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Mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges 2/29/2016 DHG 1 Mosquitoes, Biting Midges, and Ticks Madness Mosquitoes can breed in…….. A. Natural water catchments, and man- made containers, but not in irrigated lawns B. In man-made containers holding more than 1 pint of water C. Natural water catchments, man-made containers, and irrigated lawn areas, but not maintained swimming-pools A. B. C. 94% 3% 3% Brown dog ticks A. Are intolerant to high temperatures B. Are relatively heat tolerant C. Prefer room temperature A. B. C. 94% 3% 3% Mosquitoes Mosquitoes Mosquitoes need water Four life stages egg, larva, pupa, and adult Larval and pupal stages are aquatic Two-winged Diptera (flies) Family Culicidae: most species females have a long proboscis for sucking blood Eggs Singly on surface or edge of water Eggs in rafts on surface of water Some sp. hatch 24-36 h Some hatch after 1-3 y Overwintering stage for some species Larvae 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd , 4 th instars “Wigglers”, very active, most come to surface for air 4-12 d, some species weeks
12

Mosquitoes can breed in…….. Biting Midges, Natural water Midges_60... · Mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges 2/29/2016 DHG 1 Mosquitoes, Biting Midges, and Ticks Madness Mosquitoes

Apr 06, 2018

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Page 1: Mosquitoes can breed in…….. Biting Midges, Natural water Midges_60... · Mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges 2/29/2016 DHG 1 Mosquitoes, Biting Midges, and Ticks Madness Mosquitoes

Mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges 2/29/2016

DHG 1

Mosquitoes, Biting Midges,

and Ticks Madness

Mosquitoes can breed in……..A. Natural water

catchments, and man-made containers, but not in irrigated lawns

B. In man-made containers holding more than 1 pint of water

C. Natural water catchments, man-made containers, and irrigated lawn areas, but not maintained swimming-pools

A. B. C.

94%

3%3%

Brown dog ticks

A. Are intolerant to high temperatures

B. Are relatively heat tolerant

C. Prefer room temperature

A. B. C.

94%

3%3%

MosquitoesMosquitoes

Mosquitoes need water

Four life stagesegg, larva, pupa, and adult

Larval and pupal stages are aquatic

Two-winged Diptera (flies) Family Culicidae: most species females have a long proboscis for sucking blood

• Eggs

• Singly on surface or edge of water

• Eggs in rafts on surface of water

• Some sp. hatch 24-36 h• Some hatch after 1-3 y • Overwintering stage for

some species

Larvae

• 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th

instars

• “Wigglers”, very active, most come to surface for air

• 4-12 d, some species weeks

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Mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges 2/29/2016

DHG 2

Pupae• Stage that changes from larva to adult

• “Tumblers” very active, come to surface for air

• 3-6 d

• Non-feeding stage

Adult mosquitoes emerge from aquatic stages

Adult (Male)• Emerges first

• Feeds on nectar sources for energy

• Mates within 2 -7 d and dies

Adult (Females)

• Emerge and feed on nectar

• Mates usually once

• Needs blood meal to develop eggs

• 1-5 blood meals over life of 7 - 28 d

Winter Survival Is Important:

Most overwinter in the egg stage

Some as larvae

Some as adults

Mated females rest in protected, cool locations

Warm spring days allowfemales to seek a blood meal

Mosquitoes are classified based on larval habitat• Floodwater mosquitoes - Eggs laid

in damp areas

• Permanent water

• Containers

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Mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges 2/29/2016

DHG 3

Flood Water Mosquitoes

• Aedes and Psorophora• Some genera are important pest species• Bite humans, livestock, pets• Can have very large populations

in spring and early summer

• Can survive in egg stage for several years until flooded

• Can have different hatches within several days if increased water levels hatch new eggs

Floodwater (cont.) • Adult populations peak in late April, May, and June, some species hatch with late summer fall rains

• Adults die quickly during hot weather

• Flood water usually dries up too fast to support larvae in hot weather

• Females most active around sunset or in shady areas when disturbed

• Some are active during the day

Permanent Water Mosquitoes

• Anopheles, some Culex spp.

• Quiet bodies of freshwater with sunlight, surface vegetation and little wave action

• Shallow edges of ponds, some lakes backwaters of rivers slow moving streams

• Never in lakes with wave action

U.S. Mosquitos of Great Concern

• Culex tarsalis, C. quinquefasciatus(southern house mosquito)

• Note: all are permanent water mosquitoes, populations peak in summer through fall at same time virus activity peaks

• Feed on birds and mammals

• Vector WNV, WEE and SLE

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Mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges 2/29/2016

DHG 4

Culex quinquefasciatus

Culex tarsalis

• Populations low in spring

• Build through the summer

• Peak July-October (varies by location)

• Many prefer birds as hosts, feed on mammals

• Vectors of viruses

• Bite more readily at night

Permanent Water Group (cont.)

Roadside ditches Wastewater treatment

Culex spp. prefer nasty, smelly water

Container Mosquitoes(you breed ‘em, you feed ‘em)

• 99% = Culex or Aedes• Larvae live in tree holes, rock pools even

leaf axils• Many associated with man made

containers• Tires, cans, buckets, birdbaths, gutters, pet

water dishes, plant container bottoms that catch water, even cans, paper cups etc.

Typical Container Mosquito Habitat Mosquito Hunting

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Mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges 2/29/2016

DHG 5

Locations of mosquitosurveillance and Aedes aegyptipresence in Arizona -2015

• Source Reduction

• Eliminate mosquito breeding sites

•Oils•Suffocation – mechanical barrier•Suffocation – oil entering the siphon blocking air•Poisoning due to toxic properties of the volatiles

•Bacterial (Bti, B. sphaericus)•Chemicals (organophosphate-temephos, Abate®) •IGR (growth hormones - methoprene) •Fish, copepods, turtles

Types of Larvacides

AdulticidesExpensive and relatively ineffective <60%

ULV hand fogger and portable mist blowers•Organophoshates•Pyrethroids/pyrethrum

•ULV•Droplet size 10-46 microns

•Portable mist blowers•Large droplet size

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Mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges 2/29/2016

DHG 6

Live bearers– 75 young/female

New brood/6-8 weeksOmnivorous

30-50 Gambusiaaffinis /pool

Mosquito Management

• Stop them at their source – larvacide

• Kill vectoring adults – adulticide

• Erect barriers against the ones you miss

• Advocate personal protection as the final layer of protection – repellents

• Virus

• 1O vectors

• Human hosts

• % symptomatic

• % chronic

• % fatality

• Symptoms

WEST NILE CHIKUNGUNYA

• Flavivirus

• Culex

• Incidental

• <20%

• <1%

• <1%

• fever, headache, body aches, skin rash, and swollen lymph nodes

• Alphavirus

• Aedes

• 1O host

• 72-97%

• 30–40%

• 0.03%

• headache, muscle pain, joint swelling, rash

• Virus

• 1O vectors

• Human hosts

• % symptomatic

• % chronic

• % fatality

• Symptoms

DENGUE ZIKA• Flavivirus 1-4

• Aedes

• 1o host

• Can be 50%

• Variable

• <1-50% (DF,DHF)

• Headache, eye pain, joint pain, muscle and/or bone pain, rash, nausea

• Flavivirus

• Aedes

• 1o host

• <20%

• ?

• Very low GB

• fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis (?microcephaly?)

Educational Materials

CDChttp://www.cdc.gov/features/stopmosquitoes/

USGShttp://diseasemaps.usgs.gov/dep_ga_human.html

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DHG 7

Brown dog tick  Rhipicephalus sanguineus 

General Life Cycle of a Tick

Male

Female

Larva

Nymph

Egg

Adults

Feed

Develop

Lay eggs

Feed

Develop

molt

Feed

Develop

molt

Hatch

Ixodidae

Brown dog tick  Rhipicephalus sanguineus (3000‐4000 eggs) 

Brown dog ticks are “special”• Heat tolerant ticks• Low desert tick activity year‐round• Reproduce indoors or outdoors in 63‐93 days• Widespread tick distribution (69%‐83% houses with dogs)

• High tick densities in peridomestic environment• Close contact between humans, dogs and ticks 

• Potential for transport of ticks across widespread area due to stray dogs

• Transmit RMSF very rapidly

Rhipicephalus sanguineus

When to Suspect Tick‐borne Illness

Acute febrile illness without apparent cause (fever, malaise, lethargy + other symptoms)

Onset during May‐September (high tick activity) 

History of tick bite or exposure

Persons at risk for tick bite

History of travel to endemic areas (US and global travel)

Thrombocytopenia, elevated liver enzymes

Rash not always a feature

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DHG 8

RMSF cases 2013Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)

• Disproportionately affects children and elderly

• Acute febrile illness with severe manifestations

• Typical symptoms include: fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and muscle pain

• A rash occurs 2‐5 days after fever, may be absent in some cases

• Low incidence, high consequence disease

• High case fatality rate

• RMSF can be a severe or even fatal illness if not treated in the first few days of symptoms

• Doxycycline is most effective if started in the first 5 days of symptoms 

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)

Mention of trade names does not imply endorsement by UA, CDC or other agencies.

RMSF in Arizona• Identified in tribal communities in eastern Arizona since 2003

• High infestations of brown dog ticks

• Many confirmed bites by nymphs (usually behind ears or back of neck)

When first investigated in AZ, the annual incidence of RMSF in this area was 300x that of 

rest of country

RMSF in Arizona

• Now seen in many widely separated tribal lands (over 400,000 persons at risk)

• From 2002‐2013, 321 cases were identified

Case fatality rate = 7%

CDC, IHS and 2 tribes, estimate $13.2 million due to the epidemic of RMSF 2002 ‐ 2011, on two Indian reservations

RMSF in Arizona

• Dog serosurveys

• 3‐50% across six tribal lands (avg. 28.5%)

• Arizona, non‐tribal lands 5%

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Mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges 2/29/2016

DHG 9

Biological Features

Ticks move among hosts during high tick activity (interrupted feeding)

Nocturnal detachment of nymphal and adult engorged ticks                                         concentrates ticks and                                   facilitates host contact

Increased height of questing and human biting rate with elevated temperature (Melendez et al. 1995; Parola et al. 2008)

Survives temperatures and humidities that other ticks cannot (Yoder et al. 2006a,b):  90% survival at 40°C and 33% survival at 50°C (122°F)

Biological Features

Personal Repellent Use

• DEET (N, N‐diethyl‐3‐methylbenzamide)– Use repellents containing 20‐30% DEET on exposed skin and clothing

– No greater than 15% for children

• Permethrin– Can only be used to treat clothing (0.5%)

• Other repellents registered by the EPA

Avoid Contact with Ticks

• Clothing adjustment and access prevention measures (e.g., pants in sock, double‐stick tape, wear light colored clothing to see ticks)

• Avoidance of tick habitat or tick infested areas

• Prompt tick removal reduces risk

Proper Tick Removal

DO NOT: use petroleum jelly, a hot match, nail polish, or other products to remove a tick

Prevention• Tumble clothes in a dryer on high heat for an hour

• Bathe or shower after coming indoors

• Examine gear, pets and each other

• Ask your doctor about antibiotics if bitten

• Learn the early signs of tick‐borne illness

• Routine tick check and removal

– Record date/save tick

• Control ticks around your home 

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Mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges 2/29/2016

DHG 10

Home Assessment‐What Are We Looking For?

Examine for suitable microhabitats aroundthe home:

• Are animals (dogs especially) present?

• Are there access points to a crawl space?

• Is vegetation present providing shade and humidity?

• Are there wood piles, other debris?

• Furniture or outdoor garbage?

Vegetation in surrounding areas increased moisture levels under houses on piers

“Shady places where dogs lie”

Rhipicephalus sanguineus InfestationRhipicephalus sanguineus Infestation

Voids in the concrete piers can contain ticks of all stages

Larvae and nymphs can quest from the surface

Rhipicephalus sanguineus InfestationRhipicephalus sanguineus Infestation Applications: Proper use of pesticides; Proper timing and dosage of application; Maximize safety

Indoors

Treatment of cracks and crevices (pyrethroids, desiccants)

Do not treat food preparation areas

Outdoors

Treatment of tick‐infested areas

Treatment of animal sleeping areas

Do not treat ground water or areas where contaminated runoff could occur

Treatment of Premises• Outdoor

– Sprays• Pyrethrins, Bifenthrin, Permethrin, Lambda‐Cyhalothrin, Carbaryl

–Granules• Carbaryl, Bifenthrin, Permethrin, Lambda‐Cyhalothrin

–Dusts• Carbaryl, Permethrin, Deltamethrin

Hose‐end sprayer for best resultsTicks detect and avoid pesticides, begin at the exterior, then work out and away from the house

Reminder: Dog Population Control

Animal control 

Spay/neuter programs can stabilize the situation

Dogs get sick also

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DHG 11

Topically Applied Products

• Pyrethrins

• Permethrin, Permethrin + pyriproxyfen

• Fipronil

• Fipronil + methoprene

• Fipronil + amitraz + methoprene

• Metaflumizone + amitraz

• Selamectin

Collars• Tetrachlorvinphos (Hartz Ultraguard)

• Tetrachlorvinphos + (S)‐methoprene (Hartz Ultraguard Plus)

• Propoxur (Zodiac, Breakaway Plus)

• Amitraz (Preventic)

• Amitraz + pyriproxifen (Preventic Plus)

• Deltamethrin (Adams Delta Force, Preventef‐D, Scalibor)

• Flumethrin + propoxur (Kiltix)

• Flumethrin + imidacloprid (Seresto)

Effectiveness reduced in high heat or if dog swims

Some products are highly toxic, use with caution especially when children interact with dogs

Useful Resources

• http://www.cdc.gov/rmsf/

No‐see‐ums Culicoides or Leptoconops(Ceratopogonidae)

• Summer month misery• Small <1/16th inch • Painful bites• Pass through standard window screening• Culicoides feed early dusk and night 

Leptoconops during the day!• Blood‐feeding female flies• Eggs laid on moist surfaces or in water• Not human disease vectors but allergic 

reactions are common

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Mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges 2/29/2016

DHG 12

Mosquitoes can breed in……..A. Natural water

catchments, and man-made containers, but not in irrigated lawns

B. In man-made containers holding more than 1 pint of water

C. Natural water catchments, man-made containers, and irrigated lawn areas, but not maintained swimming-pools

A. B. C.

95%

5%0%

Brown dog ticks

A. Are intolerant to high temperatures

B. Are relatively heat tolerant

C. Prefer room temperature

A. B. C.

94%

3%3%

Common sense

Use of trade names does not imply endorsement by UA, CDC or other agencies