Top Banner
Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System A review of the project milestones and proposed interventions Ndungu Teresiah Wangui MQT&T Project Manager [email protected] FOR: HAPPY COW LTD 28 September 2015 Ndungu T.W. 1
44

Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

Jan 22, 2018

Download

Technology

Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Page 1: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as

a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment

System

A review of the project milestones and proposed interventions

Ndungu Teresiah Wangui

MQT&T Project Manager

[email protected]

FOR:

HAPPY COW LTD

28 September 2015 Ndungu T.W. 1

Page 2: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

Introduction

• In Kenya, raw milk safety has been disputed over a decade but no documented data exists.

• Greatest milk quality challenge for the CBE’s are proper ways to maintain cold collection.

• The regulatory institutions are constrained financially hence raw milk quality standards are reluctantly applied and enforced.

• This creates a vacuum for farmers to switch between buyers of raw milk specially due to quality issues.

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 2

Page 3: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

Introduction

• The critical quality control challenges in line

with raw milk collection and bulking are;

adulteration, high bacterial load, high somatic

cell count and antibiotic residues.

• It therefore often fails the KEBS raw cow milk

specification on some of the parameters.

• Thus production of high quality products

becomes a challenge, financial losses incurred

and export potential limited.

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 3

Page 4: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

Introduction

HAPPY COW LTD

• A private dairy processing company located in Nakuru, Kenya.

• It produces a wide range of dairy products, sold in all major supermarkets chains in Kenya and also for exports to neighboring countries.

• The source of raw milk are CBE’s namely Ngorika and Olenguruone among many but the MQT&T project will involve the two as a pilot.

• Historical data from HCL suggests major challenge in TBC, CC, adulteration and antibiotic residue that are way above the KEBS standards.

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 4

Page 5: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

Historical data from an accredited lab – SOME EXTREME CASES

CBE A was supplying warm milk during this time.

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 5

DATE CBE TBC/ML CC/ML RESAZURIN

TEST

ANTIBIOTIC

KEBS Version 2007 < 2,000,000 < 50,000 4-6 < 4 PPB

1 7/6/05 BULK SILO 98,000,000 9,900,000 4

2 2/2/10 BULK SILO 80,000,000 2,900,000 4

3 26/9/11 BULK SILO 160,000,000 1,900,000 4

4 9/7/14 CBE A 170,000,000 6,600,000 4

5 24/10/14 CBE A 89,000,000 7,900,000 4 POSITIVE

6 1/11/14 CBE B 190,000,000 2,000,000 5 POSITIVE

7 19/11/14 CBE A 110,000,000 1,700,000 5 POSITIVE

8 26/11/14 CBE B 10,000,000 190,000 4 POSITIVE

9 7/01/15 CBE A 110,000,000 2,700,000 4

10 28/01/15 CBE A 160,000,000 3,100,000 4

11 30/04/15 CBE A 100,000,000 1,400,000 4

Page 6: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

Introduction

• Following an application to SNV/KMDP for

support in implementation of a QBMPs which was

accepted, a number of steps and investments along

the value chain were followed.

• The first step was the Zero Setting to be followed

by interventions, MQT&T system as a

precondition for QBMPs.

• The potential success of this pilot project, in the

smallholder supply chain, can likely be adopted by

other processors.9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 6

Page 7: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

Milk Quality Tracking & Tracing System

(MQT&T)

MQT&T will allow;• Actors in the CBE’s identify the raw milk

quality at critical points in the collection chain.

• The identification of the cans and groups.• Identification of the causes contributing to

quality losses.• Appropriate corrective actions.

Therefore, it must be able to connect the milk quality in a can to a certain group of suppliers for appropriate payment of their milk.

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 7

Page 8: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

MQT&T cont…....

• The poor infrastructure can lead to delays in the collection chain for up to 6-7 hours before milk processing.

• Therefore a drastic change in the way milk is collected must be invented together with the CBE’s.

• After success of MQT&T system, the possibility of a QMBPs will be evaluated and possibly implemented by year 2016.

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 8

Page 9: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

QUALITY BASED MILK PAYMENT SYSTEM

(QBMPS)

• The KDB has often advised the stake holders in

dairy sector to take responsibility and pilot a

QBMPS.

• QBMPS validates the quality and revenue of

raw milk delivered.

• Currently, increase in volumes and market share

are prioritized than milk quality assurance due

to vital factors as competition.

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 9

Page 10: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

QBMPS Practice

• QBMPS can instill responsibility on the farmers to ensure delivery of quality raw milk hence implementation will be with consent of the farmers.

• Basically the KISS approach (Keep it Simple and Smart) should be applied in QBMPS .

• Adequate milk testing facilities should be provided and penalties for added water, high bacterial load and antibiotic positive milk.

• It should involve everyone’s efforts in the dairy value chain (farmers, transporters, CBE and processors).

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 10

Page 11: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

Materials And Methods

The structure of the CBE’s

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 11

SAMPLING

LEVELS

CBE A CBE B

Tanker 1 1

Cooling tanks 1 2

Collection routes 13 31

Project routes 6 6

Farmers cans 44 24

Page 12: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

Materials and Methods

Sampling procedure

• Sampling levels were four;

• Composite can, composite route, cooler

immediately after it got filled and tanker

after its arrival at the processing plant.

NB: Samples for morning milk were taken at

random in the farmer’s container before

bulking.9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 12

Page 13: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

Materials And Methods

Study design

• The laboratory experimentation employed a

randomized complete block design with a 2 × 5

factorial arrangement and three replications.

• ANOVA was used to analyze the laboratory

results using PROC GLM procedure of the

statistical analysis system version 9.0 (SAS,

2006) and means separated using LSD

whenever there is variability at P ≤ 0.05.

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 13

Page 14: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

Materials and Methods

Statistical model for laboratory analysis;

𝒀𝒊𝒋𝒌𝒍 = 𝛍 + 𝛂𝐢 + 𝛃𝐣 + 𝜸𝒌 + 𝜷𝜸𝒋𝒌 +Ɛ𝐢𝐣𝐤𝒍

where;

• Yijk is the response variable for milk quality.

• μ is the overall mean.

• αi is the ith replication effect.

• βj is the jth effect due to CBE blocking effect.

• γk is the kth effect due to treatment.

• βγjk is the jth CBE blocking effect on the kth

treatment.• Ɛijk is the random error term.

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 14

Page 15: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

Materials and Methods

• Chemical Analysis

The chemical tests for organoleptic, alcohol, lactometer, sediment, pH, freezing point, acidity, 10 minutes Resazurin, peroxide, antimicrobial, CMT and antibiotics done according to KEBS (2007) and FAO (2009).

• Microbial analysis

Total Plate Count and Coliform Count done according to AOAC (2005) methods 991.14 and 990.12 respectively using 3MTM petrifilms plates without modifications.

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 15

Page 16: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 16

The serial dilutions

Page 17: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

1

3

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 17

21 2

334

Page 18: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

Microbial Analysis

• The results are for the project

routes only.

• Sampling was done from the

nearest radius to the cooling

plant and the cooler sampled

immediately it got filled (not

yet chilled to 50C).

• It was stored and transported

separately for analysis and

follow up.

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 18

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

CAN ROUTE COOLER TANKER

MIL

LL

ION

S/M

L

SAMPLING LEVELS

CBE B

TBC/ML

CC/ML

Page 19: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 19

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

TBC CC LA RT DENS SED

TB

C/C

C M

ILL

ION

S /

ML

TESTS ANALYZED

CBE B ROUTE COMPARISON ANALYSIS

ROUTE 1

ROUTE 2

ROUTE 3

ROUTE 4

ROUTE 5

ROUTE 6

Page 20: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

Individual farmers sampling results

Test Best Worst TMTC

i.e. ˃˃ 999 Millions.

Average countable

Minus TMTC

TBC/ML 25,000 (5%) 34.3% 6,600,000

CC/ML 0 (14.3%) 31.4% 3,050,000

RESAZURIN

TEST 6 5 6

DENSITY 1.029 1.027 1.028

NB:

Freezing point determination suggests that 28.57% farmers had added water

while 42.86% of the samples had antibiotics residues.

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 20

Page 21: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

Composite can results (individual delivery)

CBE B (project routes)

• TBC/ML – 7.66 X 106

• CC/ML – 6.13 X 104

• RT – 6

• LA – 0.14

CBE A (project routes)

• TBC/ML – 3.49 X 107

• CC/ML - 9.70 X105

• RT – 6

• LA – 0.14

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 21

Page 22: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

Physical chemical tests

0

1

2

3

4

5

6 CBE B

RT

LA

DEN

SED

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

CBE A

RT

LA

DEN

SED

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 22

Page 23: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

Antibiotic Residues

This was done using:

1. At HC the two standards tests from Delvo.

The first test has high detection power but

takes 3hrs while the second one is quick

(5min) and tests majorly for β-lactams.

2. The activity/sensitivity test was done at the

two CBE checking for inhibitory substances

(“3hrs yoghurt culture test”).

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 23

Page 24: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

Antibiotic

Residues results

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 24

Negative

46%Positive

54%

CBE B

Negative

65%

Positive

35%

CBE A

Page 25: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

California Mastitis Test

BEFORE AFTER

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 25

Page 26: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

CMT RESULTS

800-5000

15%

150-500

55%

400-1000

25%

0-200

5%

CBE B

800-5000

13%

150-500

65%

400-1000

22%

0-200

0%

CBE A

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 26

Page 27: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

Water adulteration

• This was done using a cryoscope.

• The cryoscope suggested that CBE A and B

had 23.8% and 36.8% water adulteration

respectively.

• This indicates that the thermo lacto density

meter might not be accurate enough.

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 27

Page 28: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

CORRELATIONS

• The results revealed a significant positive correlation at p≤ 0.05 between time and total bacterial count at the route level.

• The correlation between total bacterial count and Resazurin test was not significant at p≤ 0.05.

• Its alarming that no correlation was found.

• The sediment test and total bacterial test had a positive correlation at p≤ 0.05.

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 28

Page 29: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

Added observations

• Samples of milk which

organoleptically smelled

and looked like a mixture

of water and flour and an

acidity of 0.07 to 0.09 %

and 0.09 % butter fat.

• Some milk delivered with

cement bags being used to

fasten the lids.

• More than 50% of the

cans were rejected at the

reception.

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 29

Page 30: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 30

A B

CD

B

Page 31: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

Use of plastic jerry cans

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 31

Page 32: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 32

22

1 3

Page 33: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

Recording system for QBMPS

This will be done according to proposed delivery

receipt;

• The CBE name, the individual can number, the

collection point number, the route name, and the

sampling dates respectively.

The parameters to be included are;

• Date, milking time, milk volume, producers group

identification numbers/ names, date of sampling,

results of sampling on quality tests done and the name

of the grader.

• A robust software will be pretested and developed.9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 33

Page 34: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

Quality Indicators for QBMPS

• Total bacterial count.

• Coliform count.

• Somatic cell count.

• Presence of antibiotics residues

• Adulteration

NB: The samples must conform with the

parameters in the following table before

microbial analysis.

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 34

Page 35: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

Quality Tests KEBS Limits

1 OrganolepticFree from off-flavours, odours, and be white creamish

in colour. No foreign matter observed.

2 Temperature <5-8°C

3 SNF >8.25 Total solids

4 Butterfat>3.5 11.75

5 pH 6.60 – 6.75

6Titratable Acidity

(% lactic acid)

0.14 -0.18

7 Specific Gravity 1.028 – 1.032

8 Freezing point -0.525 to -0.565

9 Alcohol test Negative

10 Hydrogen peroxide Negative

11 Antibiotics Negative9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 35

Page 36: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 36

HC LABORATORY

Page 37: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 37

HC LABORATORY

Page 38: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

IN THE PAST

• Annato colour was sometimes added to rejected milk to avoid human consumption.

• Only aluminium cans were used and were thoroughly cleaned in the processing factories.

• Thermization/pre-pasteurization of raw milk with immediate cooling before transportation for pasteurization and packaging at other locations.

What went wrong?? We need to learn from the past to improve the future.

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 38

Page 39: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

Proposed Project Interventions

• The construction of lab at CBE levels.

• Removal of plastic jerry cans and introduction of vigorous can washing system.

• Organizing farmers into groups at the collection points for faster collection.

• Training graders on milk testing and grading.

• Training the farmers and all milk handlers on raw milk hygienic code of practice.

• Penalties on all non conforming milk.

• Payment based on quality.

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 39

Page 40: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

Alternative Payment Methods world wide

Payment according to quantity of milk is the

most common form of payment. Additionally

milk can also be paid according to;

• Composition and hygienic quality.

• Fat % in milk.

• Fat % and SNF% (“solids”).

• Seasonal payment according to fat% and

SNF%.

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 40

Page 41: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

Benefits of Improved Raw Milk Quality

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 41

• Exports market expanded.

• Prolonged product shelf life.

• Improved product quality.

• Guaranteed food safety.

• Lowered processing costs.

• Farmers improved income.

Page 42: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

Countries Which Have mplemented QBMP

Systems

• USA and Europe fully implemented.

• New emerging and important dairy African countries have started QBMPS like Zimbabwe and Zambia.

• Partly also in China, India, Vietnam, ……etc…..

• See next slide Brazil: Milk, Vector of Development, Rennes- France, May 2014.

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 42

Page 43: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 43

Page 44: Milk Quality Tracking and Tracing System as a Basis for Quality Based Milk Payment System

Acknowledgement

• HC directors: Mr. and Mrs. Oosterwijk.

• Egerton supervisors: Dr. Muliro and Dr. Omwamba.

• External backstopper Mr. Jan.

• SNV team.

• Happy Cow Ltd. team.

• Both CBE’s teams.

Thanks for listening

9/28/2015 Ndungu T.W. 44