Music Final Review

MUSIC FINAL REVIEW

© 2009 by Akon and Zeng. All rights reserved

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The 4 Properties of Sound- Pitch- Dynamics- Duration- Timbre

Music is an art based on the organization of sounds in timeThere is no sound without vibration

Pitch : You can know sound as it’s organized

Noise: Blurred lines. 440 vibrations per second for vocals.

1.Pitch(frequency of vibrations)-Overtone-Unique Voice Print

2. Timbre (color and quality)Oscilloscope gives you a picture of your voice.

3.Dynamic (how loud or soft)

4. Duration (length)

The elements of Music-Melody-Harmony-Texture-Dynamics-Timbre-Tempo(Speed)-Rhythm(Meter)-Form/Structure

Melody: Meaning full succession of pitches; series of single tones that add up to a recognizable whole phrase.

Cadence: Point where you take a breath after a line

Harmony: More than one pitch; usually supports melody

Texture: Weave of music; layers of music; melody/harmony

Overall: Dense; thick; heavy; thin; light

Monophonic: Melody aloneHomophonic: Melody and HarmonyPolyphonic: Multiple melodies at once (harmony created)Orchestra- Largest Musical Ensemble

Concerto- A work, extended long composition for orchestra (single instrument)

Harmony is usually supports melody by two or more pitches.

Rhythm is changed as piano plays harmony… called variation, when melody isn’t always the same

3 different movements.

Virtuoso: Someone who plays very well at what they do such as professional pianist.

Chord: When you have 3 or more pitches at the same time

Arpeggio: Broken chord

Major: Happy Harmony

Minor: Sad Harmony

Characteristics of HarmonyDissonance: Something in music that clashes

Consonance: Harmony that sounds well together-You always need dissonance and harmony to make music balanced

Characteristics of DynamicsDynamics: Volume in MusicPianissimo: Very Soft (pp)Piano: Soft (p)Mezzo Piano: Medium Soft (mp)Mezzo Forte: Medium Loud (mf)Forte: Loud (f)Fortissimo: Very Loud (ff)

(ppp…) pp-p-mp-mf-f-ff (fff….)Softest to Loudest

Crescendo: When your volume/ or volume in general gradually becomes louderDiminuendo/ Decrescendo: Becoming softer, lower

Characteristics of TimbreTimbre or Tone is the quality of sound

-Tool by which we identify different voices and instruments-Very subjective- differently interpreted and heard and described-Gloomy, dark, clear, bright, harsh, rough, delicate, full, wide, and narrow.The violin as an instrument is brighter.

The characteristics of TempoTempo: Basic speed of music (pace)Largo: Very slowAdagio: SlowAndante: “Walking Pace”Moderate: Allegretto- ModerateAllegro: FastVivace: LivelyPresto: Very fastPrestissimo: As fast as possible

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Metronome : Divides time into units per min/ equally gives beats- Remember, concertos always have 3 movements

Musical ErasMiddle Ages (400-1450)Renaissance (1400-1650)Baroque (1600-1750)Classical (1750-1825)Romantic (1825-1900)20th Century (1901-2000)Contemporary (2001- Continuing)

The names of pitches are:A, B, C, D, E, F, G

An octave is a span of 8 pitchesA B C D E F G A

Interval is A Pitch Blend

Tonic: A tonality, a minorScale: An arrangement of pitches within an octave-Major/minor scalesKeys sound different -Lighter/ Darker/ Exciting

What is beat?-Beat is steady, recurring pulse that divides music into equal units of time-Beat is a basic unit of time by which all notes are measured

What is Rhythm?

- Rhythm refers to a particular arrangement of sounds and silences in a piece of Music.- It’s an essential of a personality of a piece- We can recognize pieces based on rhythm only.

What’s Meter?Meter is the sub divisional grouping of beats

Grouping of 3- Triple Meter-l’’l’’l’’l’’l’’l’’l’’lGrouping of 2- Duple Meter-l’l’l’l’l’l’l’l

Waltz is always in Triple MeterMeter-Some beats are more stressed than othersStress has to come regularlyMeter refers to the pattern of strong and weak beats

Downbeat- Triple meter, Duple Meter, Mixed meter….

Johann Straus 2 (1825-1895) was an Austrian composer from the Romantic Era who was known for his waltzes “King of Waltz” and “King of ¾ or triple meter”

John Philip Sausa- (1854-1932); an American composer from Washington D.C. Known for

his marches- “Stars and Stripes forever” Sounds like something used on July 4th.- Also, strings are never used in a march.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The Instruments of the Orchestra-Strings-Woodwinds-Brass-Percussion-Keyboards (somewhat)

How the rows are arranged,3rd: Piano, Harps, French Horns, Trombones, Double Bass2nd: First Violins, Second Violins, Clarinets, Bassoons, Violas, Cellos1st: Flutes, Oboes

The conductor stands in front of them all.Instruments of the Orchestra

Strings: sound comes from vibration of a stringString Family

ViolinViolaCello (violoncello)Double BassHarpStrings Plucked47 strings, color coordinated-Seven pedals raise or lower the pitch of stringsGuitarDetails:-Timbre associated with the human voice-Played with a BOWLong String: low noteShorter String: higher noteUnstopped string: OPEN string-Fingers press on the string and make it shorter, raising the

pitch because frequency of vibration increases-The wooden body vibrates and acts as a resonatorMUTES dampen the vibrations and soften the soundPIZZICATO pluck the stringsVIBRATO light wavering of the toneCONCERTMASTER leader of the strings, first violinist

WoodwindsTones are produced by blowing across a reed, causing the air and reed

to vibrate-Covering the holes makes tube longer, lowering the pitch-Most made of metalNo reed: flute, piccolo, recorderSingle reed: clarinet, saxophoneDouble reed: oboes, bassoonsRecordersClarinets

-Made in several keys; B-flat most used-Range over 2 octaves; variety of tone colors-very “athletic”: can go from high to low note easily

Bass Clarinet: 2x as long, an octave lowerFlute

-played sidewaysPiccolo

A flute; smaller; higher pitch by an octave; “piccolo” means small in Italy

Oboe-Air is blown through and produces a nasal tone-gives orchestra an “A-440” to tune

English HornAn oboe-NOT a horn, NOT English-Alto oboe sounds lower

ContrabassoonA bassoon-16ft long, bent for convenience,-lowest instrument of the orchestra

Bassoon-8ft long, bent for convenience

Saxophone-Soprano, alto: female voice; tenor, baritone, base: male voice-Similar to clarinet, made of BRASS

Brass-Long ago, man blew into animal horns and produced pitches; beginning of brass

-Brass tubes are coiled and bent-Longer the tube, lower the pitch

-All (except trombone) have valves that are attached to extra tubing-All have a cup shaped mouthpiece-Tones produced by buzzing the lips/spitting into the mouthpiece

-Embouchure/ adjustment of the lips/face while playing can alter timbre

Trumpet-Smallest brass -> the highest pitch

French Horn-Mellow timbre-Often combines with woodwinds-Also called Horns

Trombone-Means big trumpet-Made of two brass tubes-No valves or key-Slide is moved by sliding the tubes in or out

Tuba-Largest Brass-16ft long

Percussion-All things you hit and strikePitched: produce pitches, plays melodiesUnpitched: use for rhythmPitched

Timpani (Kettle Drum)Played with malletssofter mallet-round timbreharder mallet-short timbre

XylophoneMarimbaGlockenspiel

Known as bellsMalletKeyboard arrangement30 Keys

CelestaLooks like small pianoinstead of strings, hits steel bars

ChimesHollow tubesproduces ringing tonestop of chimes is strucklonger tube, lower pitch

UnpitchedSnare Drum

Rattling sound due to netting; fast rhythmTom Toms

Two drumsTambourineCastanetTriangleCymbalsGongChinese BlockWood Block

(Keyboard)Piano (percussion)

Harpsichord (string; can’t change dynamics by how hard you strike the keys)ClavichordOrgan

Pipe Organ: forcing pressurized air through pipes smallest organs: few dozen pipeslargest: tens of thousandsKing of Instrumentsswell box: dynamics control

EnsemblesOrchestra: strings, woodwinds, brass, percussion-Band, marching band, stage band, and jazz band-Chorus, choir (soprano, alto, tener, and bass)-Chamber music- one player per part; no conductor; intimate music making-Duet, duo-Trio-Quartet-Quintet-Sextet-Septet-OctetHuman VoicesFemale,-Soprano

Coloratura Soprano-Alto/ Mezzo Soprano

-Contralto

Male,-Tenor-Counter Tenor-Baritone-Base-Basso Profundo

Coloratura: Fast passages, high notes, and extreme rangesContralto: Really low female voices, almost to the rate of men Basso profoundo: Profound bases, sing very low

Acapella: Voices just by itself

Strophic Form: RepeatingA(chorus) - cadence, ideas1B (solo)1A (chorus)1B(solo)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Aria: Solo song

Mariam Anderson-1690s, first African American women to step on stage and play an

opera

Exoticism: Glorification of a distant land

Falsetto-Falsetto: Males singing with “false” chords-Popular songs from the 1960’s-”Big Girls Don’t Cry” by Frankie Vallie and the 4 seasons-”In the Jungle” by the Tokens

Unison: All voices sing same pitch at same time

The difference between a chant and a song isA chant is spiritual and has different characteristics while a song is mainly for entertainment. Also, saying a song is strophic is mainly used for songs and not in chants.

Modal: An ancient scaleModal Music: No feeling (major/minor) music

Terraced Dynamics: Sudden changes in dynamics

Opera is stagedOratorio is not staged--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

BAROQUE ERA (1600-1750)

Political Situation- Monarchy-Kings had total control-Louis XIV of France -1638-1715- Lived at palace of Versailles

Doctrine of Affections - Word Painting

-Word painting - music mirrors text- Music has emotions

Doctrine of Affections - An entire piece or movement was built on a single affection

In Baroque era, people wasted money in luxuryMany left poor

Baroque is known for its grandeurOrdinary people worked a lot and were underprivileged

Improvision : Making music on the spot

Trill : A rapid movement between two close together pitches

Tremolo: A rapid movement between far away pitches

Grace Notes: Fast notes that come before the main notes (notes added to pitches)

Word Painting : When you musically paint the text

Examples: Star going up, pitches go higher. You get mad, dissonance.

For composers, had status of a head chef when employed by court. Paid well.

Rhythm: -Steady pulse gave music driving energy-Single rhythm was generally maintained in single composition- Strong beats for certain instruments

Operas: Grand musical productions with soloists, a chorus, and an orchestra. Emotion was made by expression and feeling.

Claudio Monteverdi Is the creator of operaOrfeo is the first operaOpera came in the beginning of BaroqueOpera includes- An orchestral Overture- Solo arias song- Recitatives (solo- speech like declamations)- Ensembles numbers (choruses)

Castrati : The rock stars of Baroque - If you were castrated, a child’s voice would stay high

Polyphony is the dominant compositional texture of the Baroque periodIt’s based on melodyWe call it the subject

Fugue: Height, most mature type of polyphony

Castrato: Male singers who were castrated during their childhood in order to preserve the soprano or alto register of his voice for the rest of his life

Farinelli ( Carlo Broschi) was one of the best castrato to ever live.

They have the agility, huge range, powerful, enormous, breath control, high range and purity of a child. Affective Value: Emotional Quality of the Piece

George Federic Handel- (1685-1759)- German- Traveled, area where he could learn opera- He went to Italy, Opera birthplace- Orfeo, 1607- Aristocrats -> Opera- Need to learn to speak Italian- Big shot, successful- Goes to England, met Royalty- Loved to travelHis family,

- Handel’s family was not musical, but Handel was talented and became a good clavier player

- Earned 1500 pounds yearly and while Bach earned 80 a year- Electoral court of Hanover- Germany-> Italy-> Germany-> England- Went to England, composed Italian Operas- Asked time off- Never came back

Bach- Stayed in Germany- Very expensive for Operas- Preferred Oratorios

More in depth- Born in Eisenach, Germany- Family craft – music (5th gen)- Studied Music with father- Became orphan at 9- Studied with his brother (organist, student of Johann Pachabel)- His 4 sons came to be the primary composers of the next generation- C.P.E Bach was his most famous son- J.S Bach was big Bach- At 22, married cousin, 7 children, 3 died. After wife died (13 yrs happily

wedded) Bach remarries Magdalena. They had 13 children, 7 died. Basically 10 out of his 20 children survived.

- HIS FIRST JOB- Germany was comprised of small independent city states. Each was

governed by a nobleman – prince, duke...- Each court had musicians and composers.- Bach was first employed by Duke of (idk my hand writing is really

messy on this, but it looks like Weimar)- Bach became angry and just left one day- Went to jail because of that- HE COMPOSED- Secular- Organ Music, harpsichord music, suites, chamber music, solo

and grosso concertos, sonatas- Sacred: 295 of Cantatas, Oratorios, Passions- At 38, until death (27 years) Bach was employed in the city of Leipzig,

at St. Thomas Church- Became blind at age of 64- John Taylor tried to fix Bach’s eyes, nothing worked- Suddenly, on July, 18,1750, his eyesight was restored- Then suffered stroke and died 10 days later

Antonio Vivaldi was the father of concerto,He wrote over 500!

His life,- Born in 1678 and died in 1741- Born In Venice- Son of violinist, became violin virtuoso

o Was ordained in the 20so Most of his life, was the music master in school for orphaned

girls (La Pieta)o Had a very famous “all girl” orchestra

Oratorio- English text- appealed to middle class who did not feel at home with

aristocratic entertainment of Opera in Italian- Cheaper than Opera- Concert vision of opera- not staged, no costumes, scenery...- Solos, chorus, Orchestra- Libretto : Sacred or serious subject- Handel wrote 25 oratorios and 40 operas

Ubiquitous: Being everywhere, constantly.

Polyphony was used to build tension

Pedal Point : Note that’s held long with harmonies changing.

Aria: Solo emotional expression; display of virtuosity, skills, coloratura, ornamentation, and improvisation.

Recitative: Sung speech, fluctuation of the text, the words are important, moves the plot.

Chorus: People commenting on the action

Basso Continuo: Section in music that goes on and keeps beat and harmony.

Beat: Contrasting sectionTernary Form : A,B,A format.

Sequence: Repeated musical idea starting on a different pitch

Polyphony comes in different forms

Round: 1 melody that occurs simultaneously in multiple voices at different times (row row row your boat)Canon: 2 melodies or more enter in every voice in the same chronological orderFugue: The most complex form of polyphony based on imitation - ‘subject can occur anywhere any time.

Ostinato: Repeated melodic or rhythmic figure; known as the ground bass when in the bass line.

Fugue is more like a texture

Toccata : Piece always for keyboard instrument, virtuosicSwell box : Like a shutter, differs dynamic

Subject: Main melodic idea repeated in different ways

Modulation: When you change a key in a piece of music.

Suite: Collection of dances-Entertaining music-Only for instruments- All dances in the same key center

Hornpipe: Peasant danceMinuet: Couple distance dance

Binary Form is most favorable texture.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Classical Era (1750-1825)

Contrast: When in a song, a note achieves emotion and dramaSudden loud and softSuite and Air

Keep in mind Antonio Vivaldi, he is the father of concertoHe wrote about 500 of themA concerto has a chorus and a solo aria

Born In Venice, Rich city stateSong of violinist, became violin virtuosoWas ordained in 20sMost of his life, he was the music master in the school for orphaned girls- La PietaHad a very famous “all girls” orchestra

Concerto: Multi movement work for an orchestra and a solo instrument. Has 3 movements.

Mvt 1- FastMvt 2- SlowMvt 3- Fast

Why such an arrangement?Movements are named by tempoOrchestra was called Tutti or Ripieno

Four Seasons: Vivaldi’s most famous group of concertosWritten in 1725Four seasons (Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter)Fast, slow, fastEach concerto is accompanied by a poem probably written by Vivaldi himselfThe music reflects text and has word painting

Program Music: Tells a story, paints a picture, a scene…Absolute Music: Is the opposite of Program Music, it tells no story

Concerto GrossoBig Concerto Instead of 1 soloists there are more than 1, called Concertino- solo group in concerto grosso

Argument between the tutti/ripieno and concertinoEnglish: Argument between the orchestra and soloists

6 concertos called the Brandenburg ConcertosFast, slow, fast movements

Vigorous Rhythm: Once it starts it keeps on going, driving pulse or beat

In general, these are the final characteristics of Baroque(1600-1725)

-Birth Of Opera-Basso Continuo-Clavier- Organ and Harpsichord-Orchestra- 20-30 mainly strings-Orchestra is non-standardized-Steady beat, vigorous Rhythm-Continuous expansion of melody-1 Main Melody in piece

-1 main emotion within piece- Tonality is major/minor- Picardy 3rd (changes from minor to major)- Terraced dynamics- Improvising- Ornamentation- Polyphonic texture emphasized- Fugue is King- Absolute music is emphasized- Contrast highlighted- Word Painting- Castrati

Now compared to Mozart’s 40 th Symphony -Homophonic-Terraced Dynamics-Cresando/Diminuendo-Frequent Cadences-Woodwinds-Modulation-Standardized Orchestra-No Improvisation-No more Basso Continuo-More than 1 theme, Usually 2 or 3- Generally happy/sad-1 major / 1 minor-Themes were contrasting

The Classical Style-Classical Style was sparer, more reserved, and more controlled-Called age of Enlightment-Symmetry, balance, restraint and proportion were hallmarks of Classical period architecture. Revived interest in Greek and Roman civilization.-Neo-classicists liked order, reason, and balance over drama + emotions- Tastes called for a return to reason, nature and morality in art.-The dominance rested on the instruments during the classical period

Sonata: Multi-movement work for one instrument, solo-Dominance of multi-movement instrument works(Concerto, sonata, string quartet, and symphony)1) Orchestra Solo2) Solo3) Four Strings4) Orchestra

Three major composers: Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. They worked in the 1st Viennese school.

Symphony: New instrumental genre.Multi-movement (4) composition for an orchestra1st movement: Fast; sonata-allegro form2nd movement: Slow; lyrical and ABA or Theme and Variations.3rd Movement: Moderate ; Minuet and Trio4th Movement: Fast; rondo or sonata-allegro

How are musical materials organized in a theme and variations form?

Theme (A)Variation (A1st)Variation (A2nd)Variation (A3rd)

-Symmetrical phrasing, same rhythm- different notes, balanced-Changes homophony to polyphony to monophony-Coda is the concluding section

Joseph Haydn-Peasant folk expired him-8, pleasant voice-Almost became Castrati-He worked for the castle of Prince Esterhazy, as a slave-He had a great salary and was free to write any type of music-Forced to be original-Wrote 105 symphonies and 83 string quartets and 24 operas and 5 oratorios and 15 masses and 62 piano sonatas…-Father of Symphony and String Quartet

Rondo Form-Main theme (A) returns after contrasting themes in browns: ABACADA

The Baroque Era is Ritornello

Rondo is more perfected type of Ritornello, same theme returns

Chamber Music- Octets, sextets, and etrcModulation

A-B-A-B-A-AB-A (coda)Solo-Solo

Purpose of Sonata Allegro Form-To show contrast between 2 different key centers and themes

ExpositionIntroduces Themes

DevelopmentDevelops themes

RecapitulationRestates main themes

CodaConclusion Part

Sonata allegro form is primary for the first and last movement

Exposition (Tonic is the main Theme)Theme 1 - TonicThe BridgeTheme 2 - New Key

Bridge is a modulation point Closing Section

Development (Explores Theme 1 and 2)Changes in,DynamicsRhythmTextureModulation

Recapitulation (tonic key)Theme 1 (tonic)BridgeTheme 2 (tonic)Closing

Coda

Conclusion

A motif is a incomplete musical ideaA melody is a complete musical idea

Beethoven’s 5th symphony is one of the most famous motif’s ever written

Cadenza is a solo, virtuosic passage

Mozart was the first composer to introduce clarinets into an orchestra

The life of Mozart,Born in Salzburg, AustriaLived from (1756-1791)Mozart’s father was Leopald MozartHad a sister, Nannerl, whom was 5 years older

When Mozart was 4, he played keyboard and concertoAt 5, he began composingAt 8, Wrote a SymphonyAt 11, An opera

He was a prodigyFirst employed at archbishop, he became “slave” status and he got fired soonAt 25, he was freelanceMet Haydn in Vienna (Musical Capital of the World) and told him that he’s the greatest composer to live ( Haydn told Mozart this)

Antonio SalieriHigh rankMusical Director of Operas

Emperor Joseph the 2nd

-Mozart mastered all classical forms-Ideas sprang from his head-Finished compositions in his mind-Had elegant, tuneful melodies-Had emotion (pieces)-Had a natural ease to make music

A requiem is a mass for the dead

Mozart’s librettist is Lorenza da Ponte(This is probably going to be on the written part of the test)

Mozart’s changes in Opera-Plot- Gods, Goddesses, Kings, and Queens-Serious stories

- Italian Libretto-Best roles went to sopranos, male or female-Ordinary People

Requiem in D-Minor, K. 626 (1791)A sacred work, a type of oratorio- chorus, soloists, and an orchestra. Includes 12 movements with Pre-set Latin texts.

Commissioned by anonymous noble man, paid to be his own RequiemBegan to believe that the requiem was for his own, tried finishing it on his deathbedStudent (Franz Xavier Sussmayr completed work based on Mozart sketches)

VI. Confutatis (chorus and orchestra)Prayer to heaven, Salieri helped Mozart write this.

The life of Beethoven,

-Born in Bonn, German-Difficulty in life-Often felt helpless-Lived from 1770-1827-He’s Johann’s son-First concert at the age of 7-Supported 2 brothers and a father-At age of 20, he became sponsored and got lesson from Haydn and Salieri-Introduced to Viennese Society-Probably the best Pianist in Vienna-Very Impulsive-At age 31, he noticed that he was going deaf-Went to Heligenstadt- it’s a testament that he wrote, he couldn’t head anything-He didn’t give up, so to express his mood (his anger) he moved classical (emotion controlled) to Romantic where there would be an expression of feelings-French Revolution was occurring at the timeLeader: Napoleon Bonaparte

Beethoven wrote 9 symphony Opus: Collection of pieces

Con Brio means “with vigor”

Beethoven supreme architect in music-Cresandos apart of form-Lots of emotional outbursts-Longer Symphonies-Extended Coda-Scherzo, replaces minuet in 3rd movement-Oratorio, Symphony and Program consisted most music

-Coral Symphony made-Invented 5 movement symphony-Connected movements, occasionally no breaks-One motif dominates in music-Glorification of nature-Pastoral theme

Mozart just kept trio

Scherzo changed minuet and more passionate, more masculine

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Romantic Era, 1825-1900-Emotion dominates Romantic Era-Passionate, emotional-Start changing form-Big emphasis on individual

Classical is objectiveRomantic is subjective

-Emotion, Imagination and Individuality-Rebellion against classical era and enlightenment

Emotion,Music is increasing and dramatic

Imagination,Drawn to realm of FantasyGlorification of NatureMiddle Age Inspiration

Individuality,Rise of Nationalism

Outgrowth of revolutions,-Rise of middle class due to industrial revolution-Larger cities; regular public concerts

Music,Composers continued to use forms of the earlier eras, but with greater freedomEx:-Fluctuations in tempo-Wider range of dynamics-New forms and genres-Orchestra larger, more diverse, new instruments, tone and color-Greater harmonic vocabulary

-Music linked to other arts such as literacy

Lieders (pl) or Lied (sing) is a song for the voice and piano alwaysIn a lied, piano is equal part to the voice A lied is part of the story

Schubert, earliest master of songsWrote over 600 lieders

Lied-New genre (fusion of poetry and music)-Poetry inspires music. Music (composer) brings poetry to life-Composition for solo voice and piano-Very short (miniature)-Piano, equal partner to voice

Franz Schubert Established this(Austrian, Viennese 1797-1828) 1st Viennese School-Lived in poverty-Was at Beethoven’s death and wished to be buried next to him when he died, it happened

Strophic Music, is music that’s recycled and comes back

Through-composed is music that keeps changing according to the story

Trout Quintet (Chamber Music, 5 instrument, piano and 4 strings in this case)-Piano-Voice-Violin-Viola-Cello-Double Bass

(Piano Quintet in A major, D 667 “Trout”)

How is Brahm’s requiem different from traditional requiem?

Felix Mendelssohn-His music is rooted in Classical Tradition-Wealthy family, father-banker-Jewish-Child, prodigy-9-Brilliant pianist-13, wrote symphonies, concertos, sonatas, vocal music-Revived interest in Bach Music-Married, had 4 children

Violin Concerto In E-Minor, movement 1

Movement 1- Allegro Molto Appassionato

Sonata-allegro-Introduction different (no double exposition)-Cadenza is written out-Blends in with the recapitulation-Unusual form of minor-modal-No breaks between movements 2 and 3

Ex,Theme 1, Bridge

Development Cadence goes into Theme 1 in the Recapitulation

Recapitulation Generally same except the cadence

Ritortando: Slowing down-This was unusual until the Romantic-It’s an emotion

Rubato: Slightly slowing down and then going faster, based on emotion-Passionate-Romantic-Sonata Allegro

Incidental music is music for plays“Midsummer’s Night Dream”New genreAccompanies the playTake for example, wedding march for “MSND”

Johannes Brahms (German, 1833-1897)-Received musical training-1st concert was at age 20-Met his inspiration, Robert Schumman’s wife Clare

Robert Schumann-Very influential-Piano virtuoso until age 18/20-Met Clara when he was age 18 and she was 9

Clara was piano virtuoso-Played for royalty, training-Good career-Had 7 kids, yet never quit her career

Brahms-Liked older music like Bach, Handel, and Mozart-Very critical of his works-Brahm’s was obsessed with Beethoven-Finished 1st symphony on and off 20 years, age 43-4 symphonies-Died of cancer at age 63

“Symphony No.3 in F-Major, movement 3”

Tip for it, “This is Brahm’s symphony. It’s Romantic you see… Number 3 Movement 3.… ABA Ternary”.

Requiems generally have 12 movementsGenerally Latin TextSacred

How Brahm changes Requiem-7 movements-Has German text

Ein Deutsches Requiem-German Requiem-Oratorio for chorus, orchestra and soloists(soprano and baritone)-Sacred-Focus is les on death than on consolation for the living

What’s an idee fixe?It’s a musical idea that represents someone

Hector Berlioz (French, 1803-1869)-Came from medical family-Expected to become doctor, medical school-Quit medicine, began composing-Became first most powerful music critic in Europe

-Treatise on orchestration-Average Orchestra, 60-Ideal: 240 strings, 30 harps, 30 grand pianos, wind and percussion to scale-Devised many instrumental blends-4 timpani play on a chord-Bells combined with bells-Violin played with bow

At 23... Begins “The Great Drama of My Life”-Met Harriet and Smithson who played Ophelia in Shakespeare’s Hamlet.-4 years, he sent her wild letters and she refused to meet him, thought that he was a lunatic

-Wanted to win her heart, so he writes a symphony

SYMPHONY FANTASTIQUE-5 movements-Program symphony, semi-autobiography-5 movement linked by one melody-IDEE FIXE, which represents Harriet-The idee fixe is available in every movement, but changes in its character and goes through transformation

-Composers gave their compositions distinctive national identity, used fol songs, dances, history, legends, landscapes, created melodies with fol flavor.-A piece will sound, French, Russian, German’ when rhythms, tone colors, texture, melody spring from national tradition

Bedrich Smetana (Czech Bohemian) Lived from 1824-1884-Founder of Czech national music-Used folk music and legends of native Bohemic-Grew up when Bohemia was dominated by Austria-At 50, went deaf-Was an active composer, pianist, conductor, teacher in Prague

He had a follower named Antonio Duorak-Made a lot of good music-Czech, 1841-1904

My Vlast (My country)-Cycle, 6 symphonic poems-Glorify Bohemian history and legend

Symphonic or Tone Poem-1 movement orchestral programmatic work in any formThe Moldav is an S/T PoemAbout river, trip. Romantic representation of nature and a display of Czech nationalism-3 weeks after he became deaf

Form: Episodic(A,B,C,D,E,F,G…)Describes new idea constantly(Through Composed)

Possibly, Program Music Genre

Piotr Llyich Tchaikovsky-Graduate of the St. Petersburg Conservatory of Music-Taught at the Moscow Conservatory-Fused national and international elements to produce intensely subjective and passionate music- “At the moment of composing, when I am aglow with emotion, it flashes across my mind that all who will hear my music will experience some reflection of what I’m feeling myself”

1812 OvertureFestival Overture “The year of 1812”

Concert Overture- New genreOne movement orchestral work, programmatic, usually in sonata-

allegro form

-Commemorates the victory of Russia in the Napoleonic Wars in 1812

Similar to tone poem or symphonic poem

-Nationalism (use of Russian folk songs, Russian anthem at the time- God save the Tsar!)-Russia’s victory over Napoleon(French National Anthem Marseilles)

- Consecration of the “Cathedral of Christ the Savior” in Moscow (Russian Orthodox Church chant)

The MIGHTY 5 (5 RUSSIAN COMPOSERS)Their task is to glorify Russia

-Mily Ballakirev-Cesar Cui-Nodest Mussorgsky-Nikolai Rimsky Karsakov-Alexander Borodin

Pictures at an Exhibition (1784)By Modest Mussorgsky, arranged for-It’s nationalistic-Written for piano-Maurice Ravel (French impressionistic composer)Orchestrated the dances for Orchestra

-Melody and Rhythm resemble Russian Folk

Member of mighty 5-Russian, Romantic, an example of orchestra by Ravel

What’s an etude?

Fredrich Chopin(Polish, 1810-1849)

- Brought up in Warsaw, son of a Polish mother and a French Father- Graduated from Warsaw Conservatory, toured Austria and Germany as

pianist and composer- First public concert at 7- Stayed in Paris from 1831 until death- Poet of Piano- Fell in love with a woman named George (wtf?)

Chopin’s Music-Tempo Rubato: Slight fluctuation, tempo, slightly speeding up or slowing down-Almost all works are new in forms and genres:

Wrote etudes, preludes, nocturnes, polonaises, etc-Highly original treatment of harmony

Etudes are music instrument exercises-No composer has made the piano sound as beautiful as Chopin has. His musical melodic gift creates the illusion that the piano is singing.

Compositions-Nocturne in E-flat Major

For piano solo, Beautiful melody, tempo rubato

Polonaise in A-flat Major-Nationalism (Polonaise- Ancient royal Polish dance)

“Revolutionary Etude”-While he was away on a tour in 1831, Russia conquered Poland-Chopin was filled with despair and guilt

“They have burnt down the town… And here I am doing nothing, only heaving sighs and pouring out my grief at the piano”

- He wrote “Revolutionary Etude”

“Nationalism”-Blazing and furiousGenre: Etude-Develops speed and endurance in left hand-Plays rapid passages throughout-Fast scalar passages, arpeggiosTempo Rubato

Form: A’A coda

Ballad in G-Minor

What is a verismo opera?

Giuseppe Verdi (1813- 1901)

-Verdi was the most popular of all opera composers-Compsoed some of the best loved operas(Babucco, Rigoletto, ll Trovatone, La Traviata, Aida)-Was an Italian nationalist-Free and united Italy, his operas symbolize Italian independence

Others include Puccini and Wagner

Verdi, Requiem-Composed after the death of poet and novelist Alessandro Manzoni-Did not compose his Requiem for liturgical use- it’s greatest for concert hall

ll. Dies Irae (Chorus)-Day of Judgment, Day of Wrath

+ Lacrymosa (Solo Quartet and Chorus)

Richard Wagner-Believed that in Opera, all music need to be in unison-Music is always there

“Ring Cycle”-Set of 4 operas, each is 6 hours-Wrote all of the Libretto (text)

Richard Wagner, in each ring cycle; different motifs are assigned to everything from people, objects, places, feeling, etc.-We call this light motif (contributed to some)

2 nd opera, “Die Valkyrie” Ride of the Valkyries-It’s always modulating

Genre, Opera-Main theme in Brass- Think of it like in Looney Tunes, “Kill the Rabit”

“Tusca” is an opera by Giaccomo Puccini-Italian opera composer

Puccini has assigned different themes for musical ideas

-assigned different people and emotions with their own theme so if you saw a certain character coming, you would know how the melody would go

This is called Signature Tunes(It’s similar to Idee Fixe)

The story goes that Floria Tusca and Mario Cavara Dossi are in love.Baron Scarpia is the villain.

Written in 1900 and put into 1800s setting.

“Versimo Opera” means true to lifeWritten in late Romantic

It talks about awkward life topics such as adultery, pregnancy, etc

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French Impressionism

French Impressionism (1890-1915)

Vissi d'arte“I lived for art”-Soprano Aria played by Tosca-Verismo opera, Aria, Italian Text

Form: Through composedOnly example of soprano with Orchestra

French Impressionism (1890-1915)We call this late 19th century Impressionism

First began in Impressionist paintingMocked Monet “Impression: Sun-Rise”, a critic mocked him

-Claude Monet, French Impressionistic composer

Impressionist Writer- Symbolists-As impressionist painter broke from traditional depictions of reality,

writers called symbolists rebelled against the conventions of French poetry.

Suggested rather than describes

“Faun” means half goat and half man

Claude Debussy (1862-1918)French Impressionistic ComposerWrote a pre-lude

Debussy’s Music- Evoked new feelings- The stress is on tone color, at atmosphere and fluidity- Tonality weakened- Tone and color was beautiful, sensuous, subtle changes of timbre- Orchestra has many solos- Used whole-tone and pentatonic scale, moles - Vague Pulse, flexible rhythm

Pieces she taught usPiano Concerto 1 in B-flat minorStars and Stripes forever John Philip Sausa“Revenge Aria” Magic FluteLegend of 12 Robbers“When I am Laid In Earth” Aria“Nessun Dorma”Alleluia“O fortuna” from Carmina Buran“The Messiah”“Canon In D” Johann Pachabel“Hornpipe” from Water Music Suite“Air on g string” orchestral suite 3“Spring” from four seasonsBrandon Berg Concerto 2 in FSymphony 94 in G major Haydn Trumphet Concerto in E flat majorEine Kleine Nacht Musik, mov 1 allegro

Symphony 40 in G minorPiano Concerto 20 in D-minorRequiem in D-minor K 626Symphony 3, Eroica (mov 2)Symphony 5 in C, op 7 Fate 1807Symphony in G, in F.op68Symphony 9 in d. p 125Piano Sonata 14 C-sharp minor MoonlightErlkingSymphony 8 in B-Minor“Trout Quintet” in A major, D.667 “Trout”Violin Concerto in E-minor, movement 1Symphony 4, 1- allegro vivace in A-majorSymphony 3 in f major, mov 3Ein Deutsches RequiemSymphony FantastiqueSymphony 9 in E-minor1812 OverturePictures at an exhibition“Revolutionary Etude”Verdi, Requiem “Dies Irae”