activities can be done at the different waste collection points to

minimize the volume of waste that must be transported to the ultimate disposal sites.

The system simplifies the cost and time of private investors engaged in waste recycling,

composting, and reusing. The different wastes collected and separated at different sites

can be used for filling damaged quarries. The filling of such queries with waste from

demolished buildings, metallic and glass types would recover the deteriorated land and

also reduces the volume and cost expresses for transportation to disposal sites.

The incurred cost for road construction or upgrading is so high that the city could not

afford but such tasks need not be done at a time but step by steps still using the road

and disposal site serving their normal functions.

Finally the team wants to suggest that preparation and application of such solid waste

management system for congested and financially poor cities is so challenging. It may

lead to exhausting of hopes but determination of both the government and the

community must be strong to come up with efficient and usefull ends and needs a

phased action approach for its implementation.

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7.2 References

CSA, The 1994 population & Housing census of Ethiopia results for Addis Ababa,

1996.

Gordon, S, Addis Ababa Solid Waste Management 3rd Study, Louis Berger

International, 1994.

Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Annual Reports, 1999 – 2001.

Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Health Sector Development Program, the Second Five

Year Plan (2000 -2004), Addis Ababa, October 2001.

H. Glas, etal, Solid Waste Disposal, Netherlands, 1994.

RCLA, UNEP & MDC, Sustainable Business- Economic Development and

Environmentally Sound Technologies, 1998.

MoSE, EEAA, The National Strategy for Integrated MSWM – A Frame work for Action,

June, 2000.