Migration in Africa Europe relations

Damien Helly, Deputy Head of Programme, EU External Action, ECDPM

& material by Anna Knoll, ECDPM21 October 2014

Migration in Africa Europe relationsKreisky Forum, Vienna, 6 September 2016

1. Some facts about recent trends in migration between Africa & Europe

2. Migration in Africa-Europe relations 2008-2014a) International Levelb) Policy Debates within the EUc) African Union and RECs

3. The Libya & Syria shocks 4. The EU managing the migration shocks5. The future of migration in Africa-Europe relations

Content

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1. Think and do tank working on Europe Africa relations and European development policies

2. Funded by 9 European governments3. Around 60 staff4. HQ in Maastricht & office in Brussels5. Regularly on mission in Africa

A few words about ECDPM

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• 232 Million International Migrants (2013) (3.2% population)

Some facts & figures

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1990 2000 2010 2013 20500

50100150200250300350400450

154 175221 232

415

InternationalMigration

stock

?

3.2%3.2%

2.8%2.9%

Source: FRAN and JORA data as of 3 June 2016. The data presented refer to detections of illegal border-crossing rather than the number of persons, as the same person may cross the external border several times. However, there is currently no EU system in place capable of tracing each person’s movements following an illegal border-crossing. Therefore, it is not possible to establish the precise number of persons who have illegally crossed the external border

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2. Migration in Africa-Europe relations2008-2014

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Migration in Home affairs1. Asylum policy – (Dublin)2. Common visa policy (Schengen)3. Bilateral readmission agreements

Migration in external action4. Bilateral level – migration agreements5. Continental level (Joint Africa Europe Strategy

partnership on mobility, movement & employment)6. Sub-regional levels (Cotonou Agreement – article 13,

regional integration and freedom of movement & intra-African mobility + climate induced migration)

Political Climate / Interests /

Political Economy

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European Union

Policy Agenda on Migration

(+external)Internal Debate

on CEAS

EU MS

African UnionPolicy Agenda

RECs

RECs

RECs RECs

Practice

International and Post-2015

Policy Landscape 2008-2014

North-South &South -South

Migration

• Migration within developing countries

• Forced Migration and protracted situations

• Climate change, migration and development

EU in 2014 – towards a broader understanding of migration and development

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External Policy Agenda on Migration

“Maximizing the development impact of migration” (2013)

Circular migration

Diaspora Remittances

Brain Drain

Forced Migration

Address links between climate

change and migration

Deepening understanding of social/economic consequences

Development Policy Actors

Migration Policy Actors

EU Agenda2008-2014

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European Union


Circular migration

Diaspora Remittances

3. Migration and Development

2005 Global Approach on

Migration (GAM)

1. Legal Migration (management)

2. Irregular Migration (prevention and reduction)

2012 Global Approach on Migration and

Mobility (GAMM)

1. Legal migration and mobility

2. Irregular migration and trafficking in human beings

3. International protection and asylum policy

4. Maximizing development impact of migration and mobility

Brain Drain

3. The Libya & Syria shocks: new flows, new routes 2011-2014

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The Libya shocks: 1. End of Gadhafi regime & end of border control 2. Increase in migrant smuggling in Libya, Sahel & the

Horn – The 2013 Lampedusa tragedy & syndrome3. Push factors from Western Africa (Nigeria, Ghana,

Senegal) & the Horn (Eritrea, Somalia, Sudan)

The Syria shock: the Eastern Mediterranean route4. Tough EU asylum policies close borders5. No European agreement / appetite on asylum policy 6. Lebanon’s limits, Turkish fragility, smuggling

business from bad European governance to securitisation of debates & responses

Figures?

“Among these 3.8 million immigrants during 2014, there were an estimated 1.6 million citizens of non-member countries, 1.3

million people with citizenship of a different EU Member State”

The International Organization for Migration (IOM) estimates that more than 1,011,700migrants arrived by sea in 2015, and

almost 34,900 by land.

This compares with 280,000 arrivals by land and sea for the whole of 2014. The figures do not include those who got in undetected.

The EU's external border force, Frontex, monitors the different routes migrants use and numbers arriving at Europe's borders and put the figure crossing into Europe in 2015 at more than 1,800,000.

http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Migration_and_migrant_population_statistics

3. The new EU migration in Africa Europe relations: 2014-2016

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The Valetta shift: 1. Summit and declaration 2. High level dialogues – Migration partnerships (only 3

– in comparison to 12 ENP countries) but 35 dialogues ongoing (Nigeria & Ethiopia have signed)

3. EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa

The new EU migration compact & foreign policy:4. Rhetorical & conceptual shift: a migration-driven

foreign policy5. An earthquake in Development & humanitarian

policies6. Negative conditionality + carrots & sticks7. Focus on quick wins and political expediency

New EU Agenda2015-2016

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European Union


2016 Migration compact

2012 Global Approach on Migration and

Mobility (GAMM)1. Legal migration and

mobility2. Irregular migration

and trafficking in human beings


4. Maximizing development impact of migration and mobility

1. New financial instruments + country partnerships

2. Readmission & return w/ incentives

3. Irregular migration and trafficking in human beings


5. Root causes of migration

6. Create legal routes7. Save lives at sea

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4. The future: migration in Africa Europe relations: 2016 & beyond

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The implementation challenge: 1. Impact on “root causes” will take several years to

be assessed (or not) – example of youth employment and vocational training

2. Fruitful cooperation3. Sustainability requires adequate monitoring

evaluation & evidence-based knowledge production 4. (Dev/Humanitarian)

The confidence challenge:5. Return vs mobility6. Conditionality & interests 7. Intercultural challenges – within Europe and

between African & Europeans

4. The future: migration in Africa Europe relations: 2016 & beyond

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Some options 1. Combination with achieved freedom of movement

within Africa (ECOWAS experience)2. Suggestion of enlarged South-South mobility space

(Maghreb-West Africa) 3. Relevance of continental level in Africa for standards

& objectives/visions (Agenda 2063)4. Investing in non state actors in Africa-Europe

relations: non state actors managing migration dynamics:

- remittances, business, circular migration.

Thank you !www.ecdpm.org

Damien Hellywww.slideshare.net/ecdpm

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http://www.ecdpm.org/

• Many reasons (often mixed)• Protect life and liberty (desperation migration/forced

migration due to conflict, war, natural disasters etc.)

• Pursue enhancement of livelihoods and lifestyles (moving out of choice for new lifestyles) ‘economic migration’

Often difficult to identify single reason for moving yet often for seeking employment

Reasons for migration

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Why do we talk about migration and development.... And what do we mean by it?

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Migration Development

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“... Migration is the original strategy for people seeking to escape poverty, mitigate risk, and build a better life. It has been with us since the dawn of mankind, and its economic impact today is massive.“

(Peter Sutherland, UN Special Representative for International Migration)

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Migration

Development

+

-

Social cohesion

Fiscal stress

MDGsEducation

Healthgender

Poverty Reduction

Social impact/ well-

being

Economic• Labour

Market• Inequality

Remittances

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Migration and Development

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Remittances

National Level

• Increase national income (if formally transferred)

• gain creditworthiness

• stabilize national balance of payments accounts

• Rise in inflation

• Aggravation of regional inequalities between receiving and non-receiving areas

• No benefit to long-term growth

Household level

• Afford basic needs (food, education, etc.) – Poverty reduction

• Potentially increase local capital for investment

Negative: • Increase on prices

(of land) etc.

• Food SecurityTo what degree is heightened mobility related to problems of food insecurity? Food security shocks and chronic food insecurity as major motives for migration for income-generating opportunity. For those with less resources may lead to further fragility/insecurity.

• Climate Change – Migration as adaptation strategyChanges in migration patterns can be responses to both extreme weather events and longer-term climate variability and change and migration can also be an effective adaptation strategy. IPCC, UNFCCC increasingly recognize this link

• Peace&SecurityLivelihood strategy in post-conflict societies (Pakistan, Nepal)Pressure on social systems and social cohesion Taking account of ‘returning’ migrants in peace- and statebuilding

Link with development dimensions

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8 Point Plan 1. Protect the human rights of all migrants 2. Reduce the costs of labour migration 3. Eliminate migrant exploitation including human

trafficking 4. Address the plight of stranded migrants5. Improve public perceptions of migrants6. Integrate migration into the development agenda7. Strengthen the migration evidence base8. Enhance migration partnerships and cooperation

UN High Level Dialogue 2013

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Goal 8 Sustainable economic growth/ decent work• Promote labour rights and promote safe and secure

working environments of all workers, including migrant workers, particularly women migrants…

Goal 10 Reduce inequality within and among countries• Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration

and mobility of people, including through implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies

• By 2030, reduce to less than 3% the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5%

Post-2015 OWG Text

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• separate debate on the Common European Asylum System (CEAS), • responsibility sharing and solidarity among MS

• Fight against irregular migration & “Fortress Europe” without providing safe & legal channels (MS) Exacerbating the situations of irregular migrants

• External dimension of migration and internal management inextricably linked

EU agenda – Internal issues

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European Union

Internal Debate on CEAS

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“Money should not be spent building

the walls in Europe [...] but to dismantle

the walls in countries [of the

South]”

“Equally important is the need to work on

the link between migration and development”

“Legal migration is a fence against illegal

migration ”

• 2006 Migration Policy Framework for AfricaM&D: Brain Drain, Diaspora, Remittances

• Ouagadougou Action Plan to Combat Trafficking of Human Beings

• African Common Position on Migration and Development • “Migration as effective tool for development”

• Post-2015 CAP notes migration and development

• RECsFree labour migration provisions, e.g. EAC Common Market Protocol Article 10 “free movement of workers” – progress but difficult to fully implement; SADC region more restrictive

African Union & RECs

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African Union, RECs

What implications for ECDPM work on migration and development issues?

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Political Economy

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European Union

External Policy Agenda


EU MS


RECs

RECs

RECs RECs

Practice


ECDPM


Political Economy

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European Union

External Policy Agenda


EU MS


RECs

RECs

RECs RECs

Practice


Future ECDPM work?

Moving agendas

Risks

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• Policy Momentum stays at the global level but no traction nationally

• Topic of migration remains politically sensitive in many countries in South and North

• Funding: • Already Existing

research by ACP- OBS

• Larger scale research (e.g. OECD)

Opportunities• Increased momentum• Integration of migration in

development planning recognised more widely

• In which ECDPM areas do you see scope for future ECDPM engagement in the topic of migration and development?

• What are the opportunities and challenges to look more at the level of practice and feed experiences back to policy level?

• From the perspective of various programmes, where do you see the dimension of migration as being relevant?

Discussion

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Thank youwww.ecdpm.org

www.slideshare.net/ecdpm

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According to World Bank73 million forced migrants

Forced Migrants (international&national)

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33.3

21.9

16.71.2

Migrants in Mio.

IDPs - conflictIDPs natural disasterRefugeesAsylum Seekers

Many more undocumented?

Migration in Africa Europe relations

Presentations & Public Speaking