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Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West: 1789—1900 Chapter 24 pgs. 601—623
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Page 1: Nationalist revolutions sweep the west

Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West: 1789—1900

Chapter 24 pgs. 601—623

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LATIN AMERICAN PEOPLES WIN INDEPENDENCE

Section 1pgs. 603-608

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Saint Domingue• First Latin American territory to free itself from European rule• French Colony• Started Revolution, lead by Toussaint L’Overture to end slavery

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Boukman• African Priest• Raised call for

revolution in Saint Domingue to free itself from France–Within a few days,

100,000 slaves rose in revolt

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Toussaint L’Overture

• Ex-slave• Untrained in the military and in diplomacy• Got name O’verture (opening in French) because he was

so good at finding openings in the enemy lines• 1801-moved into Spanish Santo Domingo, took control,

& freed the slaves• Agreed to halt the revolution if the french would end

slavery– Despite agreement, the French accused him of planning

another revolution and sent him to prison in the French Alps, where he died in April 1803

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Jean-Jacques Dessalines• Toussaint’s general• Took up the fight for freedom

where Toussaint left off• January 1, 1804, declared

Saint Domingo an independent country– First black colony to free its

from European control– Renamed country “Haiti”,

• “mountainous land” in the language of the native Arawak inhabitants of the island

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Haiti• Re-named Haiti after

Jean-Jacques Dessalines declared it independent from Spain

• Means mountainous land in the native Arawak inhabitants of the island

• First black colony to free itself from European control

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Peninsulares• Top of Spanish American

society • Men who had been born in

spain• Only ones who could hold high

office on colonial government– Spain could keep loyalty of its

colonial leaders• Together with the Creoles they

controlled the wealth and power in the Spanish colonies

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Creoles• Spaniards born in Latin

America• Ranked after the peninsulares• Couldn’t hold high-level

political office• Could rise as officers in the

Spanish colonial army• Together with the peninsulares

they controlled the wealth and power in the Spanish colonies

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Mestizos• Below the

peninsulares and creoles• Persons of mixed

European and Indian ancestry

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Mulattos• Below the peninsulares,

creoles, and the mestizos• Persons of mixed

European and African ancestry

• Africans• Economic value to the

Spaniards

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Antonio Nariño• Colombian patriot• Published

translation of the French Declaration of the Rights of Men• Sentenced to exile

in AfricaDrawing of Antonio Nariño

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Joseph Bonaparte• Napoleon Bonaparte’s brother• Made king of Spain by

Napoleon– “puppet heir”– Spanish colonists felt no loyalty

to him & rebelled• Even after the return of

Ferdinand, the rebellion continued• creoles had begun their drive

for independence and wouldn’t stop until victory

Drawing of Joeseph Bonaparte

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Simón Bolívar• Wealthy Venezuelan Creole• Called Libertador (liberator) • Brilliant general, whose leadership largely achieved victory for the

rebels• Romantic and practical, a writer, and a fighter• First helped free Venezuela• Had to go into exile twice• Led over 2,000 men through the Andes into what is now Columbia,

taking the Spanish army be surprise, and winning a decisive battle• Liberated Bolivia , Venezuela , Colombia , Ecuador , Panama, and Peru • Took control of San Martin’s army • Defeated the Spanish at the Battle of Ayachucho

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José de San Martín• Brilliant general, whose leadership largely achieved victory for the rebels• Simple modest man • Displayed great courage in battle• Born in Argentina, but spent most of his youth in Spain, as a military officer• Believed in strict discipline for his troops

– Showed concern for well being of troops• Met up with Bolivar and helped free Ecuador• Led his army on a grueling march across the Andes to Chile where he, with

the help of O’Higgins, freed Chile• 1821, took his army north by sea to Lima, Peru, planning to force the Spanish

out– Needed larger army

• What caused Bolivar and San Martin to merge their armies and work together

• Left his army for Bolivar to command• After giving army to Bolivar he sailed to Europe where he died, almost

forgotten, on French soil in 1822

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Battle of Ayacucho• Bolivar’s army

went to defeat the Spanish

• December 9, 1824• Last major battle of

the war for independence before the Spanish colonies won their freedom

Portrait of Battle of Ayaucho

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Padre Miguel Hidalgo

• Priest in small village of Dolores• Took the first step for independence• Poor but well educated man• Firmly believed in enlightenment ideals• September 16, 1810 “Grito de Dolores”– Rang bells of church– When peasants gathered at the church, he issued a call

for rebellion against the Spanish• next day, army of 60,000 Indians and mestizo began a march

towards Mexico City

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Grito de Dolores• Padre Miguel Hidalgo

bells of church• When peasants gathered

at the church, he issued a call for rebellion against the Spanish– next day, army of 60,000

Indians and mestizo began a march towards Mexico City

Painting of Grito de Dolores

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José María Morelos

• Led the revolution for four years• In 1815, defeated by creole officer Augstin de

Iturbine• Called a Mexican congress to set up a democratic

government• Stayed behind when the Spanish caught up with

the congress, while rebels fled– Captured and shot– Napoleon said, “Give me three generals like him, and

I can conquer the world

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Agustín de Iturbide

• Defeated Jose Maria Morelos in 1815

• Creole officer• Made peace with the

last rebel ruler– Proclaimed

independence in 1821

Drawing of Agustín de Iturbide

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King John & VI Prince John

• As French troops approached Libson, Portugal where King John VI and Prince Henry were staying, they boarded ships in order to escape and sailed to Brazil– Also took the royal treasury and court

• When royal family returned to Brazil after 14 years the Brazilians were upset– Brazilians had developed their own uniqueness – Many couldn’t imagine their colony becoming a colony

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Dom Pedro

• King Johns son• On September 7, 1822

officially declared Brazil’s independence – Bloodless revolution

Drawing of Dom Pedro

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REVOLUTIONS DISRUPT EUROPE

Section 2pgs. 609-612

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Conservatives

• Usually wealthy property owners and nobility• Argued for the protecting of traditional

monarchies of Europe• In certain cases, as in France, approved of

constitutional monarchies

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Liberals

• Mostly middle class business leaders and merchants

• Wanted to give more power to elected Parliament– Only to Parliament in which the educated and

landowners could vote

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Radicals

• Favored drastic change to extend democracy as a whole

• Believed that government should practice ideals of the French Revolution– Still radical idea, even 30 years after the

Revolution

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Nationalism

Belief that one’s greatest loyalty should be-not to the king or empire-but instead to a nation of people who share a common culture and history

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Nation-state

When a nation had its own independent government, it was called a nation-state

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Balkans

• Controlled (mostly) by the Ottomans • Region contains all or part of present-day

1. Greece 2. Yugoslavia 3. Bulgaria4. Albania5. Romania6. Turkey• (GaY BART)

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GREEK INDPENDENCE

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Greek Nationalists• First people to win a self-ruling government• Part of the Balkans, controlled by the Ottoman Empire• Kept alive the memory of their ancient history and

culture• Spurred on the nationalist spirit, Greeks demanded

that their country takes place among the nation-states of Europe– Because of this movement a major Greek revolt broke out

against the Ottoman Turks in 1821• Ottomans, the most powerful government of the time opposed

the revolution

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Greece gets help

• The cause of Greek independence was popular with people around the world– Russians felt connection to Greek Orthodox Christians, who were

ruled by the Muslim Ottomans– Educated Europeans and Americans loved and respected the Greek

culture– Lord Byron personally gave the Greek army $4,000 and volunteered as

a soldier– Eventually, with growing sympathy for Greece, the powerful nations of

Europe took the side of the Greeks• In 1827, a combined British, French, and Russian fleet destroyed the Ottoman

fleet at the Battle of Navarino • By 1830, Britain, France, and Russia signed a treaty recognizing the full

independence of Greece

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Lord Byron

• British romantic poet• In 1823, he gave a large personal gift of $4,000

to the Greek fleet• Went to Greece and volunteered as a soldier• In February of 1824, a cold Greek rain

drenched him and gave him a fever– Died from illness in April 1824• Never got to see the victory of the cause he was

fighting for

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Battle of Navarino

• A combined force of the British, French, and Russian fleet destroyed the Ottoman fleet

• Final battle, of the Greek revolution, winning the Greeks their independence Portrait of a scene from the Battle of Navarino

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Dutch Revolution

• Nationalist riots broke out against Dutch rule in the Belgian city of Brussels

• November 1830, the Belgians finally declared their independence from Dutch control

Portrait of a scene from the Dutch revolution

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Italy’s Previous Rulers

• Nationalist worked together to unite the separate states on the Italian peninsula– Some were independent– Others ruled by Austria– Others ruled by the pope

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Minister Metternich

• Prime Minister of Austria• Sent Austrian troops to restore order in Italy• The uprising in Vienna combined with others,

forced Metternich to resign and set off liberal uprisings throughout the German state

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Polish Uprising

• Poles living under Russian rule stages a revolt in Warsaw in late 1830

• Russian armies took a whole year to crush the uprising

Symbol of Polish uprising

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Budapest

• City in Hungary• Nationalist leader Louis Kossuth called for

parliament and self-government for Hungary• This uprising combined with others, forced

Metternich to resign and set off liberal uprisings throughout the German state

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Louis Kossuth

Called for parliament and self-government for Hungary during the Budapest uprising

Photograph of Louis Kossuth

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Prague Uprising

• Czechs demanded Bohemian independence• This uprising combined with others, forced

Metternich to resign and set off liberal uprisings throughout the German state

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Uprising in Vienna

• An unruly mob in Vienna itself clashed with the police

• This uprising combined with others, forced Metternich to resign and set off liberal uprisings throughout the German state

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See-saw Government

• Many liberal gains like the ones in Budapest, Vienna, and Prague, were lost to conservatives within a year

• In one country after another, the revolutions failed to unite themselves or their nations

• Conservatives regained their nerve and their power• By 1849, Europe had practically returned to the

conversatism that controlled the government before 1848

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King Charles X

• King of France in 1830s• Tried to restage an return to absolute

monarchy, after the goal of the French revolution was to get a democratic government– Attempt sparked revolts that forced Charles to flee

to great Britain

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Louis Phillipe

• Replaced Charles X• Long supported Liberal reforms in France• By 1848, Louis-Phillipe began to fall from

popular favor• The Paris mob overturned a monarchy and

established a republic– Alphonsoe de Lamartino was the new leader

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Alphonsoe de Lamartino

• One of France’s leading poets• Led France’s temporary republic, after

overthrowing Louis-Phillipe • Began to develop own faction in the republic,

causing the government to fall apart

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Louis Blanc

• Created faction, opposing that of Alphonso de Lamartine, with in France’s new republic

Drawing of Louis Blanc

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Louis Blanc vs. Alphonso de Lamartino

Louis Blanc• Wanted political reform• Wanted social and

economic reform

Alphonso de Lamartino• Wanted only political

reform

•Differences set off bloody battles in the streets of Paris•The violence turned French citizens away from the Radicalso As a result, a moderate constitution was drawn up

later, calling for a parliament and strong president to be elected by the leader

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Louis Napoleon

• Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte• Won presidential election, becoming leader of

France• Took title of Emperor Napoleon III– Surprisingly accepted by large majority of France’s

population• Built railroads, encouraged industrialization and

promoted an ambitious program of public works– Unemployment decreased in France and the country

experienced real prosperity

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Reform in Russia

• Had yet to make a lead into the modern industrialized world in the 1800s

• Serfs being bond to the land prevented the empire from advancing economically– Many czars were reluctant to free the serfs

because it would anger the landowners, whose support the czars needed

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Czar Nicholas I

• Eventually Russia lack of development became obvious to Russia and the rest of the world

• Threatened to take over part of the ottoman empire in the Crimean War

Portrait of Czar Nicholas I

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Crimean War

• Czar Nicolas I threatened to take over part of the Ottoman Empire

• Russia’s industries and transportation systems failed to provide adequate supplies for the countries troops– As a result, in 1856, Russia lost the war against a

combined force of France, Great Britain, Sardinia, and the Ottoman Empire• Humiliating defeat for the czars

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Alexander II

• Nicolas III’s son• Decided to move Russia towards

modernization and social change– Through his reforms he believed that Russia would

compete with Western Europe for world power• His first and boldest reform was freeing the

serfs in 1861• Assassinated in 1881 by terrorists

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Edict of Emancipation

• Alexander II’s first and boldest reform was freeing the serfs on March 3, 1861– Peasant communities received half of the nobles

land, paid for by the government, and had 49 years to pay the government back• When serfs were still legally “free” they were still tied

to the land

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Alexander III

• Alexander II’s successor• Tightened czarist control on the country• Encouraged industrial development to expand

Russia’s power• Nationalism was a main force behind Russia’s

drive towards industrial expansion

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NATIONALISMCASE STUDIES: ITALY AND GERMANY

Section 3pgs. 613-618

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Nationalism

• When citizens were loyal to the people they shared a common bond with, not their king

• These bonds might include– Common history– Language– Culture– World-view

• Nationalism helped to form nation states

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Nationalism Unity or Disunity?

Unity• Could create new, unified

nation states• Could unify masses of

people• Nationalist spirit inspired

the French citizens armies to conquer the armies of the European powers

• Gave rise to the nation-state that is basic to our world today

Disunity• Capable of tearing apart

long established empires• Conservatives reasoned

that if a each ethnic group wanted its own state, empires would split and crumble

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Austro-Hungarian Empire

• Brought together theo Hungarians

o Italianso Slovakso Germanso Czechso Serbso ‘Poleso Croatso Slavs

H I S Good Choice Stopped People from Committing Suicide

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North German Federation

• Land gained by Prussia after defeating the Austrians in the Austro-Prussian War Map of the North German Confederation

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Francis Joseph

• Emperor of Prussia• Pressure by the Hungarians, he split his

empire in two after gaining the North German Federation in the Austro-Prussian War– Austria and Hungary became two separate states,

both ruled by Francis Joseph

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Russian Empire Crumbles• Nationalism helped break apart the 400 year old empire of the czars in Russia• The Russian czars ruled over, each having their own culture

– Jews

– Russian

– Ukrainians

– Armenians

– Estonians

– Georgians

– Turks

– Finns

– Romanians

Justin Reminded Us About Every Good Thing Finn Ruined

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Russification

• Imposing Russian culture on all ethnic groups of an empire– Strengthened nationalist feelings• Helped disunity Russia

• The disunited and weakened empire couldn’t with hand the double shock of WWI and the communist revolution and the last of the Romanov czar fell in 1917

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Romanov Dynasty

• Reigning dynasty of Russia until the WWI

Romanov Dynasty family tree

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Ottomans Weaken• Ottomans controlled the

– Greeks – Slavs– Arabs– Bulgarians– Armenians– Turks

• In 1856, under pressure from the British and French, the Ottomans issued reforms to grant equal citizenship to all the people under their rule– Angered conservative Turks who wanted no change in the situation and

created tensions in the empire• In response to the nationalism in Amenians, the Ottomans carried out massacres

and deportations of the Armenians

• Like Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire soon broke apart after WWI

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CASE STUDY: ITALY

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Formation of Italy

Italy was one of the countries to form from the territory of crumbling empire

Map of the formation of Italy from separate states

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Austrian Rule in Italy

• After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Austria ruled the Italian provinces of Venetia and Lombardy and several small states in the north

• Between 1815 and 1848, an increasing number of Italians were no longer content to live under foreign rulers

Venetia (top) and Lombardia (bottom)

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Spanish Rule in Italy

• The Spanish Bourbon family ruled the Kingdom of Two Sicilies

• Between 1815 and 1848, an increasing number of Italians were no longer content to live under foreign rulers

Kingdom of Two Sicilies in green

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Giuseppe Mazzini

• Idealistic Italian• Organized a nationalist group called “Young Italy”• During the violent years of 1848, revolt broke out

in eight states on the Italian peninsula and Mazzini briefly headed a republic government at Rome

• Believed that nation-state were the best hope for social justice, democracy, and peace in Europe

• Rebellions in Italy failed in 1848 and Mazzini and other nationalist rulers were driven into exile

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Young Italy

• Nationalist group• Created by Giuseppe

Mazzini• Only men under 40

were allowed to enter

Portrait of Young Italy fighting in battle

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Piedomnt-Sardinia

• After 1848, Italians looked to Piedmont-Sardina for leadership

• Largest and most powerful of the Italian states• Adopted a liberal constitution, so to the Italian

middle class, unification under the Piedmont Sardina seemed a sensible alternative to Mazzini’s democratic idealism

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King Victor Emmanuel II

• Sardinia's king in 1852• Named Count Camillo

di Cavour as his prime minister

• Controlled all of Italy after Garibaldi gives him that land he conquered in the south

Drawing of Victor Emmanuel II

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Camillo di Cavour

• Named prime minister of Sardinia under King Victor Emmanuel II

• Wealthy, middle-aged aristocrat• Worked tirelessly to expand Piedmont-Sardina’s power– With careful diplomacy and well chosen alliances, he

achieved that goal• Also, almost as a coincidence, he achieved unification of Italy

• Distrusted by Mazzini, who believed correctly that Cavour wanted to strengthen Sardinia's power, not unite Italy

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Cavour gets help from France

• At first, Cavour’s major goal was to get control of northern Italy for Sardinia

• Cavour realized that greatest roadblock to conquering Sardinia was Austria

• To help him expel the Austrians from the north Cavour found an ally in France– Napoleon III agreed to help drive Austria out of the northern

provinces of Lombardy and Venetia• Cavour soon provoked war with Austria

– A combined French-Sardinian won two quick victories against Austria• Sardinia then succeeded in controlling all of northern Italy, except for

Venetia, from the Austrians

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Napoleon III

• French emperor• Agreed to help Cavour

help drive the Austrians out of Lombardy and Venetia– Gave Sardinia control of

all of Italy except Venetia

Portrait of Napoleon III

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Cavour helps unite the south

• As Cavour was uniting the northern part of Italy, he began to consider controlling the south

• Cavour secretly started helping nationalist rebels in southern Italy

Photograph of Camillo di Cavour

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Garibaldi Conquers Sicily

• Bold and romantic soldier, Giuseppe Garibalidi that led a small army of Italian nationalists who captured Sicily for Italy

• Garibaldi, or “the red one” always wore red shirts– Became known as “Red

Shirts”Portrait of Giuseppe Garibaldi

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Red Shirts

• Garibaldi’s army• Known as Red

Shirts because they always wore red shirts in battle “Red Shirts” fighting in a battle

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Garibaldi gives power to Emmanuel II

• From Sicily, Garibaldi crossed to the Italian mainland and marched north, where volunteers flocked to his banner

• In an election voters gave Garibaldi permission to unite the southern areas he conquered with the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia

• Cavour arranged for King Victor Emmanuel II to meet Garibaldi in Naples– Garibaldi agreed to step aside and let King Victor

Emmanuel rule

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Venetia

• In 1866, the Austrian province of Venetia, which included the city of Venice, became part of Italy after the Seven Weeks War

The city of Venice, part of Venetia

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Papal States

• In 1870, Italian forces took over the last part of territory known as the Papal States– With this victory, the city of Rome came under

Italian control, and soon after Rome became the capital of the united Kingdom of Italy

• The Papal States had been governed by the Roman Catholic Popes as both its spiritual and earthly rulers– The pope would remain to rule over a section of

Rome known as the Vatican City

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Challenges after unification• Centuries of separation had bred fierce rivalries among the

different Italian provinces– The greatest tension arose between the industrialized north and the

agricultural south• Had two different ways of life• Couldn’t understand the others way of speaking Italian

– In Italian parliament, disorganized parties, with vague policies often squabbled• As a result, prime ministers and cabinets were changed frequently

• Also faced severe economic problems– Bloody revolts broke out in the south – At the same time, strikes and riots troubled the northern cities– Meanwhile, the Italian government couldn’t deal with the countries

economics• As a result, Italy entered the 20th century as a poor country

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CASE STUDY: GERMANY

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German Confederation• Made up of 39, loosely grouped, German states• The two largest states, Austria-Hungary and Prussia

dominated the confederation • Prussia enjoyed several advantages that would

eventually help it forge a strong German state– Unlike Austria-Hungary, Prussia had a mainly German

population• As a result nationalism unified Prussia, while ethnic groups in

Austria-Hungary tore it apart

– Prussia’s army was by far, the most powerful in central Europe– Prussia industrialized more quickly than other German states

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Fredrich Wilhelm IV

• Like many other European powers, Prussia experienced the disorder of revolution

• Berlin rioters forced the frightened and unstable Prussian King, Friedrich Wilhelm IV to call a constitutional convention– The convention then drew up a liberal constitution

for the kingdom

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Conservative Wilhelm I

• Wilhelm I succeeded Friedrich Wilhelm IV• First reformed the army and doubled the already

powerful Prussian military– Liberal parliament refused him the money for his reforms– Wilhelm saw the Parliaments refusal as a challenge to his

authority• Supported in his views by the Junkers

• Wilhelm drew all his ministers and army officers from the Junker class

• Named conservative Otto von Bismarck prime minister

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Junkers• Members of Prussia’s

wealthy landowning class• Supported the views of

Wilhelm I• Strongly conservative and

opposed liberal ideas– For that reason, Wilhelm

drew all his minister and army officials from the Junker classPhotograph of a typical Junker

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Otto van Bismarck

• Was master of realpolitik• Unable to command parliament to grant

Wilhelm’s desires, Bismarck, with the kings approval, declared that he would rule without the consent of parliament and without a legal budget– Actions were in direct violation of the constitution

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realpolitik

• German term meaning, “the politics of reality”• Described tough

power politics with no room for idealism

Otto von Bismarck, one of the most famous users of realpolitik

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Ambitious Bismarck

• Bismarck was devoted to his king and country, but was also ambitious– “man who was striving after supreme power,

including military power”• By working to expand Prussia, Bismarck could

satisfy his patroitism and his desire for power

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Prussian-Austrian Alliance

• Bismarck’s first step towards molding an empire was forming an alliance between Prussia and Austria

• Bismarck then went to war with Austria, against Demark, in order to win two border provinces: Schleswig and Holstein– Victory increased national pride among the Prussians– Also won Prussia respect from other Germans and lent

support for Prussia as the head of a unified Germany– After victory, Prussia governed Schleswig and Austria

controlled Holstein• Bismarck suspected that this arrangement would lead to friction

between the two powers

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Seven Weeks War

• To disable his powerful rival, Bismarck purposely stirred up border conflict with Austria over Schleswig and Holstein– Tensions provoked Austria into declaring war on

Prussia in 1866• This conflict became known as the Seven Weeks War

• Prussians used their superior training and equipment to win a smashing victory– Prussia humiliated Austria– Austrians lost Venetia, which was given to Italy

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North German Confederation

• With its victory in the Seven Weeks War, Prussia took control of northern Germany

• For the first time, the eastern and western parts of the Prussian kingdom were joined

• In 1867, the remaining states of the north joined a North German Confederation, which Prussia dominated completely

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Catholic South

• By 1867, a few southern German states remained independent of Prussia– The majority of southern Russia was Catholics

• Many of in the regoin resisted Protestant Prussia

• Bismarck believed he could win the support of the outsiders if they faced a outside threat– Reasoned that war with France would rally the

south• Bismarck insulted the French and they declared war on

Prussia on July 19, 1870

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Franco Prussian War

• Prussian army poured into Northern France and the Germans took 80,000 prisoners, one of which was Napoleon III– French could only with stand 4 months of German

siege, until hunger forced them to surrender• Franco-Prussian War was final step in German

unification, as the catholic southerners got caught up in German nationalism and accepted Prussian leadership

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Kaiser

• German Emperor• From the Roman title

Ceasar• King Wilhelm I was first

to be given the title Kaiser

Wilhelm I, the first kaiser

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Second Reich

• Title for the German Empire

• Holy Roman Empire was the First Reich

Flag of the Second Reich

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Shift in Balance of Power

• Congress of Vienna established the five great powers in Europe: Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia; all nearly equal in strength

• By 1817, Germany and Britain were clearly stronger, militarily and economically

• Austria, Russia, and Italy lagged far behind• France struggled in the middle

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REVOLUTIONS IN THE ARTS

Section 4pgs. 619-622

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Romanticism

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Lord Byron

• One of the leading romantic poets of his time

• Fighter for freedom in Greece

• Died at the age of 36

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Ideals of Romanticism

1. Emphasized inner feelings, emotions, and imagination2. Focused on the mysterious and the supernatural; also

on the odd, exotic, and grotesque or horrifying3. Loved the beauties of untamed nature4. Idealized the past as simpler and nobler time5. Glorified heroes and heroic actions6. Cherished folk traditions, music, and stories7. Valued the common people and the individual 8. Promoted radical change and democracy

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Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm

• Concentrated on the history and the sense of national pride that romanticism fostered

• Collected German fairy tales• Created a dictionary and grammar of the

German language– Both the tales and the dictionary of the Grimm

brothers celebrated the spirit of being German• Celebrated long before Germany united as one country

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Amandine Aurore Duplin

• “George Sand”• French novelist• Described the

French countryside and country life

Photograph of “George Sand”

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Emily Bronte

• Set her powerful romantic novel, Wuthering Heights in the windswept moors of England

Book cover to Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights

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Wuthering Heights

• Written by Emily Bronte• Set in the windswept

moors of northern England

Book cover to Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights

Moors of England where Wuthering Heights takes place

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William Blake

• British poet• Believed he could, “see

a World of in a Grain of Sand/And a Heaven in a Wild Flower”

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Joseph Turner

• English romantic artist• Captured the raging of

the sea in one of his paintings

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John Constable

• English artist• Celebrated the

peaceful English countryside

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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

• German author• One of the greatest and

earliest writers• Published The Sorrows

of Young Werther

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Sorrows of Young Werther

• Told of the sensitive young man whose hopeless love for a virtuous man who drives him to commit suicide

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Victor Hugo

• Led the French romantics• Huge output of poems, plays, and novels

expressed romanticism’s revolutionary spirit• Works reflected the romantic fascination with

history and support for the individual • Novels The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Les

Miserables showed the struggles of the individuals against a hostile society

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“Les Miserables”

• Showed the struggles of the individuals against a hostile society

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Hunchback of Notre Dame

• Showed the struggles of the individuals against a hostile society

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William Wordsworth

• British romantic poet• Honored nature as a true

source of beauty• Believed that nature was

richly alive

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Samuel Taylor Coleridge

• British romantic poet• Honored nature as a true

source of beauty• Put an accent of horror

and supernatural in nature

• Wrote poem “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”

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The Rim of Ancient Mariner

• Poem written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge

• Put accent of horror in supernatural in nature

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Gothic Novel

• Often took place in medieval gothic castles

• Filled with fearful, violent, sometimes supernatural events

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Mary Shelley

• Wife of poet Percy Shelley

• Wrote one of the first and most successful Gothic horror novels, Frankenstein

• Died at the age of 29

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Frankenstein

• One of the earliest and most successful gothic novels

• Told the story of a monster created from the body parts of dead human beings

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John Keats

Wrote poems celebrating rebellious heroes, passionate love, and the mystery and beauty of nature

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Ludwig van Beethoven

• Lead the transition between classical and romantic music

• Became deaf but continued to compose

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Romantic composers

• Robert Schumann• Felix Mendlessohn • Fredric Chopin• Franz Liszt

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Realism

Tried to show everyday life as it was, not as it should be

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Honore de Balzack

• Wrote a massive series of almost on hundred novels entitled The Human Comedy

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The Human Comedy

• Written by Honore de Balzack• Series of almost one hundred novels• Detail the lives of over 2,000 people from all

levels of French society following the revolution

• Describe the brutal struggle for wealth and power among France’s buisness calss

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Emilie Zola

• Realistic French author• Exposed the miseries of the French workers in

small shops, factories, and coal mines in his works– Shocked readers– Spurred reforms of labor laws and working

conditions in France

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Charles Dickens

• Most famous realist author “The houses on either side were high and large, but very old; and tenanted

by people of the poorest class. [...] A great many of the tenements […] which had become insecure from age and decay, were prevented from falling into the street by huge beams of wood which were reared against the tottering walls, and firmly planted in the road; but even these crazy dens seemed to have been selected as the nightly haunts of some houseless wretches, for many of the rough boards which supplied the place of door and window, were wrenched from their positions to afford an aperture wide enough for the passage of a human body. The kennel was stagnant and filthy; the very rats that here and there lay putrefying in its rottenness, were hideous with famine.”

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Daguerreotypes

• The first practical photographs

• Named after their French inventor, Louis Daguerre

• “startlingly real” and won Daguerre worldwide fame

• Made on metal

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Louis Daguerre

• Created the Daguerreotype• Artist who created scenery for theaters– To improve the realism his scenert, he developed

the daguerreotype• Gained worldwide fame after invention of

daguerreotype

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William Talbot

• British inventor• Invented light-sensitive paper that he used to

produce photographic negatives– Many prints could be made out of one negative– Allowed photographs to be reproduced in books

and newspapers• Gained wide audience for the realism of photography

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Impressionism

Instead of showing life “as it really is” it showed the impression of a subject at that moment of time, catch a moment at a glance

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Impressionist artists

• Edouard Manet• Claude Monet• Edgar Degas• Pierre-Auguste Renoir• Showed the more positive views of new urban

society– Instead of abused workers, they showed shop

keepers– Glorified life in the middle class

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The Woman in the Green

Dress

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Garden at Sainte-Adresse

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Glass of Absinthe

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The Bohemian

The Bohemian