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ComNets Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Bernhard Walke ComNets, RWTH Aachen University www.comnets.rwth-aachen.de Work supported by German Ministry of Research & Education and EU-IST WINNER project
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Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Neubau 2008.… · Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Bernhard Walke. ComNets, RWTH Aachen University . Work supported

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Page 1: Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Neubau 2008.… · Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Bernhard Walke. ComNets, RWTH Aachen University . Work supported

ComNets

Mobile Broadband Internet AccessWhat Comes Next?

Bernhard WalkeComNets, RWTH Aachen University

www.comnets.rwth-aachen.de

Work supported by German Ministry of Research & Education and EU-IST WINNER project

Page 2: Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Neubau 2008.… · Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Bernhard Walke. ComNets, RWTH Aachen University . Work supported

© 2008 ComNets ComNets Neubau Einweihung, Nov. 21, 2008 2

Contents

1. Introduction: What Systems are present / expected?

2. Standardization of IMT-Advanced / 4G-Systems

3. Frequency Spectrum for IMT-Advanced

4. Main Characteristics of IMT-Advanced Systems

5. Conclusions

Download URL for papers referenced:

www.comnets.rwth-aachen.de/5+M5d637b1e38d.0.html

Page 3: Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Neubau 2008.… · Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Bernhard Walke. ComNets, RWTH Aachen University . Work supported

© 2008 ComNets ComNets Neubau Einweihung, Nov. 21, 2008 3

Fixe

dW

alk

Vehi

cle

Bluetooth XDSL, CATV, Fiber

High Speed

VehicularRural

VehicularUrban

Pedestrian

Nomadic

Fixed urban

Indoor

Personal Area

DECTPHS

GSMGPRS

CDMA-1x

EDGE

UMTS(W-CDMA)

CDMAEV DORev. O/A

CDMAEV DORev. B

HSDPA

WLAN(IEEE 802.11x)

HSPA LTE

(SAE)

UMB

IEEE802.16m

UMB-Evolution

User data rate

Mobility / Range

0.1 1 10 100 1000 Mbps

LTE-Advanced

EDGE-11GERAN

Evolution

IEEE802.16e

WiMAX

IEEE802.16d

1) non-official name; 2) System Architecture Evolution

1)2)

1)

Source: Takagi/Walke: Spectrum Requirements Planning in Wireless Communications, J. Wiley 2008

Page 4: Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Neubau 2008.… · Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Bernhard Walke. ComNets, RWTH Aachen University . Work supported

© 2008 ComNets ComNets Neubau Einweihung, Nov. 21, 2008 4

Contents

1. Introduction: What Systems are present / expected?

2. Standardization of IMT-Advanced / 4G-Systems

3. Frequency Spectrum for IMT-Advanced

4. Main Characteristics of IMT-Advanced Systems

5. Conclusions

Download URL for papers referenced:www.comnets.rwth-aachen.de/5+M5d637b1e38d.0.html

Page 5: Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Neubau 2008.… · Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Bernhard Walke. ComNets, RWTH Aachen University . Work supported

© 2008 ComNets ComNets Neubau Einweihung, Nov. 21, 2008 6

ITU-R

SystemsGeneration

3GPP

3GPP2

IEEE 802

1)

2)

2003/4 2005/6 2007/8 2009/10 2011/12

IMT-2000 IMT-Advanced

3G 4G

WCDMAUMTS/FDD/TDD

WCDMAHSDPA Rel. 5 OFDM/SC-FDMA

LTE Rel. 8

cdma 20001xEV-DO

OFDM/SC-FDMALTE-Advanced

cdma 2000EV-DO Rev A

cdma 2000EV-DO Rev B

UMB/OFDMUMB Evolution

OFDM.16 Fixed (2004)

OFDMA.16e Mobile

WiMAX WAVE I

OFDMAWAVE II Rel. 1.0

OFDMA.16e,j; WAVE Rel. 1.x

WCDMAHSPA EV Rel. 6/7

OFDMA.16m; WAVE Rel. 2.0

B3G

1) Overlay to GSM; 2) Overlay to CDMA-1x; 3) expected, but not specified, so far; 4) non-official name;(currently in question)

3) 4)

4)

3)

Source: Takagi/Walke: Spectrum Requirements Planning in Wireless Communications, J. Wiley 2008

Roadmap of IMT–Advanced Candidate Systems

Page 6: Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Neubau 2008.… · Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Bernhard Walke. ComNets, RWTH Aachen University . Work supported

© 2008 ComNets ComNets Neubau Einweihung, Nov. 21, 2008 7

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

2.5

Bps/Hz

Spe

ctra

l E

ffici

ency

Spectral Efficiency

100

10

1

0.1

1000

Mbps

Pea

k D

ata

Rat

e

Peak Data Rate

0.01

GPRSCDMA

EDGE

CDMA 2000

1xEVDORev.0

UMTS

1xEVDORev.A

HSDPA

1xEVDORev.B

HSUPAWiMAX

UMBLTE

WiMAX

IMT-AdvancedIMT-2000

Narrowband Data Middleband Data Broadband Data2G 2.5G 3G B3G 4G

Multiple Antenna

Contribution

Source: Takagi/Walke: Spectrum Requirements Planning in Wireless Communications, J. Wiley 2008

Spectral Efficiency and Peak Data Rate Evolution in Time

Page 7: Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Neubau 2008.… · Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Bernhard Walke. ComNets, RWTH Aachen University . Work supported

© 2008 ComNets ComNets Neubau Einweihung, Nov. 21, 2008 8

IMT-Advanced Candidate Systems

• 3GPP-LTE II / LTE + / LTE-Advanced• Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) 3GPP2

/QUALCOMM (possibly: no system proposal)

• SUPER 3G (Japan)• 3G+ (Korea)• TD-SCDMA Ev. (China)• IEEE 802.16m (based on 802.16e, j) • IEEE 802.11n (ad-hoc component for cellular) • WINNER+ (Europe) LTE-Advanced

Page 8: Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Neubau 2008.… · Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Bernhard Walke. ComNets, RWTH Aachen University . Work supported

© 2008 ComNets ComNets Neubau Einweihung, Nov. 21, 2008 9

Contents

1. Introduction: What Systems are present / expected?

2. Standardization of IMT-Advanced / 4G-Systems

3. Frequency Spectrum for IMT-Advanced

4. Main Characteristics of IMT-Advanced Systems

5. Conclusions

Download URL for papers referenced:www.comnets.rwth-aachen.de/5+M5d637b1e38d.0.html

Page 9: Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Neubau 2008.… · Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Bernhard Walke. ComNets, RWTH Aachen University . Work supported

© 2008 ComNets ComNets Neubau Einweihung, Nov. 21, 2008 10

• WRC-07 identified new spectrum for IMT

• Changed IMT-2000 spectrum identifications to IMT

• Work has started on spectrum utilization

500 600 700 800 900 1000400

470862450

1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

20252010

2110 21701710

2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900

2690

3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 3900 4000

698 960

Previous IMT-2000

Identified at WRC’07

Bands identified by WRC-07 for IMT Systems

Simplified diagram!

Page 10: Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Neubau 2008.… · Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Bernhard Walke. ComNets, RWTH Aachen University . Work supported

© 2008 ComNets ComNets Neubau Einweihung, Nov. 21, 2008 11

Spectrum Requirements Calculation

• ITU-R M.1036 “Spectrum Estimation Methodology for IMT-Advanced Systems”: 450 MHz needed.464 MHz identified by WRC-07 in Nov. 2007

April 2008

Page 11: Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Neubau 2008.… · Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Bernhard Walke. ComNets, RWTH Aachen University . Work supported

© 2008 ComNets ComNets Neubau Einweihung, Nov. 21, 2008 12

Contents

1. Introduction: What Systems are present / expected?

2. Standardization of IMT-Advanced / 4G-Systems

3. Frequency Spectrum for IMT-Advanced

4. Main Characteristics of IMT-Advanced Systems

1. MAC protocol proposed by ComNets

2. Layer-2 Relays for IMT-Advanced Systems proposed by ComNets

5. Conclusions

Download of papers referenced:

www.comnets.rwth-aachen.de/5+M5d637b1e38d.0.html

Page 12: Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Neubau 2008.… · Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Bernhard Walke. ComNets, RWTH Aachen University . Work supported

© 2008 ComNets ComNets Neubau Einweihung, Nov. 21, 2008 13

Main Characteristics of IMT-Advanced Systems

• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) to share the medium

• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) for medium access

• Periodic MAC frame (known from RACE Project MBS and BMBF Project ATMmobil)

• Antenna Arrays at Base and Mobile Terminal

• Interference • Coordination / Cancellation / Avoidance

• Relay Enhanced Cells (known from Project IST-WINNER

• Simplified Network Operation (Radio Access Router enhanced by mobility support)

Page 13: Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Neubau 2008.… · Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Bernhard Walke. ComNets, RWTH Aachen University . Work supported

© 2008 ComNets ComNets Neubau Einweihung, Nov. 21, 2008 14

OFDMA Subchannels and Resource Elements

• Transmission capacity as a Matrix

• Allocation of orthogonal Resource Elements possible

• Multi dimensional REs– Time, Frequency– Code, Space

• Constraints– Parallel transmission/

reception on different subchannels not possible

• Medium access control (MAC) is based on REs

optimal size of REs?

2-dimensional resource grid (time/frequency)

Page 14: Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Neubau 2008.… · Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Bernhard Walke. ComNets, RWTH Aachen University . Work supported

© 2008 ComNets ComNets Neubau Einweihung, Nov. 21, 2008 15

Contents

1. Introduction: What Systems are present / expected?

2. Standardization of IMT-Advanced / 4G-Systems

3. Frequency Spectrum for IMT-Advanced

4. Main Characteristics of IMT-Advanced Systems

1. MAC protocol proposed by ComNets

2. Layer-2 Relays for IMT-Advanced Systems proposed by ComNets

5. Conclusions

Download of papers referenced:

www.comnets.rwth-aachen.de/5+M5d637b1e38d.0.html

Page 15: Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Neubau 2008.… · Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Bernhard Walke. ComNets, RWTH Aachen University . Work supported

© 2008 ComNets ComNets Neubau Einweihung, Nov. 21, 2008 16

Medium Access Control (MAC) by central Base Station

MAC concept• Centralized resource

request/grant scheme• Used in IEEE 802.16 (2004),

proposed for IEEE 802.11nFrame structure• Beacon (Broadcast)

– Announcement of Resource Elements

• Random Access Channel– Association, resource

requests, ACKs• Resource Element

– Transmission of data burst (PDU train)

Page 16: Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Neubau 2008.… · Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Bernhard Walke. ComNets, RWTH Aachen University . Work supported

© 2008 ComNets ComNets Neubau Einweihung, Nov. 21, 2008

BMBF/ATMmobil MAC-Protokoll wurde Std. ETSI/BRAN HiperLAN2

• DSA++ Protokoll: ComNets Patent Walke/Petras 1995– Dynamische zentrale Kapazitätszuweisung auf Slot Basis– Rahmenbasiert, variable MAC Rahmenlänge– Unterstützung unterschiedlicher Dienstgüteanforderungen

Signalisierungsperiode SignalisierungsperiodeSignalisierungsperiode

PCtrl-PDURQCH-PDUs

Downlink ATM-Zellen Uplink ATM-Zellen

Zeit

TransceiverUmschaltzeiten

Page 17: Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Neubau 2008.… · Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Bernhard Walke. ComNets, RWTH Aachen University . Work supported

© 2008 ComNets ComNets Neubau Einweihung, Nov. 21, 2008

WiMAX MAC Protocol is identical to ETSI/BRAN/HiperMAN, that is derived from HiperLAN2

• Periodic MAC frame, starting with Frame Control Header (FCH)

• Contention phase (initial access, bandwidth request)

• Uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) phase

• Phases consist of burst

• Maps describing frame schedule

• Downlink: Which station should receive the burst

• Uplink: Which station is allowed to send in the burst

Page 18: Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Neubau 2008.… · Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Bernhard Walke. ComNets, RWTH Aachen University . Work supported

© 2008 ComNets ComNets Neubau Einweihung, Nov. 21, 2008 19

0 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 61

time

time slot(1 OFDMA symbol)

1200

sub

chan

nels

100

chun

ks

signaling overhead scheduled

resources

TTI = 500 μs (7 x 66.6 μs + 6 x 4.687 μs + 1 x 5.208 μs)

1/6 for pilots

66.6 μsCyclicprefix

1 chunk =12x6=72sub-symbolstime

f

LTE TTI Frame (MAC Frame)Further developed DSA++ protocol for OFDMA systems

TTI = transmissiontime interval

Page 19: Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Neubau 2008.… · Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Bernhard Walke. ComNets, RWTH Aachen University . Work supported

© 2008 ComNets ComNets Neubau Einweihung, Nov. 21, 2008 21

Contents

1. Introduction: What Systems are present / expected?

2. Standardization of IMT-Advanced / 4G-Systems

3. Frequency Spectrum for IMT-Advanced

4. Main Characteristics of IMT-Advanced Systems

1. MAC protocol proposed by ComNets

2. Layer-2 Relays for IMT-Advanced Systems proposed by ComNets

5. Conclusions

Download of papers referenced:

www.comnets.rwth-aachen.de/5+M5d637b1e38d.0.html

Page 20: Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Neubau 2008.… · Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Bernhard Walke. ComNets, RWTH Aachen University . Work supported

© 2008 ComNets ComNets Neubau Einweihung, Nov. 21, 2008 22

Cell Capacity vs. Distance is Inverse to the Needs

Range of broadband base station is limited– high attenuation at high frequencies – limited transmit power (EIRP limits)– Unfavourable radio propagation

conditions, e.g., in urban area# of BS required increases with increased carrier frequency to cover given areaHigh Capital and Operations ExpensesHigh cost/bit transmitted High data rate available close to AP only

Under constant user density: o Number of users proportional to

distance d from Base Stationo Cell capacity per area element differs

from what is requested by userso Technology trend worsens situation

Actual Available Capacity vs. Requested Capacity

Available

Requested by users2005

Cell border

Cap

city

/A

rea

Ele

men

t

2010

Location of the Base Station

Distance d

Sources: B. Walke, H. Wijaya, D.C. Schultz: Relays in Infrastructure-based Future Mobile Radio Networks, VTC 2006 Spring, Melbourne, AustraliaT. Irnich, D.C. Schultz, R. Pabst, P. Wienert: Capacity of a Relaying Infrastructure for Broadband Radio Coverage of Urban Areas. Proc. 10th WWRF meeting, New York, 10/2003

Users at distance d

Page 21: Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Neubau 2008.… · Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Bernhard Walke. ComNets, RWTH Aachen University . Work supported

© 2008 ComNets ComNets Neubau Einweihung, Nov. 21, 2008 23

Relay Enhanced Cell (REC) A cell complemented by Fixed Relay Nodes (FRN)

• Layer-2 Relays in REC – Save cost for wired backbone

access – Full flexibility of relays positioning – enlarge the coverage area – Increase capacity at cell border– balance capacity/area element– reduce transmission power / co-

channel interference• Relays

– Support fast network rollout– Allow outdoor to indoor service– Serve shadowed areas in REC– Exploit macro diversity–will be mass products

Capacity Optimisation

Area Optimisation

Coverage of shadowed areas

One-hop Cell

AP

FRN

Source: B. Walke, H. Wijaya, D. Schultz: Relays in Infrastructure-based Future Mobile Radio Networks. VTC 2006 Spring, Melbourne, Australia

Page 22: Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Neubau 2008.… · Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Bernhard Walke. ComNets, RWTH Aachen University . Work supported

© 2008 ComNets ComNets Neubau Einweihung, Nov. 21, 2008

Relaying in Time Domain – Subframe ConceptComNets Patent Walke/Esseling 2000

• Subframe Concept: Enables multi-hop operation for relaying in time domain

• Multiple FRS’s are served by one BS• FRSs’ MAC frame are embedded to BS’s MAC frame• Duration of FRS MAC frame may depend on traffic load

Page 23: Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Neubau 2008.… · Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Bernhard Walke. ComNets, RWTH Aachen University . Work supported

© 2008 ComNets ComNets Neubau Einweihung, Nov. 21, 2008 25

Layer-2 Relays in IMT-Advanced

• Layer 2 (Decode-and-Forward) relays are part of an IMT-Advanced systems, as specified by WINNER II

• Relay enhanced RRM technologies – Relays and multi-antenna technologies– Different modulation and coding schemes on

relay and access link– Plug and play network roll out

• Tree topology, self-configuring nodes– Self healing: On demand re-organisation of the

network topology– On demand meshing within REC

• Cooperative relaying as an option for capacity improvement

Cooperative Relaying

Page 24: Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Neubau 2008.… · Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Bernhard Walke. ComNets, RWTH Aachen University . Work supported

© 2008 ComNets ComNets Neubau Einweihung, Nov. 21, 2008 26

Inter/intra Cell Resource ManagementResource Separation in Frequency Domain(OFDMA)

full

band

wid

th

Resources used in one cell

one TTI frame(500 us)

Base stationRelay

Page 25: Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Neubau 2008.… · Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Bernhard Walke. ComNets, RWTH Aachen University . Work supported

© 2008 ComNets ComNets Neubau Einweihung, Nov. 21, 2008 27

Mobile Broadband Networks will base on Relay Enhanced Cells

Conclusion• IMT-Advanced spectrum allocated • IMT-Advanced Systems

– OFDMA: resources in time, frequency and space– Coordination needed: intra- and inter-cell

• Standardization in progress• Relay enhanced cells are part of it

(IEEE802.16j) – extend cell range – increase throughput at cell edge– Reduce impact of signal shadowing

• Relays save Telco infrastructure cost

Page 26: Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Neubau 2008.… · Mobile Broadband Internet Access What Comes Next? Bernhard Walke. ComNets, RWTH Aachen University . Work supported

© 2008 ComNets ComNets Neubau Einweihung, Nov. 21, 2008 28

Thank you!

[email protected]