Modern America Emerges Chapters 6 and 7 A New Industrial Age Immigrants and Urbanization.

Modern America EmergesChapters 6 and 7A New Industrial AgeImmigrants and Urbanization

Chapter 6: A New Industrial AgeExpansion of IndustryAt the end of the 19th century, natural resources, creative ideas, and growing markets fuel an industrial boom.

The Growth of Industry• By 1920s, U.S. is world’s leading industrial power, due to several

reasons

• Wealth of natural resources

• Government support for business

• Growing urban population

Black Gold• Pre-European arrival, Native Americans make fuel, medicine from oil

• 1859, Edwin L. Drake successfully uses steam engine to drill for oil

• Petroleum-refining industry first makes kerosene, then gasoline

Bessemer Steel Process• Abundant deposits of coal, iron spur industry

• Bessemer process puts air into iron to remove carbon to make steel

• Steel used in railroads, barbed wire, farm machines

• Changes construction: Brooklyn Bridge; steel-framed skyscrapers

Inventions Promote Change• Electricity runs numerous machines, becomes available in homes;

encourages invention of appliances

• Inventions impact factory work, lead to industrialization

• Industrialization makes jobs easier; improves standard of living By 1890 average workweek 10 hours shorter Consumers, workers regain power in market

The Age of RailroadsThe growth and consolidation of railroads benefits the nation but also leads to corruption and required government regulation.

Railroads Encourage Growth• Rails make local transit reliable, westward expansion possible

• Government makes land grants, loans to railroads To help settle West To develop country

• A National Network 1859, railroads expand west of Missouri River 1869, first transcontinental railroad completed, spans the nation

Romance and Reality• Railroads offer land, adventure, fresh start to many

• People of diverse backgrounds build railroad under harsh conditions: Central Pacific hires Chinese immigrants Union Pacific, Irish immigrants, Civil War vets

• Accidents, disease disable and kill thousands every year

New Towns and Markets• Railroads require great supply of materials, parts

• Iron, coal, steel, lumber, glass industries grow to meet demand

• Railroads link isolated towns, promote trade, interdependence

• Nationwide network of suppliers, markets develop

• Towns specialize, sell large quantities of their product nationally

• New towns grow along railroad lines

Pullman• 1880, George M. Pullman builds railcar factory on Illinois prairie

• Pullman provides for workers: housing, doctors, shops, sports field

• Company tightly controls residents to ensure stable work force

Railroad Abuses• Famers angry over perceived railroad corruption

• Railroads sell government lands to businesses, not settlers

• Fix prices, keep farmers in debt

• Charge different customers different rates

Interstate Commerce Act• 1886, Supreme Court: states cannot set rates on interstate commerce

• Public outrage leads to Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 Federal government can supervise railroads Establishes Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

Panic and Consolidation• Abuses, management, competition almost bankrupt many railroads

• Railroad problems contribute to panic of 1893, depression

• By mid-1894, 25% of railroads taken over by financial companies

Big Business and LaborThe expansion of industry results in the growth of big business and prompts laborers to form unions to better their lives.

Andrew Carnegie: New Business Strategies• Carnegie searches for ways to make better products more cheaply

• Hires talented staff; offers company stock; promotes competition

• Uses vertical integration—buys out suppliers to control materials

• Through horizontal integration merges with competing companies

• Carnegie controls almost entire steel industry

Principles of Social Darwinism• Darwin’s theory of biological evolution: the best-adapted survive

• Social Darwinism, or social evolution, based on Darwin’s theory

• Economists use Social Darwinism to justify doctrine of laissez faire

Fewer Control MoreGrowth an Consolidation• Businesses try to control industry with mergers— buy out competitors

• Buy all others to form monopolies—control production, wages, prices

• Holding companies buy all the stock of other companies

• John D. Rockefeller founds Standard Oil Company, forms trust trustees run separate companies as if one

Rockefeller and the “Robber Barons”• Rockefeller profits by paying low wages, underselling others when controls market, raises prices

• Critics call industrialists robber barons industrialists also become philanthropists

Sherman Antitrust Act• Government thinks expanding corporations stifle free competition

• Sherman Antitrust Act: trust illegal if interferes with free trade

• Prosecuting companies difficult; government stops enforcing act

Labor Unions Emerge• Long hours and danger• National Labor Union—first large-scale national organization

• 1868, NLU gets Congress to give 8-hour day to civil servants

• Local chapters reject blacks; Colored National Labor Union forms

• NLU focus on linking existing local unions• Noble Order of the Knights of Labor open to women, blacks, unskilled

• Knights support 8-hour day, equal pay, arbitration

Union Movements DivergeCraft Unionism• Craft unions include skilled workers from one or more trades

• Samuel Gompers helps found American Federation of Labor (AFL)

• AFL uses collective bargaining for better wages, hours, conditions

• AFL strikes successfully, wins higher pay, shorter workweekIndustrial Unionism• Industrial unions include skilled, unskilled workers in an industry

• Eugene V. Debs forms American Railway Union; uses strikes

Socialism and the IWW• Some labor activists turn to socialism:

government control of business, property equal distribution of wealth

• Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), or Wobblies, forms 1905

• Organized by radical unionists, socialists; include African Americans

• Industrial unions give unskilled workers dignity, solidarity

Strikes Turn Violent• The Great Strike of 1877

• The Haymarket Affair

• The Homestead Strike

• The Pullman Company Strike

Women Organize • Women barred from many unions; unite behind powerful leaders

• Mary Harris Jones— most prominent organizer in women’s labor works for United Mine Workers leads children’s march

• Pauline Newman—organizer for International Ladies’ Garment Workers

• 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire results in public outrage

Chapter 7:Immigrants & UrbanizationThe New ImmigrantsImmigration from Europe, Asia, the Caribbean, and Mexico reach a new high in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Through the “Golden Door”• Millions of immigrants seek better lives and/or temporary jobs

• Europeans

• Chinese and Japanese

• The West Indies and Mexico

Life in the New Land –Ellis Island• Almost all immigrants travel by steamship, most in steerage

• Ellis Island—chief U.S. immigration station, in New York Harbor

• Immigrants given physical exam by doctor; seriously ill not admitted

• Inspector checks documents to see if meets legal requirements

• 1892–1924, about 17 million immigrants processed at Ellis Island

• Angel Island—immigrant processing station in San Francisco Bay Immigrants endure harsh questioning, long detention for

admission

Cooperation for Survival• Immigrants must create new life: find work, home, learn new ways

• Many seek people who share cultural values, religion, language ethnic communities form

• Friction develops between “hyphenated” Americans, native-born

The Rise of Nativism• Melting pot—in U.S. people blend by abandoning

native culture immigrants don’t want to give up cultural identity

• Nativism—overt favoritism toward native-born Americans

• Nativists believe Anglo-Saxons superior to other ethnic groups

• Some object to immigrants’ religion: many are Catholics, Jews

• 1897, Congress passes literacy bill for immigrants; Cleveland vetoes

• 1917, similar bill passes over Wilson’s veto

Anti-Asian Sentiment• Nativism finds foothold in labor movement, especially in West fear Chinese immigrants who work for less

• Labor groups exert political pressure to restrict Asian immigration

• 1882, Chinese Exclusion Act bans entry to most Chinese

The Gentlemen’s Agreement• Nativist fears extend to Japanese, most Asians in early 1900s San Francisco segregates Japanese schoolchildren

• Gentlemen’s Agreement—Japan limits emigration in return, U.S. repeals segregation

The Challenges of UrbanizationThe rapid growth of cities force people to contend with problems of housing, transportation, water, and sanitation

Immigrants Settle in Cities • Industrialization leads to urbanization, or growth

of cities

• Most immigrants settle in cities; get cheap housing, factory jobs

• Americanization movement—assimilate people into main culture

• Schools, voluntary groups teach citizenship skills English, American history, cooking, etiquette

• Ethnic communities provide social support

Migration from Country to City • Farm technology decreases need for

laborers; people move to cities

• Many African Americans in South lose their livelihood

• 1890–1910, move to cities in North, West to escape racial violence

• Find segregation, discrimination in North too

• Competition for jobs between blacks, white immigrants causes tension

Urban Problems • Housing

• Transportation

• Water

• Sanitation

• Crime

• Fire

The Settlement House Movement • Social welfare reformers work to relieve urban poverty

• Social Gospel movement—preaches salvation through service to poor

• Settlement houses—community centers in slums, help immigrants

• Run by college-educated women, they: provide educational, cultural, social services send visiting nurses to the sick help with personal, job, financial problems

• Jane Addams founds Hull House with Ellen Gates Starr in 1889

Politics in the Gilded AgeLocal and national political corruption in the 19th century leads to calls for reform

The Emergence of Political Machines• Political machine—organized group that controls city political party

• Give services to voters, businesses for political, financial support

• After Civil War, machines gain control of major cities

• Machine organization: precinct captains, ward bosses, city boss

The Role of the Political Boss• Whether or not city boss serves as mayor, he:

controls access to city jobs, business licenses influences courts, municipal agencies]arranges building projects, community

services

• Bosses paid by businesses, get voters’ loyalty, extend influence

Municipal Graft and ScandalElection Fraud and Graft• Machines use electoral fraud to win elections• Graft—illegal use of political influence for

personal gain• Machines take kickbacks, bribes to allow

legal, illegal activities

The Tweed Ring Scandal• 1868 William M. Tweed, or Boss Tweed, heads

Tammany Hall in NYC• Leads Tweed Ring, defrauds city of millions of

dollars• Cartoonist Thomas Nast helps arouse public

outrage- Tweed Ring broken in 1871

Patronage Spurs Reform• Patronage—government jobs to those who help candidate get elected

• Civil service (government administration) are all patronage jobs

• Some appointees not qualified; some use position for personal gain

• Reformers press for merit system of hiring for civil service

Reform Under Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur• Republican Rutherford B. Hayes elected president 1876

names independents to cabinet creates commission to investigate corruption fires 2 officials; angers Stalwarts

• 1880, Republican independent James A. Garfield wins election

• Stalwart Chester A. Arthur is vice-president

• Garfield gives patronage jobs to reformers; is shot and killed

• As president, Arthur urges Congress to pass civil service law

• Pendleton Civil Service Act—appointments based on exam score

Harrison, Cleveland, and High Tariffs• Business wants high tariffs; Democrats want low tariffs

• 1884, Democrat Grover Cleveland wins; cannot lower tariffs

• 1888, Benjamin Harrison becomes president, supports higher tariffs wins passage of McKinley Tariff Act

• 1892, Cleveland reelected, supports bill that lowers McKinley Tariff rejects bill that also creates income tax Wilson-Gorman Tariff becomes law 1894

• 1897, William McKinley becomes president, raises tariffs again