Mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges 2/29/2016 DHG 1 Mosquitoes, Biting Midges, and Ticks Madness Mosquitoes can breed in…….. A. Natural water catchments, and man- made containers, but not in irrigated lawns B. In man-made containers holding more than 1 pint of water C. Natural water catchments, man-made containers, and irrigated lawn areas, but not maintained swimming-pools A. B. C. 94% 3% 3% Brown dog ticks A. Are intolerant to high temperatures B. Are relatively heat tolerant C. Prefer room temperature A. B. C. 94% 3% 3% Mosquitoes Mosquitoes Mosquitoes need water Four life stages egg, larva, pupa, and adult Larval and pupal stages are aquatic Two-winged Diptera (flies) Family Culicidae: most species females have a long proboscis for sucking blood • Eggs • Singly on surface or edge of water • Eggs in rafts on surface of water • Some sp. hatch 24-36 h • Some hatch after 1-3 y • Overwintering stage for some species Larvae • 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd , 4 th instars • “Wigglers”, very active, most come to surface for air • 4-12 d, some species weeks
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Mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges 2/29/2016
DHG 1
Mosquitoes, Biting Midges,
and Ticks Madness
Mosquitoes can breed in……..A. Natural water
catchments, and man-made containers, but not in irrigated lawns
B. In man-made containers holding more than 1 pint of water
C. Natural water catchments, man-made containers, and irrigated lawn areas, but not maintained swimming-pools
A. B. C.
94%
3%3%
Brown dog ticks
A. Are intolerant to high temperatures
B. Are relatively heat tolerant
C. Prefer room temperature
A. B. C.
94%
3%3%
MosquitoesMosquitoes
Mosquitoes need water
Four life stagesegg, larva, pupa, and adult
Larval and pupal stages are aquatic
Two-winged Diptera (flies) Family Culicidae: most species females have a long proboscis for sucking blood
• Eggs
• Singly on surface or edge of water
• Eggs in rafts on surface of water
• Some sp. hatch 24-36 h• Some hatch after 1-3 y • Overwintering stage for
some species
Larvae
• 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th
instars
• “Wigglers”, very active, most come to surface for air
• 4-12 d, some species weeks
Mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges 2/29/2016
DHG 2
Pupae• Stage that changes from larva to adult
• “Tumblers” very active, come to surface for air
• 3-6 d
• Non-feeding stage
Adult mosquitoes emerge from aquatic stages
Adult (Male)• Emerges first
• Feeds on nectar sources for energy
• Mates within 2 -7 d and dies
Adult (Females)
• Emerge and feed on nectar
• Mates usually once
• Needs blood meal to develop eggs
• 1-5 blood meals over life of 7 - 28 d
Winter Survival Is Important:
Most overwinter in the egg stage
Some as larvae
Some as adults
Mated females rest in protected, cool locations
Warm spring days allowfemales to seek a blood meal
Mosquitoes are classified based on larval habitat• Floodwater mosquitoes - Eggs laid
in damp areas
• Permanent water
• Containers
Mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges 2/29/2016
DHG 3
Flood Water Mosquitoes
• Aedes and Psorophora• Some genera are important pest species• Bite humans, livestock, pets• Can have very large populations
in spring and early summer
• Can survive in egg stage for several years until flooded
• Can have different hatches within several days if increased water levels hatch new eggs
Floodwater (cont.) • Adult populations peak in late April, May, and June, some species hatch with late summer fall rains
• Adults die quickly during hot weather
• Flood water usually dries up too fast to support larvae in hot weather
• Females most active around sunset or in shady areas when disturbed
• Some are active during the day
Permanent Water Mosquitoes
• Anopheles, some Culex spp.
• Quiet bodies of freshwater with sunlight, surface vegetation and little wave action
• Shallow edges of ponds, some lakes backwaters of rivers slow moving streams
• Never in lakes with wave action
U.S. Mosquitos of Great Concern
• Culex tarsalis, C. quinquefasciatus(southern house mosquito)
• Note: all are permanent water mosquitoes, populations peak in summer through fall at same time virus activity peaks
• Feed on birds and mammals
• Vector WNV, WEE and SLE
Mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges 2/29/2016
DHG 4
Culex quinquefasciatus
Culex tarsalis
• Populations low in spring
• Build through the summer
• Peak July-October (varies by location)
• Many prefer birds as hosts, feed on mammals
• Vectors of viruses
• Bite more readily at night
Permanent Water Group (cont.)
Roadside ditches Wastewater treatment
Culex spp. prefer nasty, smelly water
Container Mosquitoes(you breed ‘em, you feed ‘em)
• 99% = Culex or Aedes• Larvae live in tree holes, rock pools even
leaf axils• Many associated with man made
containers• Tires, cans, buckets, birdbaths, gutters, pet
water dishes, plant container bottoms that catch water, even cans, paper cups etc.
• fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis (?microcephaly?)
Educational Materials
CDChttp://www.cdc.gov/features/stopmosquitoes/
USGShttp://diseasemaps.usgs.gov/dep_ga_human.html
Mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges 2/29/2016
DHG 7
Brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus
General Life Cycle of a Tick
Male
Female
Larva
Nymph
Egg
Adults
Feed
Develop
Lay eggs
Feed
Develop
molt
Feed
Develop
molt
Hatch
Ixodidae
Brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (3000‐4000 eggs)
Brown dog ticks are “special”• Heat tolerant ticks• Low desert tick activity year‐round• Reproduce indoors or outdoors in 63‐93 days• Widespread tick distribution (69%‐83% houses with dogs)
• High tick densities in peridomestic environment• Close contact between humans, dogs and ticks
• Potential for transport of ticks across widespread area due to stray dogs
• Transmit RMSF very rapidly
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
When to Suspect Tick‐borne Illness
Acute febrile illness without apparent cause (fever, malaise, lethargy + other symptoms)
Onset during May‐September (high tick activity)
History of tick bite or exposure
Persons at risk for tick bite
History of travel to endemic areas (US and global travel)
Voids in the concrete piers can contain ticks of all stages
Larvae and nymphs can quest from the surface
Rhipicephalus sanguineus InfestationRhipicephalus sanguineus Infestation Applications: Proper use of pesticides; Proper timing and dosage of application; Maximize safety
Indoors
Treatment of cracks and crevices (pyrethroids, desiccants)
Do not treat food preparation areas
Outdoors
Treatment of tick‐infested areas
Treatment of animal sleeping areas
Do not treat ground water or areas where contaminated runoff could occur