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NATIONALIST MOVEMENT IN INDO-CHINA Grade X CBSE
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Nationalist movement in indo china

Nov 18, 2014

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Suramya10

CBSE CLASS X History Lesson
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Page 1: Nationalist movement in indo china

NATIONALIST MOVEMENT IN INDO-CHINA

Grade X CBSE

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People Involved

Ho Chi Minh Huynh Phu So Imperials at the court Phan Boi Chau Phan Chu Trinh Paul Bernard Liang Qichao Prince Cuong De

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INDO CHINA- Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia.

Earlier, lots of different groups of people used to live in indo-china under the shadow of China. Even after northern and central Vietnam achieved independence, its rulers continued to maintain Chinese culture and system of govt.

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Vietnam was linked to the maritime silk trade route that brought in ppl, goods, ideas. Other networks of trade connected Vietnam to the non Vietnamese ppl in the hinterlands—like khmer Cambodians.

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French troops landed in Vietnam in 1858, by mid 1880s they had a firm grip on the northern region.

After the franco-chinese war, the French gained control over Tonkin and Anaam. In 1887, French indo-china was formed.

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WHY DID THE FRENCH THINK COLONIES WERE NECESSARY?

The French believed that it was the mission of advanced European countries to civilize the “backward” people.

Colonies were necessary to provide raw materials and other essential goods.

The most visible form of French control was military and economic domination but the French also tried reshaping the culture of Vietnam.

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Rice Cultivation

The French began by: Building canals and draining lands in the

Mekong delta. This was done to increase rice cultivation. It was done mainly with forced labor.

Infrastructure projects. This was done to transport goods for trade, move military garrisons,and control the entire region.

Trans Indo-China Rail Network. This would connect the northern and southern parts of Vietnam and China. This was also the final link with Yunan in China. It was completed in 1910. There was a second line that connected Vietnam to Siam(Thailand) via the Cambodian capital (Phnom Penh.)

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PAUL BERNARD- An influential policy maker and writer.

Paul believed that colonies needed to be developed and the standard of living of the people needed to be raised. If this was done, the people would buy more goods and this would be beneficial to the French.

He said that the BARRIERS to ECONOMIC GROWTH in Vietnam:

High population levels. Low agricultural productivity Extensive indebtedness amongst

peasants.

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Colonial economy in Vietnam was mainly based on RUBBER plantations and RICE cultivation. It was owned by the French and a few Vietnamese elite. Rail and port facilities were set up to service this sector. Indentured labour was used in rubber plantations.

The French did little to industrialize Vietnam. Landlordism spread and the standard of living declined.

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“Civilizing the Vietnamese”

There was a dilemma. Were the Vietnamese to be educated or

not? If they educated the Vietnamese, the

colons feared that their jobs would be taken by the educated Vietnamese. Also, they would begin to question colonial domination.

So they decided not to educate them fully.

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The French had to counter the Chinese influence on the Vietnamese. DILEMMA CONSIDERING LANGUAGE. There were two broad opinions on whether French

should be used as the medium of education or not. Some policy makers believed that if they used French

as the medium of education, it would make the Vietnamese respect the French and their culture. This would help create a solid Asiatic France tied to European France. They would see the superiority of the French and work for them.

The others believed that they should use Vietnamese as the medium of education in lower classes and French in the higher classes. The few who learnt French and acquired French culture would be given French citizenship.

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Schools in Vietnam

The Tonkin Free School was started in 1907 to provide a western style education. The subjects included French, hygiene and science. But to be modern, it wasn’t enough to just learn science and western ideas. The Vietnamese had to look modern too. They were to cut their hair short, which was a major break with their own identity, as they traditionally kept long hair.

School textbooks glorified the French and said that the Vietnamese couldn’t rule themselves. They said that the Vietnamese were skilled copyists but had no creativity of their own.

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RESISTANCE (How the Vietnamese used education to fight colonialism) During the period of French

colonialization. Teachers didn’t always follow the curriculum. Sometimes there was open opposition, sometimes it was silent resistance. As the number of Vietnamese teachers increased in lower classes, it was difficult to control what was being taught. While teaching, the Vietnamese teachers quietly modified the text and criticized what was stated.

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RESISTANCE (How the Vietnamese used education to fight colonialism)

Saigon Native Girls School. Once a Vietnamese girl sitting in one of the front seats was told to occupy the last bench to allow a local French student to come forward. She refused, and was expelled by the colon principal. The students that protested were also expelled, which lead to further spread protests. The government was forced to ask the school to take the students back in.

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RESISTANCE (How the Vietnamese used education to fight colonialism)

Role of Students. In other places, students fought against the colonial government’s efforts to prevent the Vietnamese from gaining the higher paid jobs. This brought them into conflict with both the French and the traditional elite, as both saw their positions threatened. The students were inspired by patriotic feelings and the belief that the educated youth needed to fight for the benefit of society. They formed political parties such as the Party of Young Annan and published nationalist journals like the Annanese Student.

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RESISTANCE (How the Vietnamese used education to fight colonialism)

Center of Revolution. Schools became the center for political and cultural battles. The French kept trying to convince the Vietnamese of the superiority of French rule and the inferiority of the Vietnamese. They tried to change the perceptions, values and norms of the people. The Vietnamese believed that they were losing their identity: its culture and customs were being pushed down and they were developing a master slave identity.

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The interesting part of the lesson follows:

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Plague at Hanoi.

Rebuilding of Hanoi. The French, while creating modern Vietnam, set about to rebuild Hanoi into a new and modern city. In 1903, the modern part of Hanoi was struck with bubonic plague.

Civil facilities for the French and local Vietnamese. (The Rat Problem) The French part of Hanoi was built with wide avenues and large well laid out sewers. The native quarter, on the other hand, didn’t have any modern facilities. The refuse from the old city drained straight into the river, or during floods, overflowed onto the streets. The large sewers proved a good breeding ground for the rats, and provided a proper transport system for the rats to travel to any part of the city.

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RAT HUNT!

In 1902, a rat hunt was started to eliminate the rats. The French hired the Vietnamese and paid them for every rat caught. Rats were caught in thousands. On 30May, 20,000 rats were caught. But there was no end.

DUH. Because. People were cheating. I mean, cmon, that’s obvious.

For the Vietnamese, the rat hunt provided an early lesson in the success of collective bargaining.

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WHAT PPL WERE ACTUALLY DOING:-

Only the tail was required to show that a rat had been killed, and to collect the bounty. So the people started clipping the tails of the rats and releasing them.

Some smart-asses started breeding the rats.

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The French were forced to stop the rat hunt because of the resistance of the weak. (no idea what that means.) None of this shit prevented the bubonic plague anyway.

THE RAT MENACE MARKS THE LIMITS OF FRENCH POWER.

The actions of the rat-catchers show us how the people fought colonialism in daily lives.

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SCHOLARS REVOLT (1868)

Led by- Officials at the imperial court. Against- Spread of Christianity (Catholicism)

and French power. Provinces- Ngu An and Ha Tien. A thousand catholics were killed. Catholic

missionaries had been converting ppl since the early 17th century and by the mid 18th century, had converted around 300,000.

Scholars revolt was crushed by the French but it inspired a lot of patriots to rise up against the French.

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The Vietnamese elite were learned in Confucianism and Chinese. The peasantry were more into Buddhism and local beliefs.

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HOA HAO MOVEMENT (1939)

Led by- Huynh Phu So Where- Mekong Delta

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The Story of Huynh Phu So

He was a miracle man who helped the poor. His criticism on useless expenditure had a wide appeal on everybody. He opposed the sale of child brides, gambling, alcohol and opium.

The French declared him mad, called him the mad bonze, and put him in a mental asylum. LOL the doctor that had declared him mad, became his follower. In 1941, even the French had to declare him sane.

But they still exiled him to Laos and sent many of his followers to concentration camps.

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Phan Boi Chau

-Confucian Scholar Activist -Formed the Revolutionary Society

in1903 with Prince Cuong De as head. - ^Became famous for that. -Met Liang Qichao in yokohama in 1905,

and wrote the book “The history of the loss of Vietnam” under his influence and guidance. The book focuses on the loss of sovereignty and the severing of ties with china.

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Phan Chu Trinh

-Intensely hostile to the monarchy. -Opposed to the idea of resisting the French

with the help of the court. -Wanted to set up a democratic republic. -demanded that the French set up

educational and legal institutions, and develop agriculture and industries.

-believed in the French ideal of liberty but charged at the French for not abiding by it.

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Relations with Japan and China

Proper place for a strong network. Vietnam had a close relationship with japan and china. They provided models for those looking to change, and refuge to those running from the French, and a location where a wider network of asian missionaries could be developed.

Go East Movement. In 1907-1908 about 300 vietnamese students went to japan for modern education. For many of them the primary objective was to drive out the French, overthrow the puppet emperor and re-establish the nguyen dynasty. They were appealing to Japan as fellow Asians.

Restoration Society. Japan had modernized itself and had resisted colonialisation by the west. It’s victory against Russia in 1907 also showed its military capabilities. Vietnamese students established the restoration society but after 1908, the Japanese ministry of Interior shut them down. Many ppl, including phan boi chau, were deported.

Chinese Revolution-A source. Developments in china also inspired Vietnamese nationalists. In 1911, the long lasting monarchy in China was overthrown by a popular movement under Sun Yat-sen, and a Republic was set up.

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Remaining Lesson:

Ho Chi Minh Trail Involvement of the US. Impact of Great Depression New Republic National Heroes

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MADE BY:

Suramya Chandra ;)