MOTIVATION and COMMUNICATION CATHERINE CUPAS MICHELLE SIAREZ
May 11, 2015
MOTIVATION andCOMMUNICATION
CATHERINE CUPAS MICHELLE SIAREZ
MOTIVATION
Is the internal condition that activates behavior and gives it direction.
Energizes and directs goal-oriented behavior. The force that causes and individual to
behave in a specific way.
MOTIVATION
According to various theories, motivation maybe be rooted in the basic need to minimized physical pain and maximized pleasure.
Basic needs: Eating Resting Drinking (water)
MOTIVATION CONCEPTS
I. INTRINSIC and EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION
II. SELF-CONTROL
i-a. INTRINSIC MOTIVATION comes from rewards inherent to a task
or activity itself. not only makes people perform well and
more accurately, but the people do not expect anything for doing it- the activity in itself is the reward.
INTRINSIC MOTIVATION Feeling of competency Personal development
i-b. EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION comes from outside of the performer. they are valued outcomes given to
someone by another person.
(supervisor or higher level manager)
EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION Money
> pay bonuses Promotions Time off Special Assignments Award Verbal praise
II. SELF-CONTROL is increasingly understood as a subset
of emotional intelligence. A person may be highly intelligent to a
more conservative definition, yet unmotivated to dedicate this intelligence to a certain task.
MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES:
I. THE INCENTIVE THEORY
II. NEED THEORIES
III. COGNITIVE THEORIES
IV. REINFORCEMENT THEORY
I. THE INCENTIVE THEORY A reward, tangible or intangible, is
presented after the occurrence of an action (behavior) with the intent to cause the behavior to occur again.
Sources of motivation: Oneself (intrinsic motivation) Other people (extrinsic motivation)
II. NEED THEORIES(ABRAHAM MASLOW)
ii-a. Need Hierarchy Theory human beings have wants and desires which
influence their behavior. Only unsatisfied needs influence, satisfied needs do not.
since needs are many, they are arranged in order or importance, from the basic to the complex.
the person advances to the next level of needs only after the lower level need is a least minimally satisfied.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs:( LOWEST (basic) to HIGHEST (most complex) )
NEEDS: To satisfy, offers:
Physiological needs > rest and refreshment breaks
> physical comfort on the job
> reasonable work hours
Safety needs > safe working conditions
> job security
> base compensation and benefits
Social needs / Belongingness > friendly workers
> interaction with customers
> pleasant supervisors
Esteem needs > responsibility of an important job
> promotion to higher status job
> praise and recognition from boss
Self-actualization needs > creative and challenging work
> participation in decision making
> job flexibility and autonomy
ii-b. Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory(FREDERICK HERZBERG)
1. Motivators or Satisfiers gives positive satisfaction
Challenging work Recognition Responsibility Growth opportunities Achievements
ii-b. Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory2. Hygiene Factors Do not motivate if present, but if absent,
result in demotivation.
Salary Job security Fringe benefits Working conditions Organizational policies Technical quality of supervision
III. COGNITIVE THEORIESiii-a. Goal-setting Theory is based on the notion that individuals
sometimes have a drive to reach a clearly defined end state.
Often, this end state is a reward in itself.A goal’s efficiency is affected by 3 features: Proximity Difficulty Specificity
PROXIMITY An ideal goal should present a situation
where the time between the initiation of behavior and the end state is close.
DIFFICULTY A goal should be moderate; not too hard
or not too easy.
SPECIFICITY The goal should be objectively defined and
intelligible for the individual.
Douglas Vermeeren states that:
“That unless an individual can clearly identify their motivating factors or their significant and meaningful reasons why they wish to attain the goal, they will never have the power to attain it. The failure is directly attributed to motivating factors.”
IV. Reinforcement Theory(based on E.L. THORNDIKE’S LAW)
simply looks at the relationship between behavior and its consequences.
This theory focuses on modifying an employee’s on-the-job behavior through the appropriate use of one of the following four techniques:
1. Positive reinforcement rewards desirable behavior.
2. Avoidance is an attempt to show and employee what the consequences of improper behavior will be.
3. Extinction is basically ignoring the behavior of a subordinate and not providing either positive of negative reinforcement.
4. Punishment (threats, suspension) is an attempt to decrease the likelihood of a behavior recurring by applying negative consequences.
Communication
Discussion Outline: The Significance of Communication Communication and the Manager’s Job The Communication Process Methods of Communication Communication Channel Organizational Communication Personal Communication Channels Communicating During Turbulent Times Managing Organizational Communication
What is communication?
process by which information is exchanged and understood by two or more people, usually with the intent to motivate or influence behavior.
Why is communication significant to management? Communication is a linking process to
management. Communication is the primary means by
which people obtain and exchange information.
The most consuming activity the manager engages.
Information and communication represent power in organizations.
The Manager as Communication Champion
External Information
Internal Information
Manager as Communication Champion
Purpose-directed• Direct attention to vision,
values, desired outcomes• Influence employee behavior
Source: Adapted from Henry Mintzberg, The Nature Of Managerial Work(New York:Harper & Row, 1973),72.
Strategic Conversations• Open Communication• Listening• Dialogue• Feedback
Methods• Rich Channels• Upward, downward, and
horizontal channels• Nonverbal communication• Personal networks
Model of Communication Process
Methods of Communication
Dialogue/Verbal Communication (Oral)
Non-verbal Communication
Written/Visual Communication
Elements for Effective Oral Communication
Active Listening
- making sense of what is heard and requires paying attention, interpreting, and remembering sound stimuli.
Constructive Feedback- managers often do poor jobs of providing
employees with performance feedback.
Nonverbal Communication
Messages sent through human actions and behavior rather through words.
Most nonverbal communication is unconscious or subconscious.
Occurs mostly face-to-face. Three factors in message interpretation.
Verbal Impact: 7 percent. Vocal Impact: 38 percent. Facial Impact: 55 percent.
13-28
The Pyramid of Channel Richness
Organizational Communication: Downward, Upward, and Horizontal Communication
SOURCE: Adopted from Richard L. Daft and Richard M. Steers, Organizations; A Micro-Macro Approach, 538 Copyright 1986 by Scott, Foresman and Company, Used by permission.
Downward Communication
Messages sent from top management down to subordinates.
Most familiar and obvious flow of formal communication.
Major problem is drop off.Another concern, distortion.
Upward Communication
• Messages that flow from the lower to the higher levels in the organizations.
• Upward communications mechanisms:1. Suggestion boxes.
2. Employee surveys.
3. MIS reports.
4. Face to face conversations.
Horizontal Communication
lateral or diagonal exchange of messages among peers or co-workers
may occur across departments
purpose is not only to inform but also to request support and coordinate activities
Personal Communication Channels
- Communication channels that exist outside the formally authorized channels and do not adhere to the organization’s hierarchy of authority
Types of Personal Communication Channels Personal Networks Management By Wandering Around Grapevine
Personal Networks
refers to the acquisition and cultivation of personal relationships that cross departmental, hierarchical and even organizational boundaries
Management by Wandering Around
Mingle and develop positive relationships with employees and learn directly from them about their department, division or organization
Managers have chance to describe key ideas and values and in turn learn about the problems and issues confronting employees
The Grapevine An informal person to person communication
network of employees that is not officially sanctioned by the organization
Tends to be more active during periods of change.
About 80% of topics are business related. About 70-90% of details of grapevine are
accurate.
Communicating During Turbulent Times
Open Communication
Dialogue
Crisis Communication
Feedback and Learning
Communication Barriers & Ways to Overcome Them
Active Listening
Selection of appropriate channel
Knowledge of other’s perspective
MBWA
Climate status of trust, Dialogue
Development and use of formal channels
Encouragement of multiple channels, formal and informal
Changing organization or group structure to fit communication needs
Feedback and learning
Individual
Interpersonal Dynamics
Channels and Media
Semantics
Inconsistent Cues
Organizational
Status and power differences
Departmental needs and goals
Lack of formal channels
Communication channels not suited to task
Poor coordination
Barriers How to Overcome
References:Richard L. Daft, Management, Seventh Edition (Thomson
Asian Edition), Chapter 17, Communication, p.622-657
http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/CliffsReviewTopic/Management-and-Organizations.topicArticleId-8944,articleId-8847.html
http://www.swlearning.com/management/daft/um4e/isc/powerpoint/ch14.ppt
.
http://people.uncw.edu/gormanr/ppt/Chp13%20Final.ppt.
www.en.wikipedia.org
Thank You!
Back-up
Ten Keys to Effective Listening
SOURCE: Adapted from Sherman K. Okum, “How to Be a Better Listener,” Nation’s Business (August 1975), 62 and Philip Morgan and Kent Baker, “Building a Professional Image; Improving Listening Behavior,” Supervisory Management (November 1985), 34-38.
Dialogue and Discussion: The Differences
Source:Adapted from Edgar Schein, “On Dialogue, Culture, and Organization Learning,” Organizational Dynamics (Autumn 1993), 46.
Conversation
Lack of understanding, disagreement, divergent points of
viewDialogue Discussion
Result Result
Reveal feelings Explore assumptions Suspend convictions Build common ground
Long-term, innovative solutions Unified group Shared meaning Transformed mind-sets
State positions Advocate convictions Convince others Build oppositions
Short-term resolution Agreement by logic Opposition beaten down Mind-sets held onto