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Internet access - Local Multipoint Distribution Service

1 Local Multipoint Distribution Service



1 Originally designed for digital television transmission (DTV), it is

conceived as a fixed wireless, point-to-multipoint technology for

utilization in the last mile



1 LMDS has been surpassed in both technological and commercial

potential by the LTE and WiMAX standards.


Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service

1 Multichannel Multipoint Distribution

Service


Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service

1 Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS), formerly known as Broadband Radio Service (BRS) and also known as Wireless Cable, is a

wireless telecommunications technology, used for general-purpose

broadband networking or, more commonly, as an alternative method

of cable television programming reception


Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service - Technology

1 The BRS band uses microwave frequencies from 2.5 GHz to

2.7 GHz



1 The MMDS band is separated into 33 6 MHz "channels" (31 in USA) which may be licensed to cable companies offering service in different areas of a

country



1 The newer BRS Band Plan makes changes to channel size and licensing in order to accommodate new WIMAX TDD

fixed and mobile equipment, and reallocated frequencies from 2150 - 2162

MHz to the AWS band. These changes may not be compatible with the

frequencies and channel sizes required for operating traditional MMDS or

DOCSIS based equipment.


Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service - MMDS and DOCSIS+

1 Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS) and BRS have adapted the DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification) from the

cable modem world. The version of DOCSIS modified for wireless

broadband is known as DOCSIS+.



1 Data-transport security is accomplished under BRS by

encrypting traffic flows between the broadband wireless modem and the WMTS (Wireless Modem Termination System) located in the base station

of the provider's network using Triple DES.



1 DOCSIS+ reduces theft-of-service vulnerabilities under BRS by

requiring that the WMTS enforce encryption, and by employing an authenticated client/server key-

management protocol in which the WMTS controls distribution of keying

material to broadband wireless modems.



1 LMDS and BRS wireless modems utilize the DOCSIS+ key-management protocol

to obtain authorization and traffic encryption material from a WMTS, and to support periodic reauthorization and key refresh. The key-management protocol

uses X.509 digital certificates, RSA public key encryption, and Triple DES encryption

to secure key exchanges between the wireless modem and the WMTS.



1 MMDS was sometimes expanded to Multipoint Microwave Distribution

System or Multi-channel Multi-point Distribution System. All three

phrases refer to the same technology.


Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service - Current status

1 In the United States, WATCH Communications (based in Lima,

Ohio), Eagle Vision (based in Kirksville, MO), and several other

companies offer MMDS-based wireless cable television, Internet access, and IP-based telephone

services.



1 In certain areas, BRS is being deployed for use as wireless high-

speed Internet access, mostly in rural areas where other types of high-

speed internet are either unavailable (such as cable or DSL) or

prohibitively expensive (such as satellite internet). CommSPEED is a major vendor in the US market for

BRS-based internet.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-multipoint-toolkit.html


1 AWI Networks (formerly Sky-View Technologies) operates a number of MMDS sites delivering

high-speed Internet, VoIP telephone, and Digital TV services in the Southwestern U.S. In 2010, AWI began upgrading its infrastructure

to DOCSIS 3.0 hardware, along with new microwave transmission equipment, allowing

higher modulation rates like 256QAM. This has enabled download speeds in excess of 100

Mbit/s, over distances up to 35 miles from the transmission site.



1 In the early days of MMDS, it was known as "Wireless Cable" and was

used in a variety of investment scams that still surface today.

Frequent solicitations of Wireless Cable fraud schemes were often

heard on talk radio shows like The Sonny Bloch Show in the mid-1990s.



1 In Ireland, since 1990, UPC Ireland (previously Chorus and NTL Ireland)

offer MMDS TV services almost nationwide



1 In Iceland, since November 2006 Vodafone Iceland runs Digital Ísland (Digital Iceland) - the broadcasting

system for 365 (media corporation), (previously operated by 365

Broadcast Media)



1 In Brazil, the MMDS technology was shut down in 2012 to release the

frequency for the LTE-UTRAN band in 2500–2600 MHz. The national

shutdown is planned to be finished at the end of 2012.



1 In Dominican Republic, Wind Telecom started operations using MMDS

technology in 2008; at that time and ever since it became a pioneer

taking advantage of such implementations. The company uses

the DVB standard for its digital television transmissions.


Videoconferencing - Multipoint videoconferencing

1 Simultaneous videoconferencing among three or more remote points is possible by means of a Multipoint

Control Unit (MCU)



1 The MCU consists of two logical

components:



1 A single multipoint controller (MC), and



1 Multipoint Processors (MP),

sometimes referred to as the mixer.



1 The MC controls the conferencing while it is active on the signaling plane, which is simply where the system manages conferencing

creation, endpoint signaling and in-conferencing controls



1 Also, users can make ad-hoc multipoint calls without any concern for the availability or control of an

MCU


Low-voltage differential signaling - Multipoint LVDS

1 However, engineers using the first LVDS products soon wanted to drive

multiple receivers with a single transmitter in a multipoint topology



1 Bus LVDS and LVDM (by TI) are de facto multipoint LVDS standards.

Multipoint LVDS (MLVDS) is the TIA standard (TIA-899). The

AdvancedTCA standard specified MLVDS for clock distribution across

the backplane to each of the computing module boards in the

system.



1 MLVDS has two types of receivers. Type-1 is compatible with LVDS and uses a +/- 50 mV threshold. Type-2 receivers allow Wired-Or signaling with M-LVDS devices. For M-LVDS:



1 Common modeAmplitude


Telecommunications link - Multipoint

1 Also known as a multidrop link, a multipoint link is a link that connects two or more nodes. Also known as general topology networks, these

include Asynchronous Transfer Mode|ATM and Frame Relay links, as well as X.25 networks when used as links for a network layer protocol like Internet

Protocol|IP.


Telecommunications link - Multipoint

1 Unlike broadcast links, there is no mechanism to efficiently send a

single message to all other nodes without copying and retransmitting

the message.


Telecommunications link - Point-to-multipoint

1 A point-to-multipoint link (or simply a multipoint) is a specific type of

multipoint link which consists of a central connection endpoint (CE) that

is connected to multiple peripheral CEs. Any transmission of data that originates from the central CE is

received by all of the peripheral CEs while any transmission of data that

originates from any of the peripheral CEs is only received by the central

CE.


Broadband Internet access - Local Multipoint Distribution Service

1 Data rates range from 64 kbit/s to 155 Mbit/s.[http://www.angelfire.com/nd/ramdinchacha/DE

C00.html LMDS: Broadband Out of Thin Air ], Niraj K Gupta, from My Cell, Voice Data,

December 2000 Distance is typically limited to about , but links of up to 5 miles (8km) from the

base station are possible in some circumstances.[http://www.ijest.info/docs/IJEST0

9-01-01.pdf Review and Analysis of Local Multipoint Distribution System (LMDS) to Deliver Voice, Data, Internet, and Video Services], S.S


Point-to-multipoint

1 In telecommunications, 'point-to-multipoint communication' is

communication which is accomplished via a distinct type of one-to-many connection, providing

multiple paths from a single location to multiple locations.


Point-to-multipoint

1 Point-to-multipoint is often abbreviated as P2MP, PTMP, or

PMP.


Point-to-multipoint

1 Point-to-multipoint telecommunications is most typically (2003) used in wireless Internet and

IP telephony via gigahertz radio frequencies. P2MP systems have

been designed both as single and bi-directional systems. A central

antenna or Phased array|antenna array broadcasts to several receiving

antennas and the system uses a form of Time division multiple

access|time-division multiplexing to allow for the back-channel traffic.


Video conferencing - Multipoint videoconferencing

1 # A single multipoint controller

(MC), and



1 # Multipoint Processors (MP), sometimes referred to as the

mixer.



1 Also, users can make ad-hoc multipoint calls without any concern for the availability or control of an

MCU


Multipoint Video Distribution System

1 'MVDS' is an acronym for terrestrial 'Multipoint

Video Distribution System'.



1 MVDS currently is a part of broader MWS (Multimedia Wireless System) standards.



1 In European Union MWS works in 10.7 - 13.5 and 40.5 - 43.5GHz frequency bands.



1 Research for 42GHz frequency has been done under the European Commition EMBRACE (Efficient

Millimetre Broadband Radio Access for Convergence and Evolution)

initiative.


Local Multipoint Distribution Service

1 It was conceived as a fixed wireless, point-to-multipoint technology for utilization in the last mile.[

http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:s8dTOeReQlsJ:citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/

viewdoc/download%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.127.9178%26rep%3Drep1%26type

%3Dpdf+Local+Multipoint+Distribution+Service+LMDShl=engl=uspid=blsrcid=ADGEESgF5SZbdkVYIRrx5zUHiFSLStOhVhelgPNwbjCWNpWpjG0HzWaY8wdQhznLnzG2HAoB

w505-_HLEBYbED5pKo7WtiB3RYGywiJO7X5A71nPBr-OQU6XuhilogQON6b8ktR0gX_3sig=AHIEtbS-

izo2ba5JWOmBP0pHHZuBk5-wJA Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LDMS)], by Vinod Tipparaju,

November 23, 1999, cis.ohio-state.edu via CiteseerX



1 LMDS commonly operates on microwave frequencies across the 26GHz and 29GHz bands. In the

United States, frequencies from 31.0 through 31.3GHz are also considered

LMDS frequencies.



1 Throughput capacity and reliable distance of the link depends on

common radio link constraints and the modulation method used - either

phase-shift keying or amplitude modulation


Local Multipoint Distribution Service - United States

1 LMDS showed great promise in the late 1990s and became known as wireless cable

for its potential to compete with cable television|cable companies for provision of

broadband television to the home. The Federal Communications Commission

auctioned spectrum for LMDS in 1998 and 1999.[http://transition.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Wireless/Factsheets/lmds.html Local Multipoint

FCC LMDS Fact Sheet] March 28, 1998



1 Despite its early potential and the hype that surrounded the

technology, LMDS was slow to find commercial traction. Many

equipment and technology vendors simply abandoned their LMDS

product portfolios.



1 Industry observers believe that the window for LMDS has closed with newer technologies replacing it. Major

telecommunications companies have been aggressive about deploying alternative

technologies such as IPTV and fiber to the premises, also called fiber optics. Moreover,

LMDS has been surpassed in both technological and commercial potential by 3GPP Long Term Evolution|LTE and WiMax

standards.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-multipoint-toolkit.html

Local Multipoint Distribution Service - Europe and worldwide

1 Although some operators use LMDS to provide access services, LMDS is

more commonly used for high-capacity Backhaul

(telecommunications)|backhaul for interconnection of networks such as

GSM, UMTS, WiMAX and Wi-Fi.


Multipoint relay

1 'Multipoint relays' (MPR) are nodes in Wireless ad hoc network that do the job of relaying messages between

nodes. They also have the main role in routing and selecting the proper

route from any source to any desired destination node.


Multipoint relay - Optimized Link State Routing Protocol

1 MPRs advertise link-state information for their MPR selectors (a node

selected as a MPR) periodically in their control messages



1 MPR is recalculated when a change in 1-hop or 2-hops neighborhood topology is detected. Every node periodically broadcasts list of its

MPR selectors instead of the whole list of neighbors. Upon receipt of MPR information,

each node recalculates and updates routes to each known destination. In order to exchange

the topological information, the topology control (TC) message is broadcast throughout the network. Only MPRs need to forward TC

messages.



1 Performance Comparison of Wireless Mobile AdHoc Network Routing - Arun Kumar, Lokanatha C. Reddy , Prakash

S. Hiremath


H.323 - Multipoint Control Units

1 Some MCUs also provide multipoint data

collaboration capabilities


Windows MultiPoint Server

1 'Windows MultiPoint Server' is a Microsoft Windows Server-based operating system using Remote

Desktop Services technology to host multiple simultaneous independent

computing stations or terminals connected to a single computer.


Windows MultiPoint Server - Windows MultiPoint Server 2010

1 This version was released in February 2010 and is based on Windows

Server 2008 R2. Multiple stations can be added to a WMS 2010 host computer by connecting a single

monitor, Universal serial bus|USB 2.0 hub, keyboard and mouse for each station. Hardware requirements for

MultiPoint stations are non-proprietary, and virtually any multi-

monitor video card, mouse, keyboard and monitor that is supported on Windows Server 2008 R2 can be

used to build a station.


Windows MultiPoint Server - Windows MultiPoint Server 2010

1 The Academic version, acquired via Academic Volume Licensing, supports domain join and no licensing restrictions on station count (however,

hardware limits still apply), but requires a Windows Server 2008 R2 Client Access License|CAL and a Windows MultiPoint Server 2010 CAL per station, while the non-Academic version that

is acquired via OEMs is limited to 10 stations maximum and does not support Active

Directory|domain join, but only requires a Windows MultiPoint Server 2010 CAL per station

and no Windows Server 2008 R2 CALs.


LVDS - Multipoint LVDS

1 However, engineers using the first LVDS products soon wanted to drive

multiple receivers with a single transmitter in a multipoint topology



1 'Bus LVDS' and 'LVDM' (by Texas Instruments|TI) are de facto

multipoint LVDS standards. Multipoint LVDS ('MLVDS') is the

Telecommunications Industry Association|TIA standard (TIA-899). The Advanced Telecommunications

Computing Architecture|AdvancedTCA standard specified

MLVDS for clock distribution across the backplane to each of the

computing module boards in the system.



1 'MLVDS' has two types of receivers. Type-1 is compatible with LVDS and uses a +/- 50 mV threshold. Type-2 receivers allow Wired-Or signaling with M-LVDS devices. For M-LVDS:


Quadripoint - Multipoints of greater numerical complexity

1 In Finland near Turku, the borders of seven municipalities merge on the same point: Pöytyä, Aura, Finland|

Aura, Turku, Rusko, Masku, Nousiainen and Mynämäki meet on the Kuhankuono border marker in

Kurjenrahka National Park. The oldest recorded mention of the point dates

to 1381, and the number and identity of municipalities participating has varied, with eight being the largest

number; in 2009, Yläne merged back to Pöytyä, bringing the number back

to seven.



1 A municipal octapoint exists in the Philippines at the top of Mayon

Volcano, and a municipal sexipoint also exists in the Philippines at the top of nearby Mount Isarog. Five

counties in Florida, United States, meet in the middle of Lake

Okeechobee, and perhaps another dozen quintipoints of various levels

of geopolitical subdivisions are scattered around the world.



1 In Italy, the borders of ten municipalities meet on the summit of Mount Etna. These municipalities are

Adrano, Biancavilla, Belpasso, Bronte, Sicily|Bronte, Castiglione di Sicilia, Maletto, Nicolosi, Randazzo,

Sant'Alfio, Zafferana Etnea. The territory of Bronte touches the tip of Mount Etna from two sides, making it

a point of complexity eleven.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-multipoint-toolkit.html

Multipoint ground

1 There will be many paths between any two points in a multipoint

grounding system, rather than the single path found in a star topology

ground


Multipoint ground - Advantages

1 If installed correctly, it can maintain reference ground potential much better than a star topology in a

similar application across a wider range of frequencies and currents.


Multipoint ground - Disadvantages

1 Star topology systems can be converted to multipoint systems by installing new conductors

between old existing ones. However, this should be done with care as it can inadvertently

introduce noise onto signal lines during the conversion process. The noise can be

diminished over time as noisy and failed components are removed and repaired, but

some isolation of high current (e.g. motors and lighting) and sensitive low current (e.g.

amplifiers and radios) equipment may always be necessary.


Multipoint ground - Design Considerations

1 A multipoint grounding system can solve several problems, but they

must all be addressed in turn. The size of the conductors must be

designed to meet the expected load in operations and in lightning

protection. The amount of cross bonding, and the topology of the

grids, is determined by the expected frequencies in the signals to be

carried and the uses the installation will be put to.



1 A ground grid is provided primarily for safety, and the size of the

conductors is probably governed by local building or National Electrical

Code (US)|electrical code. One factor to keep in mind is that since the final

grid will have multiple paths to ground, the final system resistance

to ground will likely be lower than for a typical star ground. But this does not change the need for adequate

conductor size to any given piece of equipment in case of a fault.



1 Lightning rod|Lightning protection is provided by bonding the multipoint ground grid to one or more Ground

(electricity)|grounding rods under or at the perimeter of the building, and then up to the lightning rods. If the

building has significant metal framing elements, these should be bonded to the lightning rods and

grounding rods as well.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-multipoint-toolkit.html


1 If the building has large motors, driving such things as fans, pumps, elevators, etc., these should also be

on the multipoint grid



1 will not flow across the segment of the grid connected to the low current equipment. Thus the system is still an electrically continuous unit, but

motor noise does not impinge directly into signal paths.



1 A multipoint ground is at its best when it allows currents of many

different frequencies to find a path to ground


Multipoint

1 'Multipoint' may refer to:


Multipoint

1 * Fuel_injection#Multi-point fuel injection|Multi-point fuel injection, an

injection scheme for metering fuel into an internal combustion engine


Multipoint

1 * Quadripoint#Multipoints_of_greater_

numerical_complexity|Multipoint (geography), a point on the Earth that touches the border of several

distinct territories.


Multipoint

1 * Multipoint ground, a type of electrical installation which involves the creation of many alternate paths for electrical energy to find its way

back to ground


Multipoint

1 * Videoconferencing#Multipoint videoconferencing|Multipoint

videoconferencing, simultaneous videoconferencing among three or more remote points by means of a

Multipoint Control Unit (MCU)


Multipoint

1 * Windows MultiPoint Mouse SDK, a Microsoft technology which enables multiple users to share a single PC

using multiple mice


Multipoint Control Unit

1 A 'multipoint control unit' (MCU) is a device commonly used to bridge videoconferencing connections. The multipoint control unit is an endpoint on the Local area network|LAN that

provides the capability for three or more terminal (telecommunication)|terminals and Gateway (telecommunications)|gateways to

participate in a Videoconferencing#Multipoint videoconferencing|multipoint conference. The

MCU consists of a mandatory multipoint controller (MC) and optional multipoint

processors (MPs).


Multipoint Control Unit - Vendors

1 * [http://www.avistar.com/produc

ts/avistar-c3-conference/ Avistar]



1 * [http://www.dialogic.com/en/products/media-server-software.aspx Dialogic PowerMedia]



1 * [http://lync.microsoft.com/en-us/Pages/unified

-communications.aspx Microsoft]



1 * [http://www.huawei.

com Huawei Technologies]



1 * [http://enterprise.zte.com.cn/en/products/communication/mul

timedia ZTE]https://store.theartofservice.com/the-multipoint-toolkit.html

Windows MultiPoint Server

1 'Windows MultiPoint Server' is a Microsoft Windows Server-based operating system using Remote

Desktop Services technology to host multiple simultaneous independent

computing stations or terminals connected to a single computer.


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