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Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems Soumya Banerjee and Melanie Moses University of New Mexico
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Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems

May 11, 2015

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Soumya Banerjee

Talk given at the 9th International Conference on Artificial Immune Systems (ICARIS), 2010, Edinburgh, UK
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Page 1: Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems

Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed

Systems

Soumya Banerjee and Melanie MosesUniversity of New Mexico

Page 2: Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems

Outline• Distributed systems and the natural immune system (NIS)

operate under similar constraints• Effect of body size on NIS search and response times• Scale invariant detection and response• Hypothesis: architecture of the lymphatic system leads to

invariant search and response times• Modular RADAR strategy• Number and size of lymph nodes increases with organism

size• Distributed systems

– P2P system– Multi-robot control

• Future directions

Page 3: Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems

Properties of Distributed Systems

• Physical space is important• Resource constrained (power, bandwidth)• Performance scalability is a desirable feature

Page 4: Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems

• Operates under constraints of physical space• Resource constrained (metabolic input,

number of immune system cells)• Performance scalability is an important

concern (mice to horses)

Properties of the Natural Immune System (NIS)

Page 5: Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems

Problems Faced by the NIS• Only a few NIS

cells are specific to a particular pathogen ( in

T-cells)

106

1

Page 6: Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems

Search Problem

• They have to search throughout the whole body to locate small quantities of pathogens

Page 7: Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems

Response Problem

• Have to respond by producing antibodies

Page 8: Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems

West Nile Virus infection 25 species of birds and 4 species of mammals infected with WNV

• Bunning et al. (2002)• Komar et al. (2002)

Unimodal peak at ~ 2 to 4 days post infection

Immune response rates and times are not correlated with host mass

• assuming immune response causes peak• B-cell response in mice ~ 4 days

Komar et al. 2002

Page 9: Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems

• Experimental data indicates that the NIS can search for pathogens and respond by producing antibodies in time invariant of organism body size

Nearly Scale-Invariant Search and Response

Page 10: Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems

Nearly Scale-Invariant Search and Response

• How does the immune system search and respond in almost the same time irrespective of the size of the search space?

Page 11: Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems

Solution: Lymph Nodes (LN)• A place in which IS cells and the pathogen can

encounter each other in a small volume• Form a decentralized detection network

Crivellato et al. 2004

Page 12: Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems

Modular RADAR

• Search is now– modular– efficient– parallel

We call this a modular RADAR (Robust Adaptive Decentralized search Automated Response)

Page 13: Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems

Hypothesis• Architecture of the immune system is

responsible for nearly scale-invariant search and response properties

• We now focus on West Nile Virus

www.lymphadvice.com

Page 14: Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems

Lymph Node Dynamics

Page 15: Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems

Lymph Node Dynamics

Page 16: Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems

Lymph Node Dynamics

Page 17: Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems
Page 18: Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems

T = tdetectDC + tmigrate

DC + tdetectcTcell ,DC + trecruit

Page 19: Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems

Scaling of LN Size and Number

• this is in qualitative agreement with data• need more data

T = tlocal + tglobal

T = tdetectDC + tmigrate

DC + tdetectDC ,cTcell + trecruit

After minimizing we have

N ∝M 4 / 7,where N is the number of LNs

VLN ∝M3 / 7,where VLN is the size of a LN

Banerjee and Moses 2010, Swarm Intelligence (under review)

Page 20: Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems
Page 21: Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems
Page 22: Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems

Modular RADAR Architecture

T = tlocal + tglobal ∝M1/ 7

Page 23: Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems

Summary

• There are increasing costs to global communication as organisms grow bigger

• Semi-modular architecture balances the opposing goals of detecting pathogen (local communication) and recruiting IS cells (global communication)

• This leads to scale invariant detection and response

• Can we emulate this modular RADAR strategy in distributed systems?

Page 24: Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems

Peer-to-Peer Systems

• Used to provide distributed services like search, content integration and administration

• Computer nodes store data or service • No single node has complete global

information • Decentralized search using local information

to locate data

Page 25: Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems

Semantic Small World (SSW) P2P Overlay Network

• Represents objects by a collection of attribute values derived from object content

• Aggregates data objects with similar semantics close to each other in clusters in order to facilitate efficient search

• It maintains short and long-distance connections between clusters.

• The long-distance connections follow a precise probability distribution making the whole overlay network small-world (Kleinberg 2000)

* M. Li et al. 2004

Page 26: Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems

Semantic Small World (SSW) P2P Overlay Network

adapted from M. Li et al. 2004

Page 27: Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems

Bounds for Efficient Decentralized Search in SSW

• Average search path length for search across clusters is

where n is the total number of nodes, c is the number of nodes in a cluster,

l is the number of long-distance connections per node

tglobal =Olog2(n /c)

l

⎝ ⎜

⎠ ⎟

M. Li et al. 2004

Page 28: Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems

SSW with Modular RADAR

• Our contribution is to – vary the cluster size– vary the number of long-distance connections

as

– such densification is seen as an emergent property of technological networks (Kleinberg 2004) and also incorporates redundant paths€

l = log(n /c) = log(numclusters)

tglobal =O(log(n /c))

Page 29: Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems

Time to Search in SSW with Modular RADAR

minimizing by differentiating with respect to c we have

T = tlocal + tglobal

T =α 1c1/ 2 +α 2 log(n /c)

c =O(log2 n)

T =O(logn − loglogn)

Page 30: Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems

SSW with Modular RADAR

Page 31: Modular RADAR: Immune System Inspired Strategies for Distributed Systems

Wireless Mobile Devices: Original System

adapted from Nair et al. 2008

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Tradeoffs• Potential communication bottlenecks

– local communication between robots and computer servers – global communication between computer servers

• If both local and global communication are constrained, then sub-modular architecture balancestradeoff

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System modified with modular RADAR

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Future Directions• Strategy is widely applicable• A modular RADAR strategy can be used to augment

– Intrusion Detection Systems (Hofmeyr and Forrest 1999)

– Multi-Robot Control– Wireless Sensor Networks– Wireless Devices (Specknets: Hart and Davoudani

2009)– Collective Robotic Systems using Artificial Lymph

Node Architectures (Mokhtar, Timmis, Tyrrell and Bi 2008)

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Summary• The NIS and distributed systems operate under similar

constraints• Physical space of organism body constrains NIS search and

response times• The NIS has evolved a sub-modular RADAR architecture in

which LN numbers and sizes increase with organism body size

• This balances the tradeoff between local communication (pathogen detection) and global communication (antibody production); this leads to scale invariant detection and response

• Similar tradeoffs also exist in distributed systems• Such a modular RADAR approach is shown to improve

search times in P2P and multi-robot control systems• Can be applied in other distributed systems

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Acknowledgements

• Dr. Melanie Moses• Dr. Alan Perelson• Dr. Stephanie

Forrest• Dr. Jedidiah Crandall• Dr. Rob Miller• Dr. Sam Loker

• SFI Complex Systems Summer School

• Travel grants from PIBBS (Dept. of Biology, UNM)

• Travel grants from RPT and SCAP (UNM)

• NIH COBRE CETI grant (RR018754)