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N.A.W.S. FIELD MANUAL NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
38

Naws field manual

Mar 22, 2016

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Native American wooden structures documentation and recording field manual by the Architectural Conservation Laboratory
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Page 1: Naws field manual

N.A.W.S.FIELD

MANUAL

NATIONALPARK

SERVICE

THIS BOOK IS TO REMAIN WITH THE FIELD KIT

Page 2: Naws field manual
Page 3: Naws field manual

Prepared by:

the Architectural Conservation Laboratory

Frank MateroJohn HinchmanMichael HenryMeredith KellerMichael ShoriakNels Youngborg

115 Meyerson Hall210 S. 34th StreetPhiladelphia, PA 19104

Page 4: Naws field manual

NAWS(NativeAmericanWoodenStructures)RiskAssessmentForm

Animal Interaction (AI)

Insect Interaction (II)

Wildfire (WF)

Hydrology (HD)

Soil Moisture (SM)

Dead Trees and Vegetation (DT)

Living Trees and Vegetation (LT)

Debris Accumulation (DA)

Wind Exposure (WD)

Solar Exposure (SL)

Structural Stability (SS)

General Integrity (GI)

Grade (GR)

Biogrowth (BG)

STRUCTURE NUMBER

Each of the listed conditions are considered "contributing external" variables that either independently or mutually may have a detrimental impact on the structures. 

OBSERVED CONDITION RANKINGDOES ITEXIST BASIC INSTRUCTIONS

1)   Place a check in the DOES IT EXIST box located to the left of an OBSERVED CONDITION if that conditions IS present for the given structure.

2)   Once the presence of each threat has been established, those threats that are visible at the site are ranked in order of their potential to impact the structure. In the RANKING boxes, the threat with the greatest potential to cause partial or total collapse is designated as “1,” followed sequentially by all remaining present factors.

NOTE: 

Not all structures will have the same number of rankings as not all listed variables may be deemed 

threatening.

(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) SITE A(1,2,3,4,5,6) SITE B

No OBSERVED CONDITION should have a RANKING number if there is NO checkmark 

indicated in the corresponding DOES IT EXIST box.

There should NOT be any missing number in a RANKING sequence nor should any number be 

repeated.

(1,2,3,5) incorrect(1,2,2,3) incorrect(1,2,3,4) correct

Short Pole Length:

Long Pole Length:

Distance to N Bullseye:

Distance to S Bullseye:

Distance to E Bullseye:

Distance to W Bullseye:

Human Interaction (HI)

THE FORMThe form is divided into two sections. The top section consits of identification infor-mation which includes the number of the structure as well as the heights of the poles and the distance to the markers. All heights and distances are recorded in centime-ters. Section two consists of a list of 15 identified conditions which may be contribut-ing to the failure of the structure. Not all of the 15 conditions will be present on every structure. These conditions are to be listed in numeric order of potential severity with the most significant problem listed with the lowest number (1) and the least significant problem listed with the highest number.

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THE KIT(a) 6 ft. painters pole with unit tape of 6 inch lengths, (b) 4 ft. painters pole with unit tape of 6 inch lengths, (c) 1 prism pole tripod, (d) 1 compass with declination adjustment, (e) prism pole level, (f) 1 gray card, (g) 1 25 ft. tape measure, (h) 1 paint pole camera adaptor, (i) 4 vantage point markers, (j) 4 primary member arrows, (k) 4 cardinal direction markers, (l) 2 center axis scale markers, (m) 1 rear scale marker, (n) 2 conditions arrows, (o) extra indicator arrows, (p) chalk, (q) clipboard, form and pencil, (camera not shown in image).

a.b.

c.

d. e. f.

g.

h.

i.

j.k.

l.

m.

n.

o.

p.

q.

Page 6: Naws field manual

CHECK LIST

1. Setting TRUE NORTH ORIENTATION

2. Determining CARDINAL ORIENTATION

3. Setting CARDINAL DIRECTION MARKERS

4. Identifying FOCAL AREA

5. Determining DISTANCE FROM OBJECT

6. Setting LOCATOR BULLSEYES

7. Placing PRIMARY MEMBER ARROWS

8. Installing SCALE ARROWS

9. Creating a simple FIELD SKETCH

10. Taking FULL WIDTH PHOTOGRAPHS

11. Taking FULL HEIGHT PHOTOGRAPHS

12. Creating a PLAN VIEW

13. Capturing CONDITIONS VIEWS

Page 7: Naws field manual

IMPORTANT Always remember that if a survey of a site has already been cre-ated, all existing distance measurements and angles must be used for any subsequent imagery. Whenever possible, copies of all photographs should be carried into the field to assist in cap-turing the same views as closely as possible.

If a significant alteration to a structure (e.g. collapse) demands a different set of views, all existing views should be recreated as well since the purpose of the views is for comparison.

Each time a site is visited, a new form should be filled out. Included on that form should be any dimensions used on the site for DISTANCE FROM FEATURE as well as all pole heights.

Page 8: Naws field manual

1. Cardinal Markers

2. Locator Targets

3. True North Indicator

4. Primary Structure Arrows

5. Scale Targets (In-line and Rear)

6. Threat Signage

The Principal Equipment for the Photodocumentation Process:

Page 9: Naws field manual

1. 2.

3. 4.

5. 6.

Page 10: Naws field manual

SettingTRUE NORTHORIENTATION

The location of the pole in the image is not important; however, the orientation of the pole is critical to indicate true north.

MN

GN

UTM GRID AND 2011 MAGNETIC NORTHDECLINATION AT CENTER OF SHEET

0° 32´9 MILS

9° 28´168 MILS

U.S. National Grid

100,000-m Square ID

Grid Zone Designation13T

DE

A scaled painter’s pole is used to provide TRUE ORIENTATION as well as a visible scale reference. This pole is placed close to the feature and is set based on TRUE north orientation. Be certain to check the declination for your area.

All USGS maps indicate the declination for that specifc map in the lower left corner. Although the map states that the provided declination is for the center of the sheet, variation from the center to any other location on the map is negligible and will not impact the outcome of the image.

STEP 1

Page 11: Naws field manual

To set direction place the compass against the side of the pole and rotate it until the arrow reads north.

The short PAINTER’S POLE has a defined top and bottom. Be certain to place the top of the pole in the northern direction.

Page 12: Naws field manual

The four principal cardinal directions should be determined using a compass adjusted for proper declination.

Cardinal direction is indicated with markers that each have the first letter of one of the four directions stenciled onto them. In addition direction is defined by color.

The location of each marker does not have to be exactly in line with the primary cardinal direction but should be placed as close as possible ensuring that at least two (ideally three) targets can be seem through the camera from any of the four locations for photography.

DeterminingCARDINALORIENTATION

STEP 2

ORANGE = NORTH

RED = WEST

GREEN = SOUTH

YELLOW = EAST

Page 13: Naws field manual

1. 2.

3.

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SettingCARDINAL DIRECTION MARKERSCardinal Direction Markers are used to help orient the viewer in the images. These markers are designed to be visible from almost any angle and are placed around the feature in such a way that at least three markers are visible in a photograph whenever possible.

Markers can be of any size since they are not used for scale reference; however, markers need to be large enough to be easily visible. Each marker consists of two squares of 1/8 inch plywood slid together. Ideally the plywood is a 1st Quality Aircraft Grade Birch Plywood (Good 2 sides). This plywood can be obtained through many lumber yards in typical 4’ X 8’ sheets but smaller pieces can be found at hobby and art supply stores. In some cases pre-cut 10” x 10” sheets can be purchased in packages of 4 or 5 sheets. Although lauan can be used, it is not recommended .

STEP 3

Page 15: Naws field manual

Markers are created for each of the four principal directions. Each marker is painted with a color that has been assigned to that direction in order to help with visual orientation. In rare situations where the letters on the markers are not visible, the color can provide the viewer with the necessary directional information.

Each of the four markers should be facing inward whenever possible.

Page 16: Naws field manual

IdentifyingFIELD OF VIEW

FIELD OF VIEW should be based on pre-existing photographs

FIELD OF VIEW is used to determine the extent of what is to be photographed. The direction of the rectangle is defined by the cardinal directions (compare 4 with 5) While the cardinal directions are unchangable, different shapes of features will define the “field of view”. While some elements of a structure will be well contained, others may not (3). A decision must be made as to what will be included. The field of view does not need to be physically marked in any way and is primarily for the benefit of the field team. The field of view should be defined by the outermost elements of the feature from the four cardinal sides. This will be the points from which to measure the distance to the locator targets.

1.

4.

5.

STEP 4

Page 17: Naws field manual

2. 3.

The FIELD OF VIEW is a rectangular area sitting directly beneath the feature, where each of the four sides is perpendicular to a cardinal direction.

N

ES

W

Page 18: Naws field manual

Features range in size and shape.

In order to capture the best images for each site, distance from the feature to the locator target may differ from one feature to another.

A pre-existing form is the source for distance.

Whenever possible, the distance to the four targets of a single feature should remain the same. Circumstances, such as objects in the way or bad slope, may eliminate this option at which point exceptions can be made. Distance is determined from the edge of the “field of view” to the center of the locator target. All distances to target should be recorded on the form. Inital choice of distance is based on legibility of the photograph.

DeterminingDISTANCE FROM OBJECT

FocalArea

STEP 5

Page 19: Naws field manual

TALL

3 m

3 m

SHORT

2 m

2 m

3 m

2 m

Page 20: Naws field manual

SettingLOCATOR BULLSEYES

West toFeature

LOCATOR Bullseyes are used to establish location from where each photograph is to to be taken and WHERE the REAR SCALE TARGET is to be placed.

Whenever possible LOCATOR BULLSEYES should be placed farther away from the structure than the cardinal markers so that the photograph taken from that location can include the Cardinal Marker.

As with the CARDINAL MARKER the Locator Targets do not need to be exactly placed but attempts should be made to have them sit within the approximate center of the structure being photographed.

STEP 6

Page 21: Naws field manual

10 cm

12 in

LOCATOR BULLSEYES are placed to maximize visibility of REAR SCALE TARGET

Page 22: Naws field manual

Placing PRIMARY MEMBER ARROWS

PRIMARY MEMBER ARROWS are deployed in a view when standing structures show clear evidence of primary members.

A primary member is a member that is fundamentally supporting the structure. If any of these primary members were to fail, collapse would be highly likely.

PRIMARY MEMBER ARROWS should be placed as close to the structure as possible making certain that they are visible in the photographs.

STEP 7

Page 23: Naws field manual
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InstallingSCALE TARGETS

Two different SCALE TARGETS are used to provide dimensions in the images. While the primary function is for scale in the photographs, these markers can also be used to set a defined scale in a CAD based software for creating line drawings when needed.

10 cm

12 in

The initial dimension for the REAR SCALE TARGET (orange) height should be set to ensure visibility. Final height should be recorded on the form. Whenever possible, attempts should be made to maintain a set height for each of the four cardinal grade views.

Target height measurement is defined from center of target to bottom of target pole.

All measurements should be based on existing data from past forms.

STEP 8

Page 25: Naws field manual

Two white targets (a) are used in line with the feature and an orange target (b) is used behind the feature in line with the locator target.

REAR SCALE TARGET

a.

IN-LINE SCALE TARGET

b.

Every attempt should be made to ensure that the targets are placed equidistant from back to front on either side of the structure. All targets should be set so that they parallel the focal plane of the camera.

The distance from the side of the structure is not critical

Page 26: Naws field manual

Creating a simpleFIELD SKETCH

The primary purpose for making the field sketch is to indicate the diameter of the trees on site. The sketch should be a plan view and does not need to involve measurement other than trunk diameter. Draw the principal site and include the trees. Using a tape measure, measure the diameter of each tree at its base.

Some of the locational information will be supported by the individual PLAN VIEW photographs before they are merged.

STEP 9

Living trees can be a component for any site and should be part of the final documentation, so that proper plan drawings can be made.

Page 27: Naws field manual

1 foot

PLAN VIEW photographs will show the trees but they will appear as small segments resulting from the merging process.

The PLAN VIEW photograph will show the location of trees but not accurately indicate their diameter.

Page 28: Naws field manual

Taking FULL WIDTH PHOTOGRAPHS

SHOT 1

SHOT 2

SHOT 3

Capturing the best quality image is important. In many cases the distance needed to move back to capture the entire feature in one image compromises the final product. In this case images can be created in panoramic mode using multi-ple shots (1).

For GRADE CARDINAL VIEWS and OBLIQUES captur-ing the full size of the structure is important. Included in these images should be at least two (preferrably three) of the CARDINAL DIRECTION MARKERS.

1.

STEP 10

Page 29: Naws field manual

Since the distance from target to feature ideally remains the same, some features may require different numbers of imag-es from different directions (com-pare 2 and 3).

2.

3.

Page 30: Naws field manual

Shooting FULL HEIGHT PHOTOGRAPHS

A standard rod level can be used to level the painter’s pole with the mounted camera.

STEP 11

Camera height measurement is defined from center of camera lens to bottom of target pole.

Height of pole should be recorded on the form.

Page 31: Naws field manual

Capturing the best quality image is important. In many cases the distance needed to move back to capture the entire feature in one image compromises the final product. In this case images can be created in panoramic mode using multi-ple shots.

Page 32: Naws field manual

Shooting PLAN VIEWS

STEP 12

PLAN VIEWS are composed of multiple overlapping imag-es taken with camera attached to the top of the long painter’s pole. The total number of images depends on the size of the structure.

Page 33: Naws field manual

Images are merged together using the PHOTOMERGE option in Adobe Photoshop.

Page 34: Naws field manual

Capturing CONDITIONS VIEWS

STEP 13

CONDITIONS VIEWS are individual images which display a representative example of each of the conditions identified on the form.

Working with the conditions arrows, the two letter code associated with a given condition (taken from the form) is written in chalk on the arrow. The arrow is then held so that when viewed through the camera, the tip of the arrow points to that specified condition. At least one image needs to be taken for each of the docu-mented conditions although the total number of images is the descretion of the surveyor(s).

Page 35: Naws field manual

NAWS(NativeAmericanWoodenStructures)RiskAssessmentForm

Animal Interaction (AI)

Insect Interaction (II)

Wildfire (WF)

Hydrology (HD)

Soil Moisture (SM)

Dead Trees and Vegetation (DT)

Living Trees and Vegetation (LT)

Debris Accumulation (DA)

Wind Exposure (WD)

Solar Exposure (SL)

Structural Stability (SS)

General Integrity (GI)

Grade (GR)

Biogrowth (BG)

STRUCTURE NUMBER

Each of the listed conditions are considered "contributing external" variables that either independently or mutually may have a detrimental impact on the structures. 

OBSERVED CONDITION RANKINGDOES ITEXIST BASIC INSTRUCTIONS

1)   Place a check in the DOES IT EXIST box located to the left of an OBSERVED CONDITION if that conditions IS present for the given structure.

2)   Once the presence of each threat has been established, those threats that are visible at the site are ranked in order of their potential to impact the structure. In the RANKING boxes, the threat with the greatest potential to cause partial or total collapse is designated as “1,” followed sequentially by all remaining present factors.

NOTE: 

Not all structures will have the same number of rankings as not all listed variables may be deemed 

threatening.

(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) SITE A(1,2,3,4,5,6) SITE B

No OBSERVED CONDITION should have a RANKING number if there is NO checkmark 

indicated in the corresponding DOES IT EXIST box.

There should NOT be any missing number in a RANKING sequence nor should any number be 

repeated.

(1,2,3,5) incorrect(1,2,2,3) incorrect(1,2,3,4) correct

Short Pole Length:

Long Pole Length:

Distance to N Bullseye:

Distance to S Bullseye:

Distance to E Bullseye:

Distance to W Bullseye:

Human Interaction (HI)

Page 36: Naws field manual

CHECK LIST of STEPS

1. Setting TRUE NORTH ORIENTATION

2. Determining CARDINAL ORIENTATION

3. Setting CARDINAL DIRECTION MARKERS

4. Identifying FOCAL AREA

5. Determining DISTANCE FROM OBJECT

6. Setting LOCATOR BULLSEYES

7. Placing PRIMARY MEMBER ARROWS

8. Installing SCALE ARROWS

9. Creating a simple FIELD SKETCH

10. Taking FULL WIDTH PHOTOGRAPHS

11. Taking FULL HEIGHT PHOTOGRAPHS

12. Creating a PLAN VIEW

13. Capturing CONDITIONS VIEWS

Page 37: Naws field manual

IMPORTANT Always remember that if a survey of a site has already been cre-ated, all existing distance measurements and angles must be used for any subsequent imagery. Whenever possible, copies of all photographs should be carried into the field to assist in cap-turing the same views as closely as possible.

If a significant alteration to a structure (e.g. collapse) demands a different set of views, all existing views should be recreated as well since the purpose of the views is for comparison.

Each time a site is visited, a new form should be filled out. Included on that form should be any dimensions used on the site for DISTANCE FROM FEATURE as well as all pole heights.

Page 38: Naws field manual

N.A.W.S.FIELD

MANUAL

NATIONALPARK

SERVICE

THIS BOOK IS TO REMAIN WITH THE FIELD KIT