Architectural Infrastructure Networks of Architecture
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Architectural Infrastructure
Networks of Architecture
Project Background
> Infrastructure as Architecture
-Designing Composite Networks-
by: Katrina Stoll & Scott Lloyd
> “The involvement of architects is
necessary to shape the
development of infrastructure
design.”
> Five Constituent Parts
> Economy
> Ecology
> Culture
> Politics
> Space/Networks
Project Background
> Infrastructure as Architecture
> Reflects a developed world model
of “infrastructure-then-space”
> Architectural Infrastructure
> The developing world follows a
“space-then-infrastructure” model
> The intention of this project is to
develop a system to address
infrastructural issues in existing
built environments through
architecture
Three Infrastructures
> Physical
> Transportation
> Water
> Power
> Waste
> Economic
> Purchase
> Sale
> Trade
> Social
> Healtcare
> Education
> Civic
> Public Interaction
Networks
> Infrastructures are networks
> Physical Networks
> (Ecological)
> Economic Networks
> (Ecological)
> Social Networks
> Simple or complex
> Three basic forms
Paul Baran
> Polish American Engineer
> Father of computer networks
> “On Distributed Communications”
> 1964
> Design of “Survivable” systems
Centralized
> Relies on a single, central hub
> Connectivity radiates out to
secondary nodes
Decentralized
> Relies on a series of hubs
> Primary hubs are connected to at
least one other hub
> Connectivity radiates out to
secondary nodes
Decentralized
> No hub/node differentiation
> All points are equally weighted in
the network
> The loss of a single point does not
cause the loss of any other point
Architectural
Infrastructure
> Utilizes each network type in
specific situations to promote
positive growth in all three
infrastructure categories
It’s not “Slum Fixing”
> The historical modernist approach
to social projects has been
“enter>demolish>replace>leave”
> Recent, more successful projects
have focused on “enabling” the
local population and encouraging
community interaction
> This interaction continues to
promote the community in the
future
The Facility
> The proposed architectural
solution is a series of “enabling
facilities” intended to encourage
community connectivity
> The intention is to enable and
encourage each infrastructure
network
> Physical
> Economic
> Social
Scale
> These connections occur on
different levels of scale
> The Neighborhood
> The City
> The three network types will be
used – each when it is most
appropriate – to address these
scales
The Neighborhood
> Each independent facility will
address the needs of its local
community
> This facility operates as the hub of
the Centralized Network of the
neighborhood
The City
> The intention is not to provide
one large HUB to serve the city
but rather a series of HUBs in a
Distributed Network
> Facilites will be connected by
public transportation
> There is no hierarchy of HUBs
> Each HUB is connected to at least
two other HUBs
The City
> The Distributed Network of HUBs
overlaid on a series of distinct
Centralized Networks creates a
Decentralized Network of
community interaction
Three Infrastructures
> Physical
> Transportation
> Water
> Power
> Waste
> Economic
> Purchase
> Sale
> Trade
> Social
> Healtcare
> Education
> Civic
> Public Interaction
The Catalog
> To move these areas of interest
into the built environment, an
architectural catalog has been
developed
The Catalog
> List of possible spaces
> Spatial relationship diagrams
> Mass models
> Detail models with substructure
elements
> Skins and cladding
> Water, energy, and waste systems
The Catalog
> List of possible spaces
> Spatial relationship diagrams
> Mass models
> Detail models with substructure
elements
> Skins and cladding
> Water, energy, and waste systems
Physical Program
> Circulation
> Power
> Transportation
> Waste (ecology)
> Water (ecology)
Economic Program
> Production
> Exchange
Social Program
> Public Interaction
> Sports
> Community (ecology)
> Culture
> Education
> Health
The Catalog
> List of possible spaces
> Spatial relationship diagrams
> Mass models
> Detail models with substructure
elements
> Skins and cladding
> Water, energy, and waste systems
The Catalog
> List of possible spaces
> Spatial relationship diagrams
> Mass models
> Detail models with substructure
elements
> Skins and cladding
> Water, energy, and waste systems
Spatial Relationship
Diagrams
> MVRDV’s Skycar City utilizes a
diagramming technique to assist in
properly locating programmatic
elements
> A modified version of this
technique has been used to
visualize relationships between
parts and the future whole
Spatial Relationship
Diagrams
> 5 key components effect the
location of each element
> Access
> Daylight
> Security
> Views
> Visibility
> The importance of each
component is ranked from 0 to 5
for every space and arranged on a
star-shaped diagram
Spatial Relationship
Diagrams
> 5 key components effect the
location of each element
> Access
> Daylight
> Security
> Views
> Visibility
> The importance of each
component is ranked from 0 to 5
for every space and arranged on a
star-shaped diagram
Spatial Relationship
Diagrams
> These diagrams help the
placement of each individual
programmatic element in the
context of the future whole
> Street level or elevated
> Transparent or opaque cladding
> How many points of ingress
> Street frontage or back of house
> Programmatic elements with
similar diagrams will be in close
proximity
Spatial Relationship
Diagrams
> These diagrams help the
placement of each individual
programmatic element in the
context of the future whole
> Street level or elevated
> Transparent or opaque cladding
> How many points of ingress
> Street frontage or back of house
> Programmatic elements with
similar diagrams will be in close
proximity
Spatial Relationship
Diagrams
> These diagrams help the
placement of each individual
programmatic element in the
context of the future whole
> Street level or elevated
> Transparent or opaque cladding
> How many points of ingress
> Street frontage or back of house
> Programmatic elements with
similar diagrams will be in close
proximity
The Catalog
> List of possible spaces
> Spatial relationship diagrams
> Mass models
> Detail models with substructure
elements
> Skins and cladding
> Water, energy, and waste systems
The Catalog
> List of possible spaces
> Spatial relationship diagrams
> Mass models
> Detail models with substructure
elements
> Skins and cladding
> Water, energy, and waste systems
Origins of the Program
> Christopher Alexander’s A Pattern
Language was used as a guide for
developing the program
> The major elements of the
program have been selected and
independently developed according
to its guidelines
Sports Facilities
Social Infrastructure
72. Local Sports
“The human body does not wear out
with use. On the contrary, it wears
down when it is not used.”
“Scatter places for team and individual
sports through every neighborhood:
tennis, squash, table tennis, swimming,
billiards, basketball, dancing,
gymnasium… and make the action
visible to passers-by, as an invitation to
participate.”
Sports Facilities
Social Infrastructure
> Massing models
> Fast use mixture studies
> Volume comparisons
> Scale understanding
Sports Facilities
Social Infrastructure
> Detailed models
> Provide justified minimum space
requirements
> Show anticipated structural
configuration
> Superstructure vs. substructure
Sports Facilities
Social Infrastructure
> Detailed models also show
possible relationships with other
programmatic elements
> Shows where similar spaces can be
combined
Library
Social Infrastructure
18. Network of Learning
“In a society which emphasizes
teaching, children and students
become passive and unable to think or
act for themselves. Creative, active
individuals can only grow up in a
society which emphasizes learning
instead of teaching”
Art Studio
Social Infrastructure
18. Network of Learning
“In a society which emphasizes
teaching, children and students
become passive and unable to think or
act for themselves. Creative, active
individuals can only grow up in a
society which emphasizes learning
instead of teaching”
Dance Studio
Social Infrastructure
18. Network of Learning
“In a society which emphasizes
teaching, children and students
become passive and unable to think or
act for themselves. Creative, active
individuals can only grow up in a
society which emphasizes learning
instead of teaching”
Physical Program
34. Interchange
128. Indoor Sunlight
132. Short Passages
133. Staircase as a Stage
158. Open Stairs
195. Staircase Volume
206. Efficient Structure
Economic Program
9. Scattered Work
19. Web of Shopping
46. Market of Many Shops
60. Accessible Green
Social Program
40. Old People Everywhere
46. Local Sports
47. Health Center
63. Dancing in the Street
67. Common Land
The Catalog
> List of possible spaces
> Spatial relationship diagrams
> Mass models
> Detail models with substructure
elements
> Skins and cladding
> Water, energy, and waste systems
The Catalog
> List of possible spaces
> Spatial relationship diagrams
> Mass models
> Detail models with substructure
elements
> Skins and cladding
> Water, energy, and waste systems
Skins and Cladding
> The climate of the test site
dictates that most of the spaces be
open air
> More private spaces will
completely enclosed and
conditioned
> Varying levels of opacity
Open Air Cladding
Based on day-lighting and privacy, open
air cladding could consist of:
> Railings
> Chain-link Fence
> Vertical louvers
> Horizontal louvers
> Fabricated facades
All treatments will be manufactured
off-site and installed with simple, bolt-
on connections
Sealed Cladding
Sealed cladding could consist of:
> Curtain walls with spider fittings
> CMU block walls
> Most common construction
method in developing countries
These wall-types allow for complete
enclosure and conditioning
The Catalog
> List of possible spaces
> Spatial relationship diagrams
> Mass models
> Detail models with substructure
elements
> Skins and cladding
> Water, energy, and waste systems
The Catalog
> List of possible spaces
> Spatial relationship diagrams
> Mass models
> Detail models with substructure
elements
> Skins and cladding
> Water, energy, and waste systems
Rainwater Collection
> 30% of Mexico City’s drinking
water must be trucked in
> Water is increasingly the city’s
most valuable resource
> Roof catchment and water storage
will be key to a successful
approach to physical infrastructure
Energy Production
> Wind
> Possibly effective depending on
location and height
> Slow, steady winds are prevalent
in the area
> Solar
> Likely effective
> Maintenance will be a key
concern due to Mexico City’s
poor air quality
Systems
> All of these systems’ effectiveness
and feasibility are dependent upon
total roof area
> Once a roof area is determined,
water and solar potential can be
calculated
The Catalog
> List of possible spaces
> Spatial relationship diagrams
> Mass models
> Detail models with substructure
elements
> Skins and cladding
> Water, energy, and waste systems
Diagrammatic Studies
> Local Employment Opportunities
> Relationships of Uses
> Spheres of Influence and
Connectivity
> Materials Origin
Local Employment
Opportunities
> Design Phase
> Construction Phase
> Operations Phase
Local Employment
Opportunities
> Design Phase
> Construction Phase
> Operations Phase
Local Employment
Opportunities
> Design Phase
> Construction Phase
> Operations Phase
Local Employment
Opportunities
> Design Phase
> Construction Phase
> Operations Phase
Relationship of Uses
> Design Phase
> Construction Phase
> Operations Phase
Relationship of Uses
> Design Phase
> Construction Phase
> Operations Phase
Spheres of Influence
> Population Density Nezahualcoyotl
> 17,500 people / sq. km.
> Walking Distances
> 5 min.
> 10 min.
> 20 min.
Spheres of Influence
> Population Density Nezahualcoyotl
> 17,500 people / sq. km.
> Driving Distances
> 5 min.
> 10 min.
Materials Origin
> Structural steel
> Columns
> Trusses
> Joists
> Decking
> Fabricated steel components
> Skins and cladding
> Metal studs
> CMU blocks
> Glass
Project Site
Cuidad Nezahaulcoyotl, Mexico
> Low income
> Densely populated
> Incrementally constructed
> Strict grid plan
Project Site
Adjacency
> Airport
> Metro line
> Lago Texcoco
> Reclaimed landfill
Project Site
Planning
> Series of residential blocks
about 1km square
> The center of these blocks is
zoned “neighborhood center”
> Most of these “centers” are now
privately owned
Project Site
Planning
> Series of residential blocks
about 1km square
> The center of these blocks is
zoned “neighborhood center”
> Most of these “centers” are now
privately owned
Project Site
Adjacency
> Church
> Market
> Private school
> Mixed use
> Dense residential
Project Site
Census Data – INEGI
> Age
> Drainage
> Education level of head of house
> Electricity
> Family structure
> Number in household
> Number of bedrooms
> Relationships in household
> School level
> Sex of head of house
> Toilet availability
> Water supply
Project Site
Weather Data
> Wind Frequency
Project Site
Weather Data
> Wind Speed
Project Site
Weather Data
> Temperature Bins
Project Site
Weather Data
> Diurnal Averages
Project Site
Weather Data
> Monthly Rainfall
Project Site
Weather Data
> Relative Humidity
Project Site
Weather Data
> Temperature Min/max
Next Steps
> Analyze census data and make a
profile of the population
> Choose programmatic elements
> Design a test facility
Architectural Infrastructure
Networks of Architecture
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