(발제)Navigating by Mind and by Body:Spatial cognition 3-Barbara Tversky /최유진 x2011 summer

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Navigating by Mind and by BodyBarbara Tversky

1. Two Research Communities in Psychology2.Systematic Distortions in Distances and Direction.

3. Why Do Errors Exist?4. Why Do Errors Persist?

5. Systematic Errors in the Wild.6. Implication

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1. Two Research Communities in Psychology

• Mind-Body Problem?

• 1) How to integrate the mind and the body : major issue

• 2) How to integrate the approaches on the mind and the body : minor issue

• The mind-body problem is a philosophical problem arising in the fields of metaphysics and philosophy of mind. The problem arises because of the fact that mental phenomena appear to be qualitatively and substantially different from the physical bodies on which they appear to depend.

1. Two Research Communities in Psychology

The mind community The body community

Agenda of the study

Spatial judgment(Errors)

Spatial destination(Success)

Goal of the study

To reveal cognitive relations and mechanisms.

To reveal the elegant fine-tuning of a particular cue or

sets of cues or sensory-motor systems.

1. Two Research Communities in Psychology

• The Mind Community • e.g. How far ..... [~� QU� n>� 3k� ���?

• e.g. The direction between.... X|qX [~� k� J³q ���?

• e.g. How do I get to.... �!~qX c�!i�� k4 � [ ���?

Location A

Location B

Location B

Location B

Location A Location B

1. Two Research Communities in Psychology

• The Mind Community • e.g. How far ..... [~� QU� n>� 3k� ���?

• e.g. The direction between.... X|qX [~� J³� k� ��?

• e.g. How do I get to.... �!~qX c�!i�� k4 � [ ���?

Location A

Location B

Location B

Location B

Location A Location B

Systems generating errors!

1. Two Research Communities in Psychology

• The Body Community• The cues, visual, auditory, kinesthetic, vestibular, that people and animals use to

arrive at their destinations.

• The research reduces the sensory input and diminishes the environmental richness in order to isolate the role of a particular cue or system in guiding the organism.

Subject A Destination Bmovement

Cues

1. Two Research Communities in Psychology

• The Body Community• The cues, visual, auditory, kinesthetic, vestibular, that people and animals use to

arrive at their destinations.

• The research reduces the sensory input and diminishes the environmental richness in order to isolate the role of a particular cue or system in guiding the organism.

Subject A Destination Bmovement

Cues

Systems generating precisions!

They differ philosophically.

For the mind group, being human is fundamentally about “limitation”.

For the mind group, being human is fundamentally about “evolution”, and learning, about selection and adaptation toward perfection.

2. Systematic Distortions of Distance and Direction

2.1 Errors of Distances

Seoul

Busan

SuwonDaejeon

Jongro

Gangnam

Jeju

Sadang

New YorkDaegu

Shin-chon

Detroit

2. Systematic Distortions of Distance and Direction

2.1 Errors of Distances :

Seoul Busan

Suwon

Daejoen

Jongro Gangnam

Jeju

Sadang

New York Daegu

Shin-chon

Detroit

State

City

Urban District Manhattan

UnitedStates

SouthKorea

2.1 Errors of Distances :

Determinant factors are....

1) Hierarchical organization of elements2) Geographical as well as conceptual similarity3) The amount of information along the route.4) Distance judgments are not necessarily “SYMMETRIC”!

Landmark A Landmark B Landmark A Ordinary building A

Landmark A

Ordinary building A Landmark B

Ordinary building B

2.1 Errors of Direction :

Determinant factors are....

1) Hierarchical organization of elements : This error seems to be due to mentally rotating the general direction of the surrounding geographic entity.

California

NevadaReno

San Diego

Geographical axes

Reference axes

2.1 Errors of Direction :

Determinant factors are....

2) Directions also get straightened in memory.

3) Errors of quantity, shape, sizes, and perspectives.

3. Why Do Errors Exist?

3.1 Schematization forms mental representations.

“A number of perceptual and cognitive processes are involved in establishing mental representation of scenes or depictions, such as maps.”

Our mind wants random things to be aligned!

e.g. Map-making process

Isolating figures from the ground

Relating one another based ona particular perspective.

Perceptual organizing principlesare subject to produce error.

3. Why Do Errors Exist?

3.1 Schematization forms mental representations.

They simplify, approximate, omit, and otherwiseschematize the geographic information.

Because relating figures to one other makes them closer in alignment in memory than they actually are.

US EUR US EURVS.

3. Why Do Errors Exist?

3.2 Schematization allows integration.

There are too many questions to navigate around the environment.

Environmentview A

view Bview C

view D

view Eview F

view G

3. Why Do Errors Exist?

3.2 Schematization allows integration.

There are too many questions to navigate around the environment.

Environment

Integrated View 1

Perspective 1

3. Why Do Errors Exist?

3.3. Schematization reduces working memory load.

3.4. Spatial judgments are typically decontextualized.

1) Spatial behaviors give us “constraints”, which excludes many behaviors and encourages others. The structure of the environment constraints where one can turn , where one can enter and exit.

2) Natural contexts are typically rich in cues to memory and performance.

4. Why Do Errors Persist?

4.1 Rarely repeated.

Contexts constrain and cue behavior.

engages continuous practice.

Judgment

errors correction errors correction

correctionerrors

practice is the exception.

.............

Now I know the right answer.

I have to practice more and more.

4. Why Do Errors Persist?

4.2 Learning is Specific, Not General.

However, knowing the correct answer to a particular case does not correct the general perceptual and cognitive mechanism that produces the errors.

1) Learning is local, and specific , not general and abstract.

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2) The mechanism that produce errors are multi-purpose mechanisms, useful for a wide range of behaviors, eventually.

4. Why Do Errors Persist?

4.3 Correctives in Context

1) In our normal daily life, we never confront with these errors.

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2) These errors are independent of each other and not integrated into one coherent and complete cognitive map.

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5. Implications

1. Having a global plan as well as local actions seem useful.

2. Systematic errors persist because the systems that produce them are general.

Global vs. Local / Plan vs. Action

General vs. Specific

3. Behavior seems to be full of intractable error but under another analysis, the mechanism producing the error seems reasonable and adaptive.Rational vs. Irrational

6. Discussions

1. Is there any problematic side of “Mind-Body Problem”?

2. “Adaptive behavior” is always reliable to explain the causation of a single phenomena?

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