Minimally Invasive Techniques for Neurosurgery3A978-3-642-58731-3%2F… · this volume include neuronavigation, functional neu rosurgery, neurotransplantation, and "molecular neurosurgery".

D. Hellwig . B. 1. Bauer (Eds.)

Minimally Invasive Techniques for Neurosurgery

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH

D. Hellwig . B.1. Bauer (Eds.)

Current Status and Future Perspectives

With 161 Figures

, Springer

PD Dr. med. Dieter Hellwig Professor Dr. med. Bernhard L. Bauer Klinikum der Universităt Marburg Zentrum fur Operative Medizin 1 BaldingerstraBe 35

35043 Marburg

Cover Design with approval by Prinz & Partner, Marburg

ISBN 978-3-642-63701-8

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Minimally invasive techniques for neurosurgery : current statuts and future perspectives 1 [edited by] D. Hellwig, B. 1. Bauer. p. cm. lncludes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-3-642-63701-8 ISBN 978-3-642-58731-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-58731-3 1. Nervous system - Endoscopic surgery. 2. Nervous system - Surgery.1. Hellwig, D. (Die­ter), 1956- . II. Bauer, B. 1. (Bernhard Ludwig), 1929- . [DNLM: 1. Neurosurgery - methods, 2. Surgery, Minimally lnvasive - methods. 3. Endoscopy - methods. WL 368 M66541998] RD593.M546 1998 617.4'8 - dC21

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Preface

Seven years have passed since the First Congress of Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery and 5 years since the second one was held in Marburg. Much has hap­pened during that time. These concerning the avail­ability of sophisticated equipment and also the broad and worldwide acceptance of neuroendoscopic tech­niques for specific neurosurgical indications. Many of the newly developed neurosurgical, diagnostic, and therapeutic technologies and methods are minimally invasive. Therefore our goal was to provide an over­view of all facets of minimally invasive approaches in neurosurgery.

In addition to neuroendoscopy, the major topics of this volume include neuronavigation, functional neu­rosurgery, neurotransplantation, and "molecular neurosurgery". None of these is discussed in its full variety, but "the state of the art" is presented for each to demonstrate the future prospects of minimally invasive neurosurgery. A panel of international experts contribute to this aim.

It is our pleasure to present this for reaching over­view of minimally invasive neurosurgery today and potential developments in the future.

Dieter Hellwig Bernhard L. Bauer

Contents

Part 1 New Techniques and Technologies for MIEN

Biportal Endomicrosurgery in the Intracranial Subarachnoid Space

G. Fries, R. Reisch, A. Kafadar, and A. Perneczky ............ .

A New Endoscopic System for Neurosurgical Procedures

F. Duffner, W. Dauber, D. Freudenstein, 1. Krasznai, M. Skalej, and E. H. Grote

Innovative Instruments for Endoscopic Neurosurgery

A. E. Guber and P. Wieneke .....

Investigation of Approaches to Localize and Con­trol Flexible Neuroendoscopes Automatically

J. Wahrburg ............... .

Endo-Neuro-Sonography: Basics and Current Use

K. D. M. Resch and A. Perneczky

New Possibilities and Future Developments of Electrosurgery in MIEN

R. Haag, V. Bartel, D. Hellwig, B. 1. Bauer,

3

7

11

17

21

and F. Eggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Three-Dimensional Endoscopy: A Useful Tool for Neuroendoscopy? An Anatomical Study Using MRI and Three-Dimensional Endoscopy

M. Meinhardt, T. Riegel, D. Hellwig, and B. 1. Bauer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Spinal Endoscopy in Fixed Human Cadavers: Preliminary Findings with Possible Implications for Implanting Bladder Stimulators in Paraplegic Patients

J. Boschert, J. Brunner, S. Mense, and P. Schmiedek ............ .

Minimally Invasive Techniques in Monitoring of Brain Tissue Oxygenation and Intracranial Pressure in Neurosurgical Intensive Care

T.J. Kuhn, 1. Benes,A. Schneider, H. Mewes, B. 1. Bauer, and H. Bertalanffy . . . . . . .

Part 2 Neuroendoscopic Treatment of Hydrocephalus

Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy in Treatment of Obstructive Hydrocephalus Caused by Primary Aqueductal Stenosis

D. Hellwig, A. Heinemann, and T. Riegel

Third Ventriculostomy in the Treatment of Hydrocephalus: Experience with More than 120 Cases

C.Teo .............. .

The Role of Third Ventriculostomy in Previously Shunted Hydrocephalus

U. Kehler, J. Gliemroth, U. Knopp, and H. Arnold ... . . . . . . . .

73

77

Ultrasound-Guided Endoscopic Fenestration of the Third Ventricle in Obstructive Hydrocephalus

A. Rieger, N. G. Rainov, 1. Sanchin, G. SchOpp, and W. Burkert . . . .

Endoscopic Stenting in Aqueductal Stenosis M. J. Fritsch and K. H. Manwaring . . . . .-

Endoscopic Treatment of Posthaemorrhagic Hydrocephalus in Premature Newborns

V. Urban, I. Tijsma, C. Busch, and R. SchOnmayr . . . . . . . . . .

37

47

51

81

93

VIII Contents

Part 3 MIEN for Space-Occupying Lesions

Endoscopy of the Ventricular System: Indications, Operative Procedure, and Technical Aspects

F. Oppel, H. J. Hoff, and H. W. Pannek 97

Endoscopic Management of Introcronual Arachnoid Cysts

H. W. S. Schroeder and M. R. Gaab . . 101

The Use of Endoscopes During Surgery in the Suprasellar Region

J. A. Grotenhuis .............. 107

Endoscopic Management of Intracranial Arachnoid Cysts

N. J. Hopf, K. D. M. Resch, K. Ringel, and A. Perneczky ........ .

Endoscopic Pituitary Surgery: Present and Future

G. S. Rodziewicz, R. T. Kelley, R. M. Kellman, and M.V. Smith ............. .

111

121

Endoscopic Approach to the Mesencephalon Compared to Standard Microsurgical Procedures

M. Scholz, U. Wildf6rster, M. Hardenack, K. Schmieder, and A. Harders ..... . 127

The Removal of Intracerebral Lateral Hematomas by an Endoscopic Method in Combination with Microsurgical Techniques and Video System

A. G. Danchin, G. V. Zcvigun, A.V. Afonasiev, and A. A. Danchin . . . . . . . . . . . .. 133

Endoscopic Removal of Subdural Hematomas and Hydromas by Microsurgery and Video System

A. G. Danchin, A. V. Afonasiev, and A. A. Danchin ............ . 137

Part 4 Linear Accelerator Radiosurgery for Minimally Invasive Treatment of Arteriovenous Malformations

Linear Accelerator Radiosurgery for Arterio­venous Malformations: The Relationship of Size, Doze, Time, and Planning Factors onto Outcome

R. Engenhardt-Cabilic and J. Debus .... 145

Part 5 Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release

Endoscopic Surgery of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Technical Report

R. Filippi, R. Schubert, and A. Perneczky . 153

Results of Transillumination-Assisted Carpal Tunnel Release

A. Franzini and G. Broggi ......... 157

Part 6 Neuronavigation

Neuronavigation: A CAS System for Neurosurgery

F. Hor, M. Desgeorges, M. Traina, and Y.S. Cordoliani ...... .

N euronavigation -Assisted Microsurgery ofIntracranial Lesions

C. Schaller, B. Meyer, D. van Roost, and J. Schramm ........ .

Requirements for Referencing of the MKM Neuronavigation System

J. Kaminsky, G. Arango, T. Brinker,

175

. 179

and M. Samii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 183

Limitations of Endoscopic Release of Carpal Ligament in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

H. Senyurt and H.-U. Thal . . . . . . .. 161

The Dilemma of Treating Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Open Versus Endoscopic Release

P. Briiser and G. Larkin .......... 167

Experiences with the Neuronavigation System EasyGuide Neuro

U. Spetzger, M. H. Reinges, G. A. Krombach, V. Rohde, I. Slansky, L. Mayfrank, and J. M. Gilsbach ............. 189

Early Clinical Experience with the EasyGuide Neuronavigation System and Measurement of Intraoperative Brain Distortion

N. L. Dorward, O. Alberti, B. Velani, J. Buurman, A. Dijkstra, N. Kitchen, F. A. Gerritsen, and D. G. T. Thomas .... 193

Neuronavigation and Neuroendoscopy A. Nabavi, A. Behnke, B. Petersen, H. Klinge, andH.M.Mehdorn ........ 197

Neuronavigation to the Petrous Bone: A Cadaveric Study

G. Arango, J. Kaminsky, T. Brinker, U. Thorns, and M. Samii . . . . .

First Experience with the BainLabVectorVision Neuronavigation System

H. K. Gumprecht, D. C. Widenka,

203

and C. B. Lumenta ............. 207

Part 7 MIEN: Prospects for the Future

Intraoperative Diagnostic and Interventional MRI in Neurosurgery: First Experience with an "Open MR" System

F. K. Albert, C.-R. Wirtz, V.M. Tronnier, J. Hamer, M. M. Bonsanto, A. Staubert, M. Knauth, and S. Kunze . . . . . . . . .. 229

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Clinical Neuroscience: Current State and Future Prospects

D. Auer and 1. M. Auer . . . . . . . . 237

Part 8 Neurotransplantation

Principles in Neural Transplantation in the Central Nervous System

G. Nikkhah ................ 257

Neurosurgical and Restorative Possibilities in the Treatment ofIdiopathic Parkinson Syndrome: Neurotransplantation and Neuro­trophic Factors

C. Earl, J. Sautter, W. Oertel, and A. Kupsch 267

Part 9 Molecular Neurosurgery

Molecular Cytogenetics of Malignant Gliomas J. Schlegel, G. Stumm, and H.-D. Mennel 283

A Role for Hypoxia in Glioma Biology K. H. Plate ............. 287

Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

Contents IX

Anatomatically Guided Neuronavigation: First Experience with the SulcusEditor

K. Niemann, U. Spetzger, V. A. Coenen, B. O. Hutter, W. Kilker, and D. Graf von Keyserlingk . . . . . 215

Image-Assisted Surgery of Brain Tumors and Other Intracranial Lesions: A Preliminary Report

G. Broggi,A. Franzini, D. Servello, M. Fornari, S. Giombini, M. Grisoli, and I. Dones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 223

Robots for Neurosurgery? L.M.Auer ...... . .. 243

OR 2015: New Concepts and Technologies in Surgery

V. Urban and R. Schonmayr . . . . . .

Preliminary Clinical Experience with Neural Transplantation: Two Case Reports

O. Pogarell, T. Eichhorn, A. Kupsch, W. H. Oertel, P. Brundin, P. Hagell, P. Odin,

251

K. Pietz, H. Widner, and O. Lindvall . 277

Glycosphingolipids: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Relevance in Human Gliomas

R. Becker, J. Rohlfs, R. Jennemann, H. Wiegandt, H.-D. Mennel, and B. 1. Bauer 291

Authors

Alexander Vasilevich Afonasiev Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology Main Military Clinical Hospital ul. Gospitalna 18 252016 Kiev Ukraine

EK.Albert Department of Neurosurgery Paracelsus Klinik Am Natruper Holz 69 49076 Osnabruck Germany

O.Alberti Gough-Cooper Department of Neurological Surgery The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery London WCW 3 BG UK

G.Arango Department of Neurosurgery Nordstadt Hospital Haltenhoffstra6e 41 30167 Hannover Germany

Hans Arnold Department of Neurosurgery Medical University of Lubeck Ratzeburger Allee 160 23538 Lubeck Germany

Dorothea Auer MPI fur Psychiatrie Kraepelinstra6e 10 80804 Munchen Germany

Ludwig M. Auer Neurochirurgische Klinik Abteilung fur spez. Neurochirurgie Oscar Orth-Stra6e 66421 Homburg Germany

Volker Bartel Erbe Elektromedizin GmbH Waldhornlestra6e 17 72072 Tubingen Germany

Bernhard L. Bauer Department of Neurosurgery Philipps University Baldingerstra6e 35043 Marburg Germany

R.Becker Department of Neurosurgery Philipps University Baldingerstra6e 35043 Marburg Germany

A.Behnke Department of Neurosurgery Christian Albrecht University Weimarer Stra6e 8 24106 Kiel Germany

L.Benes Department of Neurosurgery Philipps University Baldingerstra6e 35043 Marburg Germany

H. Bertalanffy Department of Neurosurgery Philipps University Baldingerstra6e 35043 Marburg Germany

S.Bien Department of Neuroradiology Rudolf-Bultmann-Stra6e 8 35033 Marburg Germany

XII Authors

M. M. Bonsanto University of Heidelberg 1m Neuenheimer Feld 400 69120 Heidelberg Germany

J. Boschert Department of Neurosurgery University of Heidelberg Theodor -Kutzer -Ufer 1-3 68167 Mannheim Germany

T.Brinker Department of Neurosurgery Nordstadt Hospital Haltenhoffstra6e 41 30167 Hannover Germany

Giovanni Broggi Department of Neurosurgery National Neurological Institute "c Besta" Via Celoria 11 20133 Milano Italy

P.Brundin Department of Neurology University of Lund Sweden

J.Brunner Department of Neurosurgery University of Heidelberg Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3 68167 Mannheim Germany

P.Briiser Department of Hand, Plastic, and Reconstructive Surgery Malteser Hospital von Hompesch-Stra6e 1

53123 Bonn Germany

W.Burkert Department of Neurosurgery Faculty of Medicine Martin Luther University Magdeburger Stra6e 06112 Halle-Wittenberg Germany

C.Busch Department of Neurosurgery Dr. Horst -Schmidt -Kliniken GmbH Ludwig-Erhard-Stra6e 100

65199 Wiesbaden Germany

J.Buurman Integrated Clinical Solutions Philips Medical Systems Nederland BV Best The Netherlands

V.A.Coenen Department of Neuroanatomy Technical University RWTH Pawelstra6e 30 52057 Aachen Germany

Y. S. Cordoliani Department of Radiology Val-de-Grace Hospital 74 Boulevard de Port Royal 75230 Paris CEDEX 05 France

Alexander Geoirgievich Danchin Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology Main Military Clinical Hospital ul. Gospitalna 18 252016 Kiev Ukraine

Andrei Alexandrovich Danchin Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology Main Military Clinical Hospital ul. Gospitalna 18 252016 Kiev Ukraine

W.Dauber Department of Anatomy for Dentists University of Tiibingen Hoppe-Seyler-Stra6e 3 72076 Tiibingen Germany

J.Debus Universitats-Strahlenklinik 1m Neuenheimer Feld 400 69120 Heidelberg

M. Desgeorges Department of Neurosurgery and Neurosciences Val-de-Grace Hospital 74 Boulevard de Port Royal 75230 Paris CEDEX 05 France

A. Dijkstra Integrated Clinical Solutions Philips Medical Systems Nederland BV Best The Netherlands

I. Dones Department of Neurosurgery National Neurological Institute "c Besta" Via Celoria 11

20133 Milano Italy

N. L. Dorward The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery Gough-Cooper Department of Neurological Surgery Queen Square London WCW 3 BG UK

F.Duffner Department of Neurosurgery University of Tubingen Hoppe-Seyler-StraBe 3 72076 Tubingen Germany

Christopher Earl Department of Neurology Philipps University Rudolf-Bultmann -StraBe 8 35033 Marburg Germany

Frank Eggers Department of Neurosurgery Philipps University BaldingerstraBe 35043 Marburg Germany

T.Eichhorn Department of Neurology Philipps University BaldingerstraBe 35043 Marburg Germany

R. Engenhardt -Cabilic Klinik fur Strahlentherapie Philipps Universitat Marburg BaldingerstraBe 35043 Marburg Germany

R. Filippi Department of Neurosurgery Johannes Gutenberg University LangenbeckstraBe 1

55131 Mainz Germany

M.Fornari Department of Neurosurgery

Authors XIII

National Neurological Institute "c Besta" Via Celoria 11

20133 Milan Italy

Angelo Franzini Department of Neurosurgery National Neurological Institute "c Besta" Via Celoria 11

20133 Milan Italy

D. Freudenstein , Department of Neurosurgery University of Tiibingen Hoppe-Seyler-Strafie 3 72076 Tiibingen Germany

Georg Fries Department of Neurosurgery Johannes Gutenberg University LangenbeckstraBe 1

55i31 Mainz Germany

Michael J. Fritsch Pediatric Neurosurgery Phoenix Children's Hospital 909 East Brill Street Phoenix, AR 85006 USA

Michael R. Gaab Department of Neurosurgery Ernst Moritz Arndt University SauerbruchstraBe 17487 Greifswald Germany

XIV Authors

F. A. Gerritsen Integrated Clinical Solutions Philips Medical Systems Nederland BV Best The Netherlands

J. M. Gilsbach Department of Neurosurgery Technical University RWTH Pawelstra6e 30 52057 Aachen Germany

S.Giombini Department of Neurosurgery National Neurological Institute "C Besta" Via Celoria 11

20133 Milan Italy

Jan Gliemroth Department of Neurosurgery Medical University of Lubeck Ratzeburger Allee 160 23538 LUbeck Germany

M.Grisoli Department of Neuroradiology National Neurological Institute "c Besta" Via Celoria 11

20133 Milan Italy

E.H.Grote Department of Neurosurgery University of Tiibingen Hoppe-Seyler-Stra6e 3 72076 Tiibingen Germany

J. A. Grotenhuis Radboud oost Reinier Postlaan 4 Postbus 9101 6500 HB Nijmegen The Netherlands

A.E.Guber Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH Institut fur Mikrostrukturtechnik Postfach 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany

H. K. Gumprecht Department of Neurosurgery University Hospital Englschalkinger Stra6e 77 81925 Munchen-Bogenhausen Germany

Reiner Haag Erbe Elektromedizin GmbH Waldh6rmlestra6e 17 72072 Tiibingen Germany

P.Hagell Department of Neurosurgery University of Lund Sweden

J.Hamer Department of Neurosurgery Paracelsus Klinik Am Natruper Holz 69 49076 Osnabruck Germany

M. Hardenack Department of Neurosurgery Ruhr University of Bochum Knappschaftskrankenhaus In der Schornau 23 - 25 44892 Bochum Germany

A.Harders Department of Neurosurgery Ruhr University of Bochum Knappschaftskrankenhaus In der Schornau 23 - 25 44892 Bochum Germany

A. Heinemann Department of Neurosurgery Philipps University Baldingerstra6e 35043 Marburg Germany

Dieter Hellwig Department of Neurosurgery Philipps University Baldingerstra6e 35043 Marburg Germany

H.J.Hoff Department of Neurosurgery Krankenanstalten Gilead Burgsteig 4 33617 Bielefeld Germany

Nikolai J. Hopf Department of Neurosurgery Johannes Gutenberg University LangenbeckstraBe 1

55131 Mainz Germany

F.Hor Department of Neurosurgery and Neurosciences Val-de-Grace Hospital 74 Boulevard de Port Royal 75230 Paris CEDEX 05 France

B. O. Hiitter Department of Neurosurgery Technical University RWTH PawelstraBe 30 52057 Aachen Germany

R. Jennemann Department of Neurosurgery Philipps University BaldingerstraBe 35043 Marburg Germany

Ali Kafadar Department of Neurosurgery Johannes Gutenberg University LangenbeckstraBe 1

55131 Mainz Germany

J.Kaminsky Department of Neurosurgery Nordstadt Hospital HaltenhoffstraBe 41 30167 Hannover Germany

UweKehler Department of Neurosurgery Medical University of Liibeck Ratzeburger Allee 160 23538 Liibeck Germany

R.T.Kelley Department of Otolaryngology SUNY-HSC University Hospital Syracuse, NY 13210 USA

R.M. Kellman Department of Otolaryngology SUNY-HSC University Hospital Syracuse, NY 13210 USA

D. Graf von Keyserlingk Department of Neuroanatomy Technical University RWTH PawelstraBe 30 52057 Aachen Germany

N.Kitchen

Authors XV

Gough-Cooper Department of Neurological Surgery The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery Queen Square London WCW 3 BG UK

H.Klinge Department of Neurosurgery Christian Albrecht University Weimarer StraBe 8 24106 Kiel Germany

M.Knauth Department of Radiology University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany

Ulrich Knopp Department of Neurosurgery Medical University of Liibeck Ratzeburger Allee 160 23538 Liibeck Germany

1. Krasznai Department of Neurosurgery University of Tiibingen Hoppe-Seyler-StraBe 3 72076 Tiibingen Germany

XVI Authors

G.A. Krombach Department of Neurosurgery Technical University RWTH PawelstraBe 30 52057 Aachen Germany

W.Kiiker Department of Neuroradiology Technical University RWTH PawelstraBe 30 52057 Aachen Germany

Thomas J. Kuhn Department of Neurosurgery Philipps University BaldingerstraBe 35043 Marburg Germany

S.Kunze University of Heidelberg 1m Neuenheimer Feld 400 69120 Heidelberg Germany

A.Kupsch Department of Neurology Rudolf-Virchow-Krankenhaus der Humboldt -Universitat zu Berlin Augustenburger Platz 1

13353 Berlin Germany

G.Larkin Department of Hand, Plastic, and Reconstructive Surgery Malteser Hospital von Hompesch-StraBe 1

53123 Bonn Germany

O.Lindvall Department of Neurology University of Lund Sweden

C. B. Lumenta Department of Neurosurgery University Hospital Englschalkinger StraBe 77 81925 Munchen-Bogenhausen Germany

Kim H. Manwaring Pediatric Neurosurgery Phoenix Children's Hospital 909 EastBrill Street Phoenix,AR 85006 USA

L.Mayfrank Department of Neurosurgery Technical University RWTH PawelstraBe 30 52057 Aachen Germany

M.Mazanek Department of Neurology Zentrum fur Nervenheilkunde Philipps University Rudolf-Bultmann -StraBe 8 35033 Marburg Germany

H. M. Mehdorn Department of Neurosurgery Christian Albrecht University Weimarer StraBe 8 24106 Kiel Germany

Matthias Meinhardt Department of Neurosurgery Philipps University BaldingerstraBe 35043 Marburg Germany

Hans-Dieter Mennel Department of Neuropathology University of Marburg BaldingerstraBe 35043 Marburg Germany

S.Mense Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany

H.Mewes Department of Neurosurgery Philipps University BaldingerstraBe 35043 Marburg Germany

Bernhard Meyer Department of Neurosurgery University of Bonn Sigmund-Freud-StraBe 25

53127 Bonn Germany

A.Nabavi Department of Neurosurgery Christian Albrecht University Weimarer StraBe 8 24106 Kiel Germany

K.Niemann Department of Neuroanatomy Technical University RWTH Wendlingweg 2

52074 Aachen Germany

G.Nikkhah N eurochirurgie Krankenhaus Nordstadt HaltenhoffstraBe 41 30167 Hannover

P.Odin Department of Neurosurgery University of Lund Sweden

Wolfgang Oertel Department of Neurology Philipps University Rudolf-Bultmann-StraBe 8 35033 Marburg Germany

FalkOppel Department of Neurosurgery Krankenanstalten Gilead Burgsteig 4 33617 Bielefeld Germany

H.W.Pannek Department of Neurosurgery Krankenanstalten Gilead Burgsteig 4 33617 Bielefeld Germany

K.Pietz Department of Neurosurgery University of Lund Sweden

Axel Perneczky Department of Neurosurgery Johannes Gutenberg University LangenbeckstraBe 1

55131 Mainz Germany

B.Petersen Department of Neurosurgery Christian Albrecht University Weimarer StraBe 8 24106 Kiel Germany

Karl H. Plate Department of Neuropathology Albert Ludwig Unversity BreisacherstraBe 64 79106 Freiburg Germany

O.Pogarell Department of Neurology Philipps University Rudolf-Bultmann-StraBe 8 35033 Marburg Germany

N.G.Rainov Department of Neurosurgery Faculty of Medicine Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Germany

M. H. Reinges Department of Neurosurgery Technical University RWTH PawelstraBe 30 52057 Aachen Germany

Robert Reisch Department of Neurosurgery Johannes Gutenberg University LangenbeckstraBe 1

55131 Mainz Germany

K. D. M. Resch Department of Neurosurgery Johannes Gutenberg University LangenbeckstraBe 1

55131 Mainz Germany

Authors XVII

XVIII Authors

T.Riegel Department of Neurosurgery Philipps University BaldingerstraBe 35043 Marburg Germany

A.Rieger Department of Neurosurgery Faculty of Medicine Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Germany

Kurt Ringel Department of Neurosurgery Johannes Gutenberg University LangenbeckstraBe 1

55131 Mainz Germany

G. S. Rodziewicz Department of Neurosurgery SUNY-HSC University Hospital Syracuse, New York 13210 USA

Y.Rohde Department of Neurosurgery Technical University RWTH PawelstraBe 30 52057 Aachen Germany

J.Rohlfs Department of Neurosurgery Philipps University BaldingerstraBe 35043 Marburg Germany

Dirk van Roost Department of Neurosurgery University of Bonn Sigmund-Freud-StraBe 25, 53127 Bonn Germany

M.Samii Department of Neurosurgery and Medical School Nordstadt Hospital HaltenhoffstraBe 41 30167 Hannover Germany

L.Sanchin Department of Neurosurgery Faculty of Medicine Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Germany

Jiirgen Sautter Department of Neurology Humbold University, Charite Augustenburger Platz 1

13353 Berlin Germany

Carl Schaller Department of Neurosurgery University of Bonn Sigmund-Freud-StraBe 25

53127 Bonn Germany

Jiirgen Schlegel Department of Neuropathology University of Marburg BaldingerstraBe 35043 Marburg Germany

P. Schmiedek Department of Neurosurgery Mannheim Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3 68167 Mannheim Germany

K. Schmieder Department of Neurosurgery Ruhr University of Bochum Knappschaftskrankenhaus In der Schornau 23 - 25 44892 Bochum Germany

A. Schneider Department of Neurosurgery Philipps University BaldingerstraBe 35043 Marburg Germany

M.Scholz Department of Neurosurgery Ruhr University of Bochum Knappschaftskrankenhaus In der Schornau 23 - 25 44892 Bochum Germany

R. SchOnmayr Department of Neurosurgery Dr. Horst -Schmidt -Kliniken GmbH Ludwig-Erhard-StraBe 100 65199 Wiesbaden Germany

G.SchOpp St. Elisabeth Hospital Department of Radiology Halle Germany

Johannes Schramm Department of Neurosurgery University of Bonn Sigmund-Freud-StraBe 25 53127 Bonn Germany

Henry W. S. Schroeder Department of Neurosurgery Ernst Moritz Arndt University SauerbruchstraBe 17487 Greifswald Germany

R.Schubert Department of Neurosurgery Johannes Gutenberg University LangenbeckstraBe 1

55131 Mainz Germany

H.Senyurt Neurosurgical Clinic AltstadtstraBe 25 44534 Liinen Germany

D. Servello Department of Neurosurgery National Neurological Institute "c Besta" Via Celoria 11

20133 Milano Italy

M.Skalej Department of Neuroradiology University of Tiibingen Hoppe-Seyler-StraBe 3 72076 Tiibingen Germany

I.Slansky Department of Neurosurgery Technical University RWTH PawelstraBe 30 52057 Aachen Germany

M.V.Smith Department of Neurosurgery SUNY-HSC University Hospital Syracuse, NY 13210 USA

U. Spetzger Department of Neurosurgery Technical University RWTH PawelstraBe 30 52057 Aachen Germany

A.Staubert Department of Neurosurgery Paracelsus Klinik Am Natruper Holz 69 49076 Osnabriick Germany

GabiStumm Department of Neuropathology University of Marburg BaldingerstraBe 35043 Marburg Germany

C.Teo Division of Pediatrics Neurosurgery Arkansas Children's Hospital Little Rock Arkansas USA

H.-U. ThaI Neurosurgical Clinic AltstadtstraBe 25 44534 Liinen Germany

D.G.T. Thomas

Authors XIX

Gough-Cooper Department of Neurological Surgery The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery Queen Square London WCW 3 BG UK

xx Authors

U. Thorns Department of Anatomy Medical School Hannover Germany

I. Tijsma Department of Neurosurgery Dr.Horst -Schmidt -Kliniken GmbH Ludwig-Erhard-StraBe 100 65199 Wiesbaden Germany

M. Traina Department of Neurosurgery and Neurosciences Val-de-Grace Hospital 74 Boulevard de Port Royal 75230 Paris CEDEX 05 France

V. M. Tronnier Department of Neurosurgery University of Heidelberg 1m Neuenheimer Feld 400 69120 Heidelberg Germany

V. Urban Department of Neurosurgery Dr. Horst -Schmidt -Kliniken GmbH Ludwig-Erhard-StraBe 100 65199 Wiesbaden Germany

B. Velani Gough-Cooper Department of Neurological Surgery The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery Queen Square London WCW 3 BG UK

J.Wahrburg Institute of Control Engineering, and Center for Sensory Systems 57068 Siegen Germany

D. C. Widenka Department of Neurosurgery University Hospital Englschalkinger StraBe 77 81925 Munchen-Bogenhausen Germany

H.Widner Department of Neurosurgery University of Lund Sweden

H.Wiegandt Physiologisch-Chemisches Institut Philipps University BaldingerstraBe 35043 Marburg Germany

P.Wieneke AesculapAG Postfach40 78532 Tuttlingen Germany

U. Wildforster Department of Neurosurgery Ruhr University of Bochum Knappschaftskrankenhaus In der Schornau 23 - 25 44892 Bochum Germany

Grigoriy Vladimirovich Zcvigun Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology Main Military Clinical Hospital ul. Gospitalna 18 252016 Kiev Ukraine

C.-R. Wirtz Department of Neurosurgery University of Heidelberg 1m Neuenheimer Feld 400 69120 Heidelberg Germany

G.v. Zcvigun Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology Main Military Clinical Hospital ul. Gospitalna 18 252016 Kiev Ukraine