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    (ISIAMAND THEWORLD1

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    h -mx4?f+T Fm................................................................... o > a q** yq3m ...................................................................................o>m Gyq "3am- .....................................................................O$rn%tf%3m.......................................................................................................O@TTNM~Tqv. .olf.;grTtmm arl~gth ...............e0\5.................................................................................n9zjtcm mob33yF-mvtRf%mWn ..... ..................................................................................oqwmWFrRR4t.......................................................................................................ob

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    (ISLAMAND THEWORLD)

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    T ~ % ~ ~ W T I ~ ~ ~ @ ~ T @ J ~ ~ @ R $ ~ ~ Q Qm * - f $ l Z r t 6 5 1 * * w m v q m ~ m W ~r4m mm m ?rt 9i-m m-qw m 9 qm iq ? ~ - w ~ a r n s m ~ ~ m ; T t l ~ a v 4Ic m ~ a ~ q m , ~ a ~ . l " f w v t ~ w 6 m ~

    ~ i m l3 1 ( ~ r i g r * \ 3 ~ ~ m t ? m - m 9 ~q* fl* WTt 4%m, f2 w'm-mcfi o m - r nm ~ m * ' m r * 4 % ~ % m m w mcw 4 w w R h wmw wwiw3-mTP?m m SC9/f l * m l ~ M m ~ ~ ' * ~ R m ~W'cw Sale)f 2 $ ~$%TCW ' T F W :

    "The worship of saints a nd images, in particular, was th enarrived at such a scandalous pitch that it even surpassedwhatever is now practised among the Romanists."f$%mq-w o w* a)-3@l Cvm 4*~ ~ m , 4 g * m ' f i ~ t ~ \ 3 ~ * c ~m )

    w : % m o \ d m m m m B q - f t ' - M *~*mmc?ao\m- w - m r * -* r n 1 4 ~ ~ ~ l s l l n o ~ i S ( m B t i i 4 ~ : d* - - g f s a m ~ l s f w o \ r l m ~ m m ~~ p w & a . r m 1 ~ , f M w ~ ~ @ @ 8 Mf l ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~fm@i%:qmw* (w)-?I~Bz~~ 4 p R 4qo\ 43a v c ~ a ~ q t , ~ ~ ~ ~ w ? ~ a 6 % h R

    (Malkite) f@ 4%R, W (a)-3q f % z p i t ~ q v 4 e s y t w - t cmR q ? m t m h ~ r l3pT T F ~ Y WI@@h (Monophysitesl$%?CW f%Yf@i (4, (W)-3 I 43 i l v % Th%1. Sale's translation,.P. 62.(1896)

    limr~flm-ym~*FhPB*W@R m w . tw,q f?%w~+FR?on w e 1o ~ ~ * r m ~ w 4 a % l - ~ ' 9 m * ~ * lm * * * W m @ m - w o \ 4 m% - @ h m - R * m m m . n a ; m ~ r nT I 7wm h (Monopolies)Q ~ - T Q R Y ~ ? - @w - ~ f & - R M c r n a - t m ~ ~ ~ W ~ ~ s sM W T P X ~h-- cfin c * a ~ e q f 2 -4 m m ~ m m ~ ~ ~ s c i : ~ ~o ~ * * ~ m f ~ m f ; ; r ~ ~ ~ ~m ~ m - q m ~ w m m , c ~ wf + m r r c * * @ m ~ 1 w t h f h i S ( a : m ~ i m . r % 5w f k ~ m a r n m q *W M ~ ~ q % ~ w~ c 1 4 1 i l * ~ ~ m r n ' f ~ m 4 % &q"km-Tplm, im-- a m* 4?( rsr* W4i(d ~ i ~ f 9 i n - m s l i n ~ B ~ c m m m~ w ~ M ~ c ~ m ~m m l ~ 4 w ~ ~ m , m f i1.Alfied J. Butler, Arabs conquest of Egypt and la st thirty years ofthe Roman Dominion, p. 29-30.2. rnB, >W-bb;3. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Art. Justin.

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    ?%!6&-a% ~ % R T % W W S ~ W ~ W P T C ~ ~ ~ W- ~ 1 ' ~ ~ ~ m ~ 5 t m 1 ~ m ~ ~ m ~ % q 3 a ,m - ~ 3 m : m ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ m m - % m wW ~ F ~ ~ ? P T X W ~ ~ ~ ' % . O ~ ? ~ @ W ~ ~ ~ ; ~ S S~ ~ a m - R m ~ ~ g a a ~ c ~ ~ ~ ~ wwvrtmTm?m ~ f i QRT ~ ~ , Y * ww lQXW.mj %wm : f & ~ ~ m ~ R ~ a ~ 1 8 m p , *3% mf+i" 43 *~CT q3-tFttzCt-mm9E.m a m-qFi*Or3mippmmmqf*me,mm4mW W I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ W ~ Q ~ ~ W G R

    '3- cela 4mdm l8 Historian's History of theWorld-43 GFN :

    "That it (Byzantine Empire) had nevertheless suffered veryseverely in the general decline caused by over-taxation, andby reduced commerce, neglected agriculture and diminishedpopulation, is attested by t he magnificent ruin s of cities ,which had already fallen to decay, and which never regainedtheir ancient prosperity."

    om?r.rFssst~mm~a*-43mm~m~~ l r 4 3 \ 3 ~ a y * r n , h m F i T F ~ - R q a m - ~~ l m ~ a ~ - y * c Q R T p r n ~ w - 9 i - tg w i ~ - i % z h wpt-gq$%n m yim BW1.The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. WQ, 7. ~ 9 .2. Sale's translation. p , 72.3. Gibbon , The Decline and Fall of the Roman Em pire. Vol. V. p. 31.4. 3. bid, Vol. V. p. 31.5. Histor ion 's History of the World. vol. vii-p.175.

    Wt? TTT8 "From the fifth to the tenth centuryEurope lay sunk in a night of barbarism which grew darkerand darker. It was a barbarism far more awful and horrible: than that of the primitive savage, for it was the decomposing

    I body of what had once been a great civilization. The features1 and impress of tha t civilization were all but completely effaced.Where its development ha d been fullest, e.g., in Italy and Gaul.allwas ruin, squalor, dissolution."

    I m-q m t q , 4 f ; m t a ~ ~ ? ? * q * * m m m

    q f % m w e * * - 4 k b a wo-f@im,-f+$% (v f ) -w 4~ fMi?q 3% M 4 . r ~wtvm xv 63%1.A shorf History of the World vol. vii-p. 170.

    / 2. Robert Brifault,The Making of Humanitv. v. p. 164.

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    RTW'wqq Wq- a ~ ~ v aa3t w f%w# isir*c m - m m m M e * e m - %Wfa cs.1119.i~w p ~ q* c l s7-y qmCIm3TmOT*,Thim3,%3cf 1 W-T'BW ~ ~ m x & h i 3 p ra+ sw B m ,W 499t9u(mpm mtq, ,wG*, ~ ~ T Ri%q@rmS[ i3pr TFTWRrn* -vmm~ ~ . n 4 ~ ~ - a t ~ m ~ r n m w ~ lTi-$l r n m m ~ m ~ c ~~ ~ ~ * w ~ m r t ~ ~ ~ % ~ ~ c ~f v r 1 m - ~ - j r c s i ~ ~ ' p m 4 f ' ~~h$? ~7373 , C'TF~G~9, b T b T F W % , Thi?Tqr18m '3 Wm-m~Cr afFFiisrclrn T i - f % S c% 3$nw3TM@W - u r a i w w i aav W @@ W3 Wf%!l4% 4 ~ 4 ? P @ m q O T t w 3 m - m m m q ~ l i am t q w ~ m c r m ~ i s i i i s ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~n %TR - 3 t 1 m $3 &twtf++,.i%R a s r l ~ 4& & a . m * m S m ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ *f $ ' % 8 $ w r 4 h m a ~ @ a f $ m ~ r j f l ~ W ~ I ? . ~ $ ~ T T + ~ Y @ ~ U ~ ~m T-i-6' q+?.*a ~rn9i-T i* f3FFRmq-43 ~ C h tm ~ s y ; ~ ~ ~ ~ f m ~ a i l ~ m , ~ m ~ ~ g ~ f i ~ % ~~ q % i - m s ~ ~ r n r n ~ ~ r nq@q=,qm w cqv3-tw,4 % ~m Un* vtf&* w ' ; T t , ~ ~ 4 m ~ o ~ w ' a ; r m m l R ~

    r ~ 9 t ~ ? & m m , m a a m m M ~ p n ;~ m a 1 b , o f 2 ~ ~ c ? i % - m f @ h - m ~ R m R 6 6 t ; ~ ~ m - ~ W 3 t 1 ~T m l * m " r n ; t ~ 4 ~ r ~ q ~ ~ @ w m W m@lEPpBonosus)-da'i ~ Y @i?T%t T@%* W3 @ . O T - ~ - ~ G ~ Yr n r n &~ m m m h % * m m m~T% m a d W m t ~ ? ~ m o ~ m s ~ i ~ ~( T ~ ~ Z ~ ~ W IT i 5 c m m m * aostaw* 4 ? 3 m a q m % aw a p ! R w " r w r n m ~ ~ ~ a f 2 @ t v i % i % t ~ * ~ ~ b f%si%wm -9 . I+%m-pty'"rFT%%; 8 Ua. q. *a? ~1-6:The Arabs conquest of Egypt. p. 133-34.(f%&t, Cmhq & firmm f%3tcfm5iq* am rn ?. Histonon's History of the World. vol. viii-p.84.q - q a 43%' f%M m - w m' 0.WTl%,0 lo, 0b ; 8.TITI%WTFi?m;l, 8 00 "1 I-8

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    5 . d k qm,3 qQ, 7. b- b I 4. .aQG I

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    48 a(qqwc.raoy\3-n +q 43m?&hi q ~ qaq a Q+&

    * ~ w w T W V * ~ W ~ T W W ~ ~-1 * m ' 3 - 9 d m 4a.,Wqq3qq aI-yw *s in s f=aww%q73@* ZF&q IQW-%-W bv-P In d i an C iv i l i sa t i o n s i ~ q q ij* -W-I $ ~ * r m 5 ~ q i 9 m - . j t s m~ ~ m - ? m , M m c m - ~ m r ~ ~

    * ~ I ~ * Q s ~ Y ~ ~ Q ~ ~ $ ~ Q & & @ ~ ~m m m T a n m 1 )

    f%% * smr- rn &v ~ ? k qp'rmqTfl)mw?CTT8"&=I% T=m (~')-43 WPmm 4 m mqm mm

    - ~ 4 ~ ~ ~ w m r q ~ a ~ m ~ ~ a m l

    g?h-- 4 m * T * m 2 p qi q I"??f?iD' FQTkV Fi The Discovery of Ind ia Q &tqj

    - ~ ~ m ? * % f m k m t'm~3w+mfi+xf+4&= I%WFTUW~T+~9~@ ~ w ~ ~ ~ a : c ~ f B r r s n ~ w ~ ~ ~~ ' 9 p r n m & - 7 m m ~ @ q

    Mrs . Rh y s Dav id s :

    (M@ 9.). WW(*)'I

    -dGLm8~ & ~ ~ ' * q w a w 3 M ~ m B 3 ~~ f q Y q a m . ~ ~ u r a n . ~ ~ ~ ~ & i i Fa ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ . r ~ m ~ ~ c 4 ~ ~ ~ ~

    V A 3mi-R (m . q. ?bQ)f >.Discovery of India, P. 201,203.

    2. a%%;

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    m': , ~ t % f @ ~ e 2 ~ ~ 4P~CBM K - r l ~ a f % m q w m r n , f & JT-W%CQEF@ q r l w m w i l i K 4 , ~ a m f + f i i m m a mr i q ~4 %%) &TW ~s(P: * a u l $ ~ i ~ w xq fi@ I

    % -I 4 P m Q m m w ~ m % m :. c e

    Tmi-Fa,rn-% m-* 4- m - 3 g i m *WW I 5 . ~ u s t a v ee Bon Les Civilisations de la lndeWQ%W:

    "The Hindu, of all people. sta nds most unavoidably in t heneed of visible objects for religious worship. and although a tdifferent times religious reformers have tried to provemonotheism in the Hindu faith, it ha s been a n unavailingeffort. From the Vedic Age to the present day, the Hindu hasbeen worshipping all sorts of things. Whatever he cannot

    I understand or control is worthy of being adored as divine inhis eyes. All attempts of Brahmans and other Hindureformers in the direction of monotheism or in limiting thenumb er of gods to three have been utterly unsuccessful. The

    I-Iindus listened to them, and sometimes even accepted theirteachings in principle, bu t in practice the thr ee gods went onmultiplying till they began to see a god in every article andphenomenon of nature.

    " - v m ~ ~ a s ~ ~ w q d ? ~ m ~ "? f $ J T r i l + ? t + 4 + ~ ~ ~ 1 4 F i ~9 Y a m q l f r s . m ' c 4 ~ m m g m . r - cm-m,em q % m ~ ~ ~ ~ r ~, ,q m Y 1 1 9 1 ~ ~ ?m,m T$qmq a =v@m91mw91m 3Ti-V I~ ~ \ 3~ & w m \ 3 q m e ~ , w * % r n m

    W P1ism Vh635 ZpK5 , I 4tmT WC73 P'tmT qb73q-m. '4qy.T-g W E ,Qrn ilm Yjt-mIm ,viLTmq-qf?,W ~ W * ~ ~ ~ ? Y ~ ' I S , V I P ~ , ? ~ ' ~x m mETCMWEN ~ciw

    @ . & a ~ T " I ~@M~@F ~ ~%q c r l e @ F i s l % + 4 6 a s W 3 + % ~ 1 cm~il- f%* ' ~ a s m m q l c r a m m ~ ~ h i c d v r ( m = im ~ % ~ m m ~ ~ ~q q a ~ , T ~ d Q a @ r n % = t ~ a t ~ m T D . *rn wm ?g y%yGm 4% ~ Y w ' 4% y% a 3 6 3~ r nP1a m m 9rEgGm fi$m (rn e0 dmb88 fm F$f 9a?lm'WY m ) - q q 0ht dmC S ~fi ? T *b bob-? @.)3~- ?0htmRms

    ~ ? & ? & ' ~ d h ~ ~ 4 f l ' t 5qrpt l~Q~\3431cm~~(rm*q4lmWlm y ~ q ~ ~ * m ~ m m u m m - s a~ ~ ~ ~ & ~ ? wm-sr t ;s i tmP1**~. r r .n*rn~*mrn ?

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    b. TTE-43TF?XFd; >. --?@, 7 . 8>;o.mtm*, m r t d m , 7. as s I

    1 Tpiwmm (Tt)-43l* p' QbI

    43qmm.il-m e rn p?Rmm u msrg t m t e m m m e ~ ~ ~ x r s r % - .m m . r m m ~ e ~ ~ r l ? @ m ~ m rI -mm% e m ~ l \ r ? a ~ m ~ em - m s ~ ~ m 9 ~ r n ~ 1 ~ ~ ~VrEYlam a*

    q f ~ r n a f % V W m w f l ~ % ~ , c ~~ m w a t v p e ~ M ~ ~ c ~~ ~ i E ~ e i 4mm '~ ~ e w n b m - R m a v r n m ~ e ~ mm M 4 % 9 * c m ~ * m ~ m ~ ~ ; % rM ' Z C , A " ~ I * ~ ? Y T ~ % *~ w t f - m ~ ~e m m ~ T t r n m ~ ~ r n ~ ~ e * ~ r

    I IG. Gustave le Bon -qqERR XWe have seen t ha t, tow ards th e close of th e Vedic Age,

    occupation had started become more or less hereditary, and1I th e germ of the caste system had been sown. The VedicAryans were alive to th e need of maintaining the purity of their

    race by not mixing with the conquered peoples and when theyadvanced towards the east and subjugated vast populations,this need became still more manifest and th e law-givers had topay due regard to it. The Aryans understood the problems ofrace well; they had come to realize that if a ruling minority did

    - not take proper care of itself, it was rapidly assimilated withthe servile population an d deprived of its identity.

    ' b ~ g t ~ r n ~ m m ~~ ~ ~ w t m ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ w v i f* y 4 ~ ~ * * w R 1 2 a F i a * 4 3 m ~ p ~ m ,m m * % T m * * - c * m m m vcmmm i ?TY&~ ' 4 3m%m~P i a /m u rm 4 ? Y m 4 m m & 4 ~ m m ~ m ~43 ZfWtGr?4~1'S(m8% G% 4?0\ RTt?FKW (13&

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    R.V.C. Bodley-T fiymrh Z%T?-6f%WFR TheMessenger TiW em Wf%kW T IT qfmrrtmcl *m Tmj fm or WmR %3zFmtstlm e

    "The Arabs did not command an y respect in the sixthcentury world. As a matter of fact, no one counted very much.It was a moribund period when the great empires of EasternEurope and Western Asia had already been destroyed or wereat the end of their imperial careers.

    "It was a world stil l dazed by th e eloquence of Greece, bythe grandeur of Persia, by the majesty of Rome, with nothingyet to take their places, not even a religion."The Jews were wandering all over the world, with no

    central guidance. They were tolerated or persecuted accordingto circumstances. They had no country to call their own, andtheir future was a s uncertain as it is today."Outside the sphere of influence of Pope Gregory the Great,the Chri stians were propounding all kinds of complicatedinterpretations of their once simple creed and were busycutting one another' s throat in the process."In Persia, a last flicker of empire-building remained.Khu srau I1 was extending th e fron tiers of his domain. Byinflicting defeat on Rome he had already occupied Cappadocia,Egypt and Syria. In 620 A.C. (after Christ), when Muhammadwas about to emerge as a guide for humanity, he had sackedJerusalem and stolen the Holy Cross and restored the mightand grandeur of Darius I. It looked almost like a new lease oflife for the splend our of the Middle East. Yet the Byzantine

    Romans still had a little of their old vitality. When Khusraubrought his army to the walls of Constantinople, they made ;nfinal effort to survive."Further away in the east , the march of events was leavi.lgfew landmarks. India still consisted of many unimportant F. :ttystate s which struggled mutual ly for political and militarysupremacy.''The Chinese, a s usu al, were fighting among tPemselves.The Sui dynasty came into power to be replaced Ly the Tangwhich ruled for three centuries."In Japan, an Empress occupied the throne for the firsttime. Buddhism was beginning to take root and to influenceJapanes e ideas and ideals."Europe ,ss gradually merging into the Frankish Empire,which would evelltually comprise France, Northern Italy, most

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    of the cou ntries ea st of the Rhine a s far as the presentRusso-Polish border. Clovis was dead and Dagobert, the lastgreat Merovingian ruler, was soon to be crowned.

    "Spain and England were unimportant petty States."Spain was u nder the control of Visigoths, who had lately

    been driven out of France which they had occupied as far inthe north as Loire. They were persecuting the Jews, whowould, consequently, do much to facilitate the Musliminvasion which was to follow a century later.

    "The British Isles were divided into independentprincipalities. One hundred and fifty years had passed sincethe departure of the Romans, who had been replaced by aninflux of Nordic people. England herself was made u p of sevenseparate kingdoms."

    b ' a - 5 h W ~ - ~ ~ m ~ % ~ ~ ~ m m m3 ~ m ? J t l ~ ~ * . ~ ? m Q q % ~ l 4 ~ m 4 T.~rm~1?@B* v'w4 s 4 f ; m m @ ~ T Q i Ww"\m-ta%"\atm'm 4 % 4w 4T aj* Tt 4*a rn~ ' , b & . l a r m i m + i w s m a ~ * ~ m43: qwmRTJ3q +\at m ~ ' a$~ .rt am~ r n 4 T f h ~wm1

    ' ~ m ~ ~ ~ c . n s ~ r n m ~ r n % R l q ~ ~ ~mmq*?Jtaq*m TwPpmm~ o , ~ ~ - R ~ m r nm~ ~w 3 . m ~w i - ~ mm; J f c i l - ~ " \mmam*mmm1' ' ~914 cW% Gregory the Great)-3 WR -dfi*s m f * m w r n ~ ' m w ' m * ~ 4

    ~ c r 4 ~ o , 4 % ~ m ~ . r m @ m m % l"mrrJhSm* n s* m- r nm fm,~ W W N Q ~ ~ ~ V W Q ~ ~ ~ V ~ I

    rnTt?@iJWi 9 I $ w ~ w f l ~ , mm ? *m 1 \ 5 ? o f m ( ~ m ~ 9 1 .*mmwT t E z w ) ~ ~ y s y w " \ 3 [ m * ~ & @ ~ ~f m i %@ sT F@$VRm-qaW ~ 8 & TEff6JTq I

    * B m a d 1,. The Messenger: The Life of Muhammad, P. 18-19 I

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    F ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ~ W r n c mS T @ X @ U ~ % & C K % - ~ ~ ~ ~ W ~ Q %

    I\stcqaw m q m, qrge GGlrm W m,&!r n - ~ ~ c i ~ ~ q ~ ~ ~Tt%3TEJ 4?"\ vrg E% VCT I @ Robert Brifault)G f t W g t g ~ i ~ ~ ' ~ 8

    "The intrinsic cause that doomed and condemned theRoman Empire was not any growing corruption, but thecorruption, the evil, the inad aptatio n to fact in its very originand being. No system of hu ma n organization tha t is false in itsvery principle, in its very foundation, can save itself by anyamount of cleverness and efficiency in the means by whichthat falsehood is carried out and maintained, by any amountof superficial adjustmen t a nd tinkering. I t is doomed root an dbranch as long a s the root remains what it was. The RomanEmpire was, a s we have seen, a device for the enrichment of asmall class of people by the exploitation of mankind. Thatbusi ness enterprise wa s carried out with all honesty, all thefairness and justice compatible with its very nature , and withadmirable judgment and ability. But all those virtues could notsave the fundamental falsehood, the fundamental wrong fromits consequence."''rnm W,T '3 4c*zim ml (9- m d r me lfh f @ ~n, ail? 43 d f 3 ~IM f@i

    CVWI-TPTR,scqN-mE~W qiwoiw 96$3 4ten 3 kTFtm m ~ 4 t ~ t ~ ~ ~ e mr m ~ l m 4 t m ~ r n ~ m~ ~ m ~ m k e g i l ~ ~ m W + fm e % W w ~ ' ~ h m ~ r l ~ e ~ Y m s 3m m p ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ s t % ~ . F m s~ ~ ~ e q V g m e m % ' l m m m , n g t g F i Jm q - & ; R ~ c M h ~ - m e ~ - ~ ~m q 3 c I C W * V % ~ * s ? ? m * q m m w m

    Wi s t wqrn*a R s m 6m-hmmn-arfrl, +Mw, WFmR e R3Pm-Rmprim T P%

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    ~ . - ~ ~ ~ r n ~ i i ~ ' m :''The whole m a ch in e j of rule in Egypt was directed to the

    sole purpose of wringing profit out of the ruled for the benefitof the rulers. There was no idea of governing for theadvantage of the governed, of raising people in the socialscale, of developing the moral or even the material resourcesof the country. It was an alien domination founded on forceand making little pretence of sympathy with the subject race."'mm-sta;r-q*m%w(mmm ~ 4 m ~ r n m ~ f ~ m c r ~ m ~ % ~ ~

    "rn'rnns,-**m, 4mmm

    "*Mmq3l.rr-&qqg'33-~6i~.m*mmmC?t~m,l"*

    - . i- '

    ).Robert Brifault, The Making of Humanity. p- 159.- -?.Arabs. conquest of Egypt and the last Thirty years of the Roman Dominion,p-42.

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    b W % a q ~ q r3 ~ ' Q R - c cmm-%i%s~ l m 5 t t * r ~ ~ ~ m e ~ l ~ s mm m m m e ~ m l B ~ + m m . m s m r n e~ w q - t % ; i e m e f m ~ m m r & - m w ~lfqliftmW rn~c6 1 **mm ' i?m :"-;l'3rn'3%)-43vJM%Tqkm 91qIq q q *-a i s t c r i w T N ~ R i3 97q-m c I mm(mclC94m*a as-*, e alrr G*v= a~ m t + b w q m q l ~ ~ m ~ - ~ q q- qagm*mm'mmrTCJ(w4?'\43e~qmFFFfl 4TPne W'J ~ q ,W 4VT9TfW.l'.M s r~mm,ihl q. ges , >uq 7. I o.sea , *,, q. s. s e ~kq q.~ ~ m ~ 4 w ~ ~ m ~ ? : m , ~ w . n - ~ ~ % l s s n i ; , s r ma . m m m ~ c F n ~ j m m r s ~ m l ~ & c m j . m ; 4 ~ p ~ r n , mf l ~ - ~ m ~ ~ ; n ~ o l m * ~ ; n l ~ ~ c ~ i ~c * - w w i 6 % w m ? m m ~ m ~ q w M % m , m ~ ms r ~ m a n . r ~ ~ ~ r ~ i a ; n ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ / ~ ~ m ( ~ . M a m r m ~ ,7 . )

    "When a social structu re visibly threatens to- topple down,ruler's try to prevent it from falling by preventing it frommdving. The whole Roman society was fixed in a system ofcastes; no one was to change his avocation, the son mustcontinue in t he calling of his father."

    >. EGlFI $?TIT,~urf%@i-43M , 10-09 . I*. The ~aki11 gof Humanity.

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    "-Tt) ullYTLY4RTwm (TmFmw m *a,mm% 3 - F a - r e m ~ * ' g t ) m T ? s t ~T=Tmf;jCBqmfkTfQ3wlm*m ~ %m 4 M m f l m 4%wT-m3m'm-m m m *, 4 T i k dm-m ~ ~ W W ~ ~ - T ~ T R W U T ~ ~ ~ WWIm q q q w~ m e ~ q r n @ ~ * % , m t q 4 ~ q v ~ m 1~ ~ ~ f g r n ~ ' ~ t ~ s ~ ~ - b i l ~ e @ c r n v ~4 * * % 4 m m 4 - 6 t q m & 3 m m- 6 t m p m 1 4 % q m m & ; m , m m * ,~ r n v f m l m h f j ~ * m ~ , ~ * 3~ ' ! ~ ~ * m * , m m m M * *~ I W @ ~ W ~ T + T R ~ , ~ ~ ! M ~ ~ R C W &m ~ , ~ m m , W @ i ~ e ~ ~ ( g t ) - m ~ 1 ~ 9q 9 t w m l m m a j w ~ ~ 4 7 p m ~rn m , f 3 q m % e m q 9 t * l m v m k m ~ l>.Vt"pX m,q. 'sol

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    "45-t 3mi-m =llzFlcnpmj * Q +m-ivm m* m T"\m - * m m o l m I m mT I ~ ~ R I % @ * ~ G Q ~~ 4 a m m ~ ~ * v ~ , m w ~ * s* lBmme 33 %FTi-cm$phi ypi3 y y t f % %mf & f + r p m b h ~ c w ~ % e ~ - W m m3 p q ~ i a * m & m m q ~ - m * m ? t~ . m l ~ m 4 m m ~ % . r t m , 4 W 4 T *~ M ~ ~ ~ , m ~f B a M ~ m w l ~ m ~ . r c* m ~ m * ~ % m m 1 4 % tYIYY&-R ~ T N, TIR aWWT qao,w~ s m a r ~ ~ ~ , 4 ~ m ~

    ~ w " \ ' I s ~ ~ & ~ ; Tm a m % a ~ * w a m m a * - * 9 tm.maShmmc?ao,'crmmfhw~mVfZi4q~ ~ w * r n w ~ ~ " l J T X 4 3 0~ ~ m ~ ~ m m ~ ~rnm ">. slam At the Cross Roads, by Mohammad Asad, fomerly Leopold Weiss, p.26-29.

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    ? p l - c . r a m m a f * f * m * * ~ % -~ m m m r - * m + m m a m ~ aph wm m m m mP f l q qzrm By-43 R w~ 0 3 ~ ~ m ~ n ; m j J l a - r * q e m m *M 43: ~ T WM TEKW, 43 U~ ~ L Y ~P I C I ~mm~ 4 1 1 W m m % * l m * ~ , w Y ~ ma ~ ~ m - ~ ~ @ ~ ~ mm - I m-15@?% (Robert Brifault)$3 The Making of HumanityWm:

    "For Although, there is no t a single aspe ct of Europeangrowth in which the decisive influence of Islamic civilization isnot traceable nowhere is it so clear and momentous a s in thegeaesis of that power which constitutes the permanentdistinctive force of the modern world and the supreme sourceof it s victory-natural science and scientific spirit ."

    "Science is the most momentous contribution of ArabCivilization to the modern world ... t was not science onlywhich brought Europe back to life. Other and manifoldinfluences from the civilization of Islam communicated its firstglow to European life."

    >.The Making of Hum'Snity. P. 190.q. The Making of Humanity,P. 202.

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    7Fm.r- mm 1 P o* P O , ,.. L ,.-d,,.&dl&3-4m~y L * o r o $ - ! ,'2- v.9499

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    W l ? ~ ~ T ? W 1 4 ~ ~ % 7 ~ ~ % 7 7 S m s f i c s m*zpm-fzr e m m m m T t m 4 T " \ m * mFjfEt I -E$W~v?lT%3@ikT3 FFRl3: That the decline

    of Islam began when people stared to lose faith in the sincerity of itsrepresentatives.~ Q f t ?34 ?Wa W QFW G l f h Wj?~ ~ m - m ~ ~ r n , ~ ~ ~ - c r n ~ 1m T t m m ~ & m q * l .. -1 _m m m m m

    m ? W g t . r * * m e ~ q ~ * m c l W m(Metaphysics) W W (Theology) f$73 lTIi7Xtq CW Pi?mca$&$ (Natural Science) T&W W q w - m~ ~ ~ m , ~ * 4 ? & ~ \ 3 ~ ~ ~ ~

    ( ~ y t h o l o ~ y ) h@ ;Tt TIT?WT/ ?VXVJFI m gw ~ ~ e ~ ~ 4 * ~ c mc r n ~ l T 3 t ~ ~ * S m * ~e-~ W ~ T ~ ~ ~ G ~ R J G Q ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ M ~ewm SC ~ Y ~ C ~ L Y ~ CQ )% T@&~ Q W C W ? J J F W ~ ~ ; ~ ~ ~ T " \ ~ B W T W ~ ~T t a e f s , ~ ~ ~ q * m e \ ~ ? * & m e m w m~ * m * m ~ e ~ c l 4 ? o , ~ ~ ~ e~ ~ ' ~ ~ m ~ ~ ~ e m ~ ( ~ ~ * e . r t ~

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    "The crusaders penetrated like a wedge between the old wood and thenew and for a while seemed to cleave the trunk of Mohamadan Empire intosplinters."" q m - m 4- - c+ 9 rn qpTt~ ~ ~ ~ 3 1 ~ c ~ m@ v r m , m & v i i w i % p y ~ ~ 3 ~ m ~ @ p

    w w$mm "

    "So terrible, it is said, was the carnage which followed that the horsesof the Crusaders who rode up to the mosque of Omar were knee-deep in thestream of blood. Infants were seized by their feet and dashed against thewalls or whirled over the battlements, while the Jews were all burnt alive intheir synagogue."' ~ ~ f 3 d R P i m m % ~ m~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ m ,aw @ ) - 4 A m m cm@Q*mwi~qmf%6@im W ~ ~ , w ~ c i ~ r n ma% c m W y f 3 m +bi Rcvp1mtw1m 3 k ~~ ~ ~ m * ' 3 m ' ~ v * * m m w"%

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    f S i P 4 * ~ q ~ , f i ~ . s e w ~ m * ~ R~ m 4 T ~ * m d l m m * m % q-**m ~ ~ , r n m c m 4 m 4 T ~ m~ ~ m m \ 3 m ~ m * w l m m % ~ ~ t \ 3 ~*- '- m & m ((q. 6 8 ) R.) 4%*. * (q ashR.) I ~FERCW ~ e mq s mm 4 a t m p r y p v m - ( m W m ~ * ~~ 5 h ' f t * % ) % @ i % k W ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ l * * * * * , ~ w m q - w , ~m m , m,+m Qm y mq 4 ' ~m I - h+l-t@-m+6% 3WTt-m qwmmmv-mfagr+im- w m l a ~ m ~ - ~ m *~ = @ T ~ ~ % T R T ~ T F R x T ~ @ R ~ ~ T ~ ~ % \ ~ ~w T J - ' ~ ~ W 9 1 ~ ~ \ 3 \ 3 w% 3 9 m ~ % 0 1 ~ 4 ~ ~ % ~ ~ s f ~q?t% mWwm f m ~ a m - - m 1

    "A Single Saracen was seen dragging some thirty Christians he hadtaken prisoners and tied together with ropes. The dead lay in heaps, likestones upon stones, whilst mutilated heads strewed the ground like aplentiful crop of melons,"u 4 - 4 ~ * m m m ~ f * m * ,

    U I G I ? R G ~ , O T W * ~ , * * ~ & Y ~ * I ~

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    "4 f% 4- mm14%m . a 5 ~ \ 3 ' 3 ~ S 1 .*-m, *-m3*-rn Tm mFPie l 3-mm-tBIZh m7.mm myV J g t q M f cFmmyqapTzrsrt;Jatmmor~,~**\3mcm~m~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ; ~ 1 - l 3 ' 3 ~ ~ 1 b~ - - ~ ~ ~ % E ~ ITF7-E* % rn'~-gtrn3% (33ziT-* qshwt~ ~ ~ ~ w c ~ w.=lTgtg Ttvl3em m 4 * m rn "*

    F * * 4 % m , m , q \ 3B * 3 * - m 3 w % - t w - m v T F R :

    "If the taking of Jerusalem were the only fact known about Saladin, itwere enough to prove him the most chivalrous and great-hearted conquerorof his own and perhaps of any age."

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    The Holy War was over; the five years' contest ended. Before the greatvictory at Hittin in July, 1187. not an inch of Palestine west of the Jordanwas in the Muslim's hands. After the peace of Ramla in September, 1192,the whole land was theirs except an arrow strip of coast from Tyre to Jaffa.Saladin had no cause to be ashamed of the treaty.

    "All the strength of Christendom concentrated in the third Crusade hadnot shaken Saladin's power. His soldiers may have murmured at their longmonths of hard and perilous service year after year, but they never refusedI

    I to come to his summons and lay down their lives in his cause............."

    Kurds, Turkmans, Arabs and Egyptians, they were all Moslem's and hisservants when he called. In spite of their differences of race, their nationaljealousies and tribal pride, he had kept them together as one host-notwithout difficulty and, twice or thrice, a critical waver.

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    9ilWQl dFT* Baron Carra de Vaux % RW Qq slamicThinkers-43 3 4W ?pJTiPXTT9736' fm aGim:

    "The victory of Mohammad, the Conqueror, was not a gift of fortune orthe result of the Eastern Empire having grown weak, The Sultan had beenpreparing for it for a long time. He had taken advantage of all the existingscientific knowledge. The connon had just been invented and he decided toequip himself with the biggest cannon in the world and for this he acquiredthe services of a Hungarian engineer who constructed a connon that couldfire a ball weighing 300 K.G's to a distance of one mile. It is said that thiscannon was pulled by 700 men and took two hours to be loaded,Muhammad marched upon Constantiople with 3,00,000 soldiers and astrong artillery. His fleet, which besieged the city from the sea, consisted of120 warships, By great ingenuity the Sultan resolved to send a part of hisfleet by land. He launched seventy ships into the sea from the direction ofQasim Pasha by carrying them over wooden boards upon which fat had beenapplied (to make them slippery.)

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    (Q) mi&&F qxm G m % =Tam** &rn~ e r n m ~ ~ m ~ ~ ~ q ~y c m S i r ~ ~ m W l ~ i r m m M ~ 3 nT i m 9 - 4 - q~w3car34m-1TFi 4+m ~ & m m~ ? , r ? f ; r a ' o m )I-W& t ? % ~ r n & ~ % m ~

    "If a World-Government ever came to be established, Constantinoplealone would be an ideal capital for it."~ ~ W R ~ ~ ~ I + I ~ ~ T T ~

    43irmmm*m3J3*wi

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    m ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ s t m a r ~ ~ ~ Q ~m m - ' s l p * < * B ~ ~ r n l @ % i i i ~ ~

    TR SY.,--~.,W' 4% Cn,=*&4*mmlrnm**&v'cinq w* ~ * %4 473731b=q,.ym-t fl~ ~ , ~ T r n ~ ~ ~ ~ m z r ~m q ? 4 m 1

    Brooks Adams The ivilization and Decay -;n5m5@WW )9QqTlFI~ ~ 9 m m . s t . , . r t n ~ m m e , ~ ~ m ~ a w m c m w~ ~ ~ w ~ f m ~ ~ ~ ~ C a j r t ~ l C a j r t c ~ ~ ~ - ~ m~ 4 f Z i * ~ s l . * ; n n r n l m M ~ & % R f i * *" i % ~ . m ; ~ i ~ ~ l ~ , ~ ' ~ Q ! ' W ~ ~ ' 4 * 9 ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ * @ c m m * - ~ m w m ~ e ) ~ jW I ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r n r n - s m 5 ~ m r n r n ~ ~ m ~ * ~R ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r n ~ ~ q m ~3m~ ~ * ~ IsmS?f3wrzr*mg"England's industrial supremacy owes its origin to the vast hoards of Bengaland the Karnatik being m ade available for her use ...Before Plassey was faught andown and before th e ebb. "(Prosperous India;A Revolution ,p. 30). tream of treasurebegan to flow to England, the industries of our country were at a very low ebb."(Prosperous India: A Revolution, p. 30)" m ~ T m q m v m s l ~ ~ ~ q " g c i m m s l. n w p W m ~ f i~ ~ c ~ ~ M ~ & % ~ ' ~ T A R I ~ ~ ~ ~ , % T c Q ~ % R s Tmm c w s m 4 " ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ $ % 5 3 f 4 9 p f i s l m ~ m ~mwi3tWFIR)

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    This country (Syria) is so backward in the matter of industry that ifyour watch goes wrong here, you will have to go to a foreigner to get itmended.

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    w m m s t s - ' r n m m ~ ~ w ~ - m q ~m , m - m e w m m m , m q T m ~ ~m ~ ~ ~ 1 4 ~ % ~ r ne ~ W m ~ w ~ a p m mm m m l m ~ m ' i l - ~ * ~ w~ ~ c ~ m l ~ ~ c ~m w r n l q ~ * r n m * ( *6 Ten kinds of Predication) *\3%

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    qqy W* z@ w %-? STYb s i~oli~m3 @?mm * ~ " - ~ l w r n m ~ ~ . ~ m - \ s i i . t .

    dF[* C What is European Civilization?~ f i 6 ~ m 9 * w ~- 3XW8' ~ ~ ~ m ~ ~ 3 T t

    - I ~ - W T T W ' Y ~ ' ~ ~ J ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ , * w * w ~ ~ 1 * 4 m w '6333 G i ? J l v q W% 1 &&$ eel Physical Education) at*a t r r1 , c w ~ , ? p ~ ~ % ~ ~ ~f;"Ff;tutm1,*,*,fi,mmwM,4*~ w ~ ~ m w ~ ~f+bm?wk ~ w ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~m 3 m m m x ~ $ ? I % m ? t * , * m mrn ?I%m m a% ")

    W ' ~ ? F ~ W ' * B \ ~ G E ; ~ * * $ ? ~ - I - [ ~ ~ %6*t 4?"\ m w $ e 4m 3SGV q.mqQwq3wn4?"\wm 3T l P P i - m TTwd I Historyof European M orals-4 3 Lecky W :he Greek spirit was essentially1. Halide Edib: The cohiict of East and West i n Turkey, p. 226-227.->a

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    rationalistic and eclectic, the Egyptian spirit was essentially mystical anddevotional. Wfl?@XW F4f4i; f?@se=@dhCW f$$m M I A p u l e i u s - 4 3 4%?$& -q The Egypt ian dei t ies were chiefly honoured bylamentations and the Gree k divinities by dances. sfla @a e q i t e a . m ~ * m f l ~ ~ ~

    The truth of that last part of this very significant remark appe ars inevery page of Greek history. No nation has a richer collection of games andfestivals growing out of its religious system; in none did a light, sportiveand often licentious fancy play more fearlessly aroun d, the popular cree d innone wa s religiouss terrorism1 more rare, Th e Divinity w as seldom lookedupon as hol ier than man, and a due observance of certain ri tes andceremonies was dem ed an ample tribute to pay to him..

    1. W.E.H. Lecw: History of Europ ean Morals, London 1869. Vol-1.-P.344-45.

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    91twmmm * 4mmnt ~ , 3 4- 4 m +Tt?J q- cemq ~ 4 w+lw- . c m g . p 1 4 i m m ~ & * ~ q r n u , -mm I 4 m * 4 m w R?p-m-q?Mlm~ t w a ,m-* q q ~ + m 4m\*,+lw w ye-%Ell'% CWXB YW l4fiirm ~ ~ F i c p l ~ QW~ ~ . c 9 f m l m f ~ M 4 ~ 4 m y ~f 3 y m v l t w ~ m l 4 3 R * ~ 4 *Y-wm,a@ 3T-RTfh7a-mw qw'e m7 t w nm 43 wvmfsi v?, m Y3$ 4% *-Bmcl mW - T ~;rz;t-.rmm a@- iflsntm qtihmq-wlm ~ 3 4- p a mm fk3Xqymm * s v , ~ a * c l ~ S t f + p - m - m - m w ~W ~ ; m I~ ~ ~ 4 w ~ m - m C T t m - - Q t ( $ 4(City-state) &$ p ed$ 'QtiSI .qjwmwm ' y q &* ~ ' 1 t l ~ m w 3 p q 4 m . r r F m n m l 4 3 * m ~% % ~ m a r s n a m m q - t 5 h m c ~?lFwll% i ~ m - r n q cgqm lea m

    Wc??, 9%;trn mym c4 a*m - r n m - m M l m m m m 4 7 " \TAT,XG f h W Anaxagorias G9 ' -* -mm ?S ~~ u .m t~ u . m t a m ; ~ ~ w ~ ~ W m mE~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r m m w - c m4 & % m System of Ethics BQplf W Y - ~ i e - 4 3

    I W G P & I ~ % ~ Mh i + F m & w \ t l ~ m * m m ~ ~ w ~m ~ ~ ~ ~ r n sm ~ ( ~ 4 ~ m m m ~ ~ ~ *~ 4 m w ~ o t ~ 4 1 m 4 a w ~ - ~ 'm M m m FiRvRmw 4w.mmR* WY43m 4 ~ * ~ m , ~ * ~ m a z n z

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    mm~ * ~ ~ w 4 % ~ , ~ ~ m a= p + m m , - w w m . s * m m

    ~ ~ c m l ~ m - m w ~ , ~ * a m , ~ w% ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C ~ ~ I ~ ~~ ~ a 4 ~ l f i i i m % ~ M ,w R m t M~ w ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~? * a E a v 3 m g z r n w * l 4 m m m* * % & , v a m f a w . s m a w E a v 3m c a ; ~ r n ~ a t ~ ~ d c l r n a m - r n c ~ t ~ ' ~ i m ~ ~m:

    "It is also evident that the Greeks having had for several centuries asplendid l iterature, at a t ime when the Romans had none, and when theLatin language was still too crude for li terary purposes, the period in whichthe Romans first emerged from a purely military condition would bringwith it an ascendancy of G reek ideas. Fabius Pictor and Cinc ius Alimentus,the earliestinative historians, both wrote in Greek ........: :ABe'fYhe conquestof Greece, the pol i t ical ascendency of the Romans and the intel lectualascendancy of Greece were alike universal. The conquered people, whosepatriotic feelings had been greatly enfeebled by the influences I havenoticed, acquiesced readily in their new cond ition, and notwithstanding thevehement exertions of the conservative party, Greek manners, sentiments,and ideas soon penetrate all classes and moulded all forms of Roman life."

    " ~ ~ T W ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ W ~ I W X F W ~ T ~ T ~ ~~ b ~ ~ l ~ ~ T R f h g ~ ~ W ? $ T ~ T i T i ~~ ~ g t t b a ~ % " T t , w " \ m * m ' ~ ah m - r n m m q w m M l m - m mCQIY9GYQ q? ?W3FJ e'6 4% m, 8hm - $ i t ?@ 3-i miyB qx m 4 a m - m 4mZTtf l -mm m 4* m wvm Wm WRYashT%wCawW R m&mm3. pW i 3 R m q t 4 11. History of European h ora ls, London 1809, Vol. p. 243

    TN 4m?? m -m yJ m-mCIm m qm3h ~ 7 % at@ q,mt 8~w - m a M-cm-tEIITTCW a vzgm ~3 qat mm fiil;5t-%+m~a v ~ a f 3~ 1 ~ ~ a C 3 l W T t ~ 9 1 f ; 6 9 1 q l % a m r nm%M4w f s%GQ f i i l Qm . r t l h * f ; r *h m ' q l v w m ~ ~ f & ~ ~ f Q B C Q Q~ ~ ~ f & l ~ ~ ~ - T t ~- a m m l m - m ' s m ~ ' q a a *~ , ~ a ~ * i J l f ~ M l r n * - ~ wm t - ~ & f % m m ~ ~ ~ ~ f & . r t 1m-cw =llf+fT EIITTCW a v a w 4% iJlfrjqia* & m V W a ~ * c m m lCmT +mt7CW m m,m m w e* - M ~ ~ M ~ ~ Iaf % q % ; 3 t 1 m m w M ~ ~ , m q 4 d m ~ f

    m * f & 4 B m , ~ ~ ~ w G V r n 0 t ~m m m G V r n c l ~ ~ m h m & h &~ ~ ~ ~ r n ~ mm , m ~ w * m m m ~ ' & lm m y f m ~ a q ~ r m ~ % m &m , m m m m m ~ & , m f s % &B'2h FliXT W V Q q@33 T'R I' Pi% T- (August ine) q 1r n T ' R m y 4 ~ - S r n m * ~ ~ m m~h c l m m m % 4 * Wmm f r n (a"m z l - W m ~ ? * m r n mV, mmmw1. Lecky: History of Euro pean Morals. London 1869.1. vol. P. 1782. Lecky: History of Euro pean Morals, p. 179.

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    The Roman religion was purely selfish. It was simply a method ofobtaining prosperity, averting calamity and reading the future. AncientRome prooduced many heroes but no saints. Its self-sacrifice was patriotic,not religious. Its religion was neither an independent teacher nor a source ofinspiration. ...-.--"at~ ~ ~ B - e r n ~ ~fl~m q N w

    WT m, 433x3 ~ ' r n r n r n ,s4-* e fQ*-*mm. c ~ ~ g ~ i m m 4 ? O \ ~ ~ ' m m 1 ~ 4 *

    d W m t % m , m ~ ~ ~ m ~ ~ ~ , ~ m %'4tw p4-I 4 w e \ S i ; a f h T w T * I 4m=-Nm-52 er n ~ ~ & - @ e f l e a m a e & m e c m m%I,% T-cPKW emti3 I \3Vm dTtw Tl, TlCmmsT7 I " ~ 1

    ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ g 4 * v r n m m m w , m r nW @ R W , * ~ ' ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ & W B I Ar n ~ ~ 9 t r n G n f T r n j ~ ~ c ~ c ~ 1 ~ ~ &Wm Tk$lTt WTR Islam at the Crossroad (7:- q 4~ ) s ~ r s m j ~ ~ 8

    "....... the underlying idea of the Roman Empire was the conquest ofpower and the explo'tation of other nations for the benefit of the mother

    country alone. To promote better living for a previleged group, no violencewas for the Romans too bad, no injustice too base. The famous 'RomanJustice' was justice for the Romans alone. It is clear that such an attitude waspossible only on the basis of an entirely materialistic conception of life andcivilization-a materialism certainly refined by an intellectual taste, butnone the less foreign to all spiritual values. The Romans never in realityknew religion. Their traditional gods were a pale imitation of the Greekmythology, colourless ghosts silently accepted for the benefit of socialconvention. In no way were the gods allowed to interfere with real life.They had to give oracle through the medium of their priests if they wereasked; but they were never supposed to confer moral laws upon men."

    1 . Muhammad AsSd: Islam at the Crossroad,P. 38-39

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    s l ~ * - q m c c l a ~ r n m \ 3 m ~ ~ : m ym-m3m ym3q 4TYm - r n w 47Fm 4mmm69,C ? I ~ T W I ~ X M ~ ~ c ~ ~ T Y & * ~ w ~f i m m ~ m ~ a m m ~ ,-m mcm 4 ~ ~ 7 t q hmv q w + t q p m y m w ?@= tW 1 G. Qm History of the conflict between

    Religion and Science ZfQ 4T OJ 4- a q"When the Empire in a military and political sense had reached its

    culmination, in a religious and social aspect it had attained its height ofimmorality. It had become thoroughly epicurean; its maxim was that lifeshould be made a feast, that virtue is only the seasoning of pleasure, andtemperance the means of prolonging it. Dining-rooms glittering with goldand incrusted with gems, slaves and superb apparel, the fascinations offeminine society where all the women were dissolute, magnificent baths,theatres, gladiators-such were the objects of Roman desire. Theconquerors of the world had discovered that the only thing worthworshipping is Force. By it all things might be secured, all that tool andtrade had laboriously obtained. The confiscation of goods and lands,taxation of provinces, were the reward of successful warfare; and theemperor was a symbol of Force. There was a social splen+u_>ytit was thephosphorescent corruption of the Ancient Mediterranean world."

    1 . Draper, History of the Conflict between Religion and Science p.31-32.

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    "Place, power, profit-these were in view of whoever now joined theconquering sect. Crowds of worldly persons, who cared nothing about itsreligious ideas, became its warmest supporters. Pagans at heart, theirinfluence was soon manifested in the paganization of Christianity thatforhwith ensued. The Emperor, no better than they, did nothing to checktheir proceedings. But he did not personally conform to the ceremonialrequirements of the Church until the close of his evil life,A. D. 337."1

    "Though the Christian party had proved itself sufficiently strong to givea master to the Empire, it was never sufficiently strong to destroy itsantagonist, paganism. The issue of struggle between them was anamalgamation of the principles of both. In this, Christianity differed fromMohammedanism which absolutely annihilated its antagonist and spread itsown doctrines without adulteration."2

    "To the Emperor-a 'mere worldling-a man without any religiousconvictions, doubtless it appeared best for himself, best for the Empire, andbest for the contending parties, Christian and pagan, tapromgte their unionor amalgamation as much as possible. Even sincere Christians do not seemto have been averse to this; perhaps they believed that the new doctrinqswould diffuse most thoroughly by incorporating in themselves ideasborrowed from the old, that Truth would assert herself in the end and theimpurity be cast off."3

    1. J. W. Draper. History of the Confilict between Religion andScience, 1927,p-34-35.Q.SM,B,7, 8 0 .a.WF, 80-85 I

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    ~ ~ m w ~ m - j m * m q l m 9 i 1 $ ~ *~ q q c m i - f ~ 7 m a b t f m ~ m ~m % m- m 4 4 ; R i m r - m 4 m m . o -~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m @ w m r l a ~ r n ~ l f m ~~ w g ~ = i a s ~ s G I T 1 4 ~ m t a a t * m ~ i m w ~.mq VFJm q@m qwm q'l( q*--m"1w f S mmq - i -m -mqw -5W-m4% w,m-q4m-x* WGmv cmr n w M 1 ~ M 4 m , C ~ m ~ m q ~ msmq am w a m -QFTiP-m9 m mmd%-m-t% 3 s %%mm, : 4 ' ~ n rt?q f ~ T y m ~ m , ~ i r m m ~ - 9 4 ~ c i 1 m ~ *q:q q ~ % + i m m ~ % m r n ~ s a t ~ M q ~ ~ ~w ~mmmim TYQG-IR wmm 3 a i c c i - tm I m-8% istory of European Morals 43 @ 4- 4m8

    66q-qqzqq%%-?- a3 my -m-w QP mm IQ IWYQQ I CQ Q. . ~ ~ ~ m q - ~ , ~ c ~ m wr j ~ q ~ ~ ,y-fwrn-mmmmm~l-?*mr n m s Y r n F r e m q ~ q ~ m * , w " \m = i q m m . m c n ~ w ~ W ~ ~ : ~ R i % t i n . ~ - T $ ~ ~m y z & ' i + p r r n T i . i e . ~ i c r m m ? r ~ ~ ~ q ~ & ~ %-m, qm e ~ : m mw 94irmm t fa~ ~ i , ~ a ~ T m 5 . m ; l l ~ 4 w m ( r * mf * r n f q m 7 q r n ~ ~ w ~ ( m f @ q , i m : 4 3 mc m m c ~ q ~ w f ~ l ~ a n ~ ~q m m3-m cm rn3w TI-, R q 43ma3w - m a* m %mf5?i GI,mqb ~ 9 ~ ~ 4mc m a qq-qqqfrpw (lim ~ q ,m,a*lwfqW~ v c ; m q - t m f + i m m f + m m ~ s r a f % ; n ~ ; j m * ~ ~ - ~ ,m - p i ~ ,wt, a Rdkwtw 4 3 M q 43mq x p sar QW fkJqT$&W~w d C S ~ ~ WJ@f+i I"'--

    1. Lecky, History of hurop ean M orals, vol. 2. p. 1 62-3 . 1. Draper, History of the-Canftict between Religion and Science. P.

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    "Had not the sovereign pontiffs been so completely occupied withmaintaining their emoluments and temporalities in Italy, they might havemade the whole continent advance like one man. Their officials could passwi thou t d i f f i cu l ty in to eve ry na t ion , and communica te w i thou t

    embarrassment with each other, from Ireland to Bohemia, from Italy toScotland. The possession of a common tongue gave them the administrationof international affairs with intelligent allies everywhere, speaking the samelanguage." 1"w'm vmm=@m% sm cv7 'QfzT f?Ewm T W - M

    ~ 9 1 ~ 4 ~ ~ 9 % ~ i f~ ~ m , m 9 ~ S x f i a t e ~ ~ ~~ 9 * ~ ~ m m , q f ~ f b s mm 4 w ~ m v m m ~ ~W i a q ~ i a cw w"\ CW 3 ~ ~SITE6~ ~ ~ ~ x r l . r - a zm m ~ k ~ m c c i ~ e ~ ma c s r 9 ? o \ m & m 9 w g a ~ , ~ ' e m v a J t m3 ~ ~ ~ ~ s ~ ; ~ g a m % e ~w 4% 3JtrnCI W Q mm qmiFrn dY414WV q v I"

    l%qf& vf e * E 7 f f k M Q m M 9 % ,fMrn4 m * ~ 9 1 m m l m 9 m ~ * wm-4f+i-E3 rn TM 9% p - t s t mm* lsm,y @ e % ~ r . , m m @ % q x ~ ~ m ~ m w j m t~ ~ ' m m - W ~ ~ y c ? t . t 'r n 9%?o\mFwl@Rw*' e QcI TWm4m 3 &,9 m \3 f* ~T-R 9Fm c T T T t r n ~ * ~ g n ~ 4 - ~ " , 3 . r~ r n r n p m j ~ ~ ~ ~a m Q - I f + + & t 3 u T mCcl9CYQd9my Cm d mm m m w & W m m T f 3 ~ 9 m s r t l Q - I ~p ; ; ~ tm ( r l a o \ ~ m m - + m t % d ~ w s ~ mm - ~ m q q 4 ? o , m e m e m mm . n Q - I * m * ~ r n l 4 a w ~ , ~ % 4 Fm c w ~ m * m m e m s t -9 ' a " \ ' Y lW* d S8eo fm-m 9-1. Draper, op, cit., p. 234-35.

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    h B ? F V S , CW CTh~mi ' Y ?@? q, hristianTopography 4% 0[mWIT T3FF C W l %'SFllW%lW. r t ~ m l ~ m w m ~*rn*m1Vf w +am w T~w-Tf* cw >b-osr$m * ~ m w - n a T 1 4 m s n v o ?- m ~ m * m v l m * m 4 g a ~a vR m +=t%-qm&w *wham-tvM,4%$%l

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    m 9 6 M ~ ~ \ 3 ~ ~ & 4 * - * w ~ r n * r n " l Wm ~ f + 7 T i , m T i 4 w w - m m , m * V f~ ' q m m q m m m q * Jqa.,q*wFmim 4%v!j-T,vE 4?Y as' e q f q R m s m 4 mm+h~ . * ~ c m * % ~ g ~ e ' c 7 1 4~ w ~ ~ % T c ~ ~ ' ~ ~ % , $ ?m m w 3 M m m m \ j l ~ t ~ * ~ , *wycnhQmmf - ~m4q~ - c y i f " lgnrm c?f@Qm% n W asarm sqm--vfFprt3 w 9 T -mWRt *btfrnrn*l

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    (Energy) '3 %Im m m?M;Iw m 4 ? " \ m % 4 W m q ~ a * m ma w , m q *,am -*93* m**~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~GQOmm-*m*w;JtlW I M ~ ~ T I Wigiw WTRR & % Gi% h ~ ~

    * m a c m t * ~ m . n & l T ivwRt**afiyq,f$mt S t q v m ) ~ f h t ~ a ~ c o l i b f i @ 9 f q ~q4+mm, a ~ ~ q ~ r n a q - a- w l h -mwq~ ~ m ; J t m ~ m ~ m m - * m a = ua g p q t c m i k b q q y m T I W % % T ~% mj3-tm ~ c i 3 ~ m 9 3 m m ~ a ~ w?rt ~WWT , T P T3 ,mm~w~ ' s f s ~6mm? rqw& ? R* -rn ~ - T , *% 49-Qr ni3mm i q q ~ ~ i w tPW I~ ~ & s u r ~ r n . m m m * * q *- . r a q * 8 m 4 ~ y ~ ~ ' a ~ ~ m -m a w bm r n ~ m l ~ @ q m c m m = ~ am p a a * w R 4 a p f * m * ~ ~ ~ a *M, clvmtm ~ ~ w ~ R l b @ w a ~ r n & a M f,m - a m q m a m w m m f l w w 4 % Wm ~ ~ m ~ , m m m ~ ~ ~say cv-imTI'[email protected] a hfh l s iww i s l W CW T Wm 1 r ~ ~ - . 1 ~ * 4 ~ ~ M m , ~ a( ~ ) ~ s l ~ ~ ~ lJ N ~ C % ~ ~ , ~ B ~ Sre % 4% c m a M k y * a cm*~ w a 7 3 ~ - a q m~ 4 g c * ~ g m m m a m ~ . a 3 n 4 T R ~

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    @1$5FW?tmm w q m t , ~ y p t c g m v i r r m e m h M m 6~ i$f ~ ? , m t mqw ~ -QO\TWJ~WNMIm ~@$ T jCFF ' t c?3TFjTjl .Wf% I Is lam at the Crossroad-43 di7-

    VAT8"No doubt, there are still many individuals in the West who feel and

    think in a religious way and make the most desperate efforts to reconciletheir beliefs with the spirit of their civilization, but they are exceptions only.The average O ccidental-be he a Democrat or a Fascist, a Capitalist or aBolshevik, a manual worker or an intellectual-knows only one positive'religion', and that is the worship of material progress, the belief that there isno other goal in life than to make life continually easier or, as the currentexpression goes, 'independent of nature'. The temples of this ':cligionl arethe gigantic factories , c inemas, chemical laboratories , dancing halls .

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    hydro-electric works; and its priests are bankers, engineers, film-stars,captains of industry, finance magnates. The unavoidable result of thiscraving after power and pleasure in the creation of hostile groups armed tothe teeth and determined to destroy one another whenever and wherevertheir respective interests come to a clash. And on the cultural side theresult is the question of practical utility alone, and whose highest criterionof good and evil is the material success." 1

    ~ % G F [ * - \ ~ W W ~' ' . r F ' s s n ~ ~ ~ W W K ~ - ~ @ % F i 3 ~+ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ m mG;J5 I-m m m \ 3 m m v p i m q ; ~ t"?16.1 T Im'%'63m Professor

    C.E.M. Joad 6i3 Guide to Modern WickedneW T%vd%Gmt?hwfmmg1. Islam at the Crossroads. 5th edition. 55-56.

    ' W t l % ~ ~ @ w ~ ~ c r l ~m f B c P t a ~ m v , ~ * o , m x a ~ m mr n ~ B f r n ?n M 4 ? ~ $ @ ? r t & i m . F i . r 4a0,m-t~ r ~ f ~ ~ ~ m 1 ~ 9 ~ ~ , ~m m @ t * m ~ w i , m c m t @ f 2 2 &f86Qt~l1mOTtf@dmmmmm;Jt~43m g - i - k r n ~ m m ~ e ~ ~ "4 ~ q o F i ~ c m Y m ~ ~ , ~~ ~ mw 4 A m - ~ m m c m f w m l *e %f%% FGITi tm,9 TJJ JT"\m -m C an on B a r r y - 4 343q mm 3mB 4 v m ,4T m* *mPO e qf%* ~ * @ M ~ I ~ W * ~ $ * O% R ~ ~ @ i h @ l ~ % ,$RTQ 4 $ % W i @ P~ 1 r 3 ~ ~ w C r J , m m ~ ~ m r n 1pwmq1 m m e v * * a n k , f 2 *f M ~ r n q M - m ~ 4 m 1 4 ? S ; R ; m? ' & F R ~ ~ C ? ~ P ~ ~ A ~ ~ ~ % T

    4 @iM Philosophy of Our TimesW 4T m,"w@h%Mns.\rn~wwtm-m r n6 f +m% - r f " ~ ~ ~ r n m m ' 4 W ~ w r n 1 w

    a 3 v m * * m m m m m ' m e m ' m e %1, Guide to Modem Wickedness, p- 114-15,

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    L ~ W ~ - % m ~ m - b h l m , ~ ~ m ~ ~7 $ 1 m , m m r n & ~ m ~ * l m%-- 4- w - v - rn % R3-m m,~ * ~ ~ ~ * * . h m l m m ? n r n l ~ 4 ~w m m c z i @ m cs, q a m m e ~ ~ ' 6 3 3 ? ~ *q ~ & & " n ~ ~ m f h % 8 % q f % % ~ ~ i y C ~ 1ag ~ $ ~ ~ ~ ~ m ~ ~ q ~ ~ m m ~ n~ 4 e q W m v 4 ~ 5 $ 1 W m ' Q t \ " 1 M ~**I 4 $ m * m , ~ 9 a m m m w wc m * m q * y ~ i a w - m w +mF% m mm* wf qFri, w 4 mmm*mmsi-wm m,w " \ ~ ' ~ T " ~ F ~ c Q

    'm"* ~ r n T t @ \ " I - % * & w m %m,W?i W ,W' W6Pi7 Theory of Economic determinism. 4%'rifis Ti m , 3 ; s r 4Gfw vl=qm* m M VwJt+%mR a m R6+%? 4% 4% -33Tq$ m Y rn w4J4q im7 e,m w a3 4%** s r m m ~ m ~ i : w a . m T t m m ~ ~ r* 4 t - m * * ~ 3 \ s t * * ~ m w %m q ",

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    S J ~ S S Q ~ ~ ~ %' ~ \ . m r r r 9 m 5 4 m W \ V w % ~ ~ m m~ m m m * f * m ~ 4 c r p ? r m l "

    -1. Philosophy for our ~ i m e s . p-338-40, ?.WP I

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    w @@, CTTt*,&&F w ~ ~ 4%y \ 3 q 1 1 7 ~ m g t " \ ~ , . m 0 , m o m , 4 ~ ~ 4 * ~ . S~ ~ . 9 1 ~ - 1 ~ t ~ % m w ' e * - * mc ~ i - v v t p ~ r n ~ ~ ~Tf%X Tt%Ti B Q ~W3f9FFC.E.M. Joad TiFIT o"

    " ~ ~ c ~ w ~ ~JPmT h TiWR'W *C5a TiTG? 4 (Origin of Species)~ m d ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ r n m -m m =mF7 fl- f+7, -* metm (W\?trnmetW T37 VX m),y@ C h i 3 3 f%?R (Amoeba)a E?% (Jelly fish)-qq a m Cm~ + s , ~ ~ + ~ ~ - I ~ ~ Y x*MI

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    UIQILYQ 3Mm* m WE?, ry3"l- mCrm m', w\m,& ~ f & k m & ~ ~ + m ~ h f % % a. r F s s r t c m m a v ~ ~ q % ~ m m ~ 1 f 2 ~ - q . z h~ ~ f % X d ~ u f ; i \ 3 o ~ ~ l - h W i ? i ' % 3 T ~ ~ ~ ~ 4 ' ~ " \m a v m . p q x R m , @ q q ~ q e ~igmv-3~ , W ~ ~ T F T R X I C ~ ~ ~ Wm n ' w w % V>.Guide o Modem Wickedness, p. 235-236.

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    "Europe once had the s ame kind of cultural and religious unity as Indiain the earlier days of Christianity. But when in the 15 th century the newlearning of the Renaissance and the new movement for religious reformknown as the Reformation began, because it had no constitutional unity,Europe fell into pieces and has since then remained divided into thosenational sovereign states whose strifes and wars are not only the ruin ofEurope itself, but the principal threat to the peace of the world ...."

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    "......... he decline in the authority of religion, the indispensable guideof man, the one source which can give more purpose and nobi l i ty andmeaning to life of man, explains, at least in part, why the Western Worldhas given its allegiance in the recent decades to new political gospels basedon race or class, or has pinned i t s fai th on a form of science whichadmittedly is almost wholly concerned with advance in the material plane,with making life more rather than less expensive and complicated. And itexplains, also in part, why Europe f inds it so difficult to attain to that unityin spirit and life which would enab le it to rise abov e the spirit of exclusiveand militant nationalism which is its principal bane today." 1

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    - ~ & 3 L ; O1 . Guide to Modem Wickedness, p. 150-5 1. .

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