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CONDITIONS OF USE

As a service to the scholarly community, the MHRA is making the latest

edition o the Style Guide (2) available or download ree o charge as an

Adobe Acrobat PDF fle.

Please note that the text of the Style Guide is Modern Humanities

Research Association, 2008. You may download and make copies for personal

use, but you may not re-publish the content, either digitally or in print.

For licensing reasons it has not been possible to include here the BSI

proo correction marks which appear in Chapter 15 o the printed version

o the Guide.

Printed copies o the Style Guide may be bought rom:

www.style.mhra.org.uk(price 6; $15).

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eModernHumanitiesResearchAssociation was founded inCambridge inandhasbecomean internationalorganizationwithmembersin all parts of the world. It is a registered charity number , and a company limited byguarantee,registeredinEnglandnumber.Itsmainobjectistoencourageadvancedstudyandresearchinmodernandmedievallanguagesandliteraturesbyitspublications.PUBLICATIONS. eAssociationsmajorpublications,includingmostbackvolumes,areavailableeitherinoriginalissuesorinreprint.PricelistsforvolumesheldbytheAssociationmaybeobtainedfromPublicationsSales,ManeyPublishing,Suite,JosephsWell,HanoverWalk,Leeds,UK;emailmhra@maney.co.ukFulldetailsareavailablefromwww.mhra.org.ukJOURNALSTHEMODERNLANGUAGEREVIEW* THEYEARBOOKOFENGLISHSTUDIES* THEYEARSWORKINMODERNLANGUAGESTUDIES THEANNUALBIBLIOGRAPHYOFENGLISHLANGUAGEANDLITERATURE* THESLAVONICANDEASTEUROPEANREVIEW* PORTUGUESESTUDIES* AUSTRIANSTUDIES* OXFORDGERMANSTUDIES*(jointlywithManeyPublishing) BOOK SERIESPUBLICATIONSOFTHEMHRAMHRATEXTSANDDISSERTATIONSMHRABIBLIOGRAPHIESMHRACRITICALTEXTSLEGENDA(jointlywithManeyPublishing)GUIDESMHRASTYLEGUIDE**indicatespublicationinprintedandelectronicform.

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mhra STYLE guidE

A HANDBOOK FOR

AUTHORS, EDITORS,

AND WRITERS

OF THESES

SECOND EDITION

LONDON modern humanities research association

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T f Style Guide b by b

f MHRA g f Glvll P B R (C),Malcolm Cook, Mari Jones, Gerard Lowe, Stephen Parkinson, and Liz

Rl.

The Style Guide may be ordered through the MHRAs website at

www.yl..g.k. I l vlbl l .

For further information about individual membership and the activities

of the MHRA, visit the website at www.mhra.org.uk or contact the

Honorary Secretary, Professor David Gillespie, Department of European

Studies and Modern Languages, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK

(l: [email protected]).

ISBN 978-0-947623-76-0

M H R A, 2008

F 2002. S 2008.Reprinted with minor corrections 2009.

You may download and make copies for personal use, but you may not re-publish the content.

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1

1

CONN

NOCON

PPN FO PBCON

. trduti 2. eeral

.. Preferred tyles 2

.. letri ubmissi 3

.. 3Chekig

. Preparati f Cpy

.. eeral 3

.. strutis fr the ypig f Cpy

.. Fts ad Capitals 5

.. eadigs ad ubdivisis 5

.. ashes 6

.. Qutati arks 6

.. uig eads 6

.. Numberig f Pages 7.. ypig Cvetis 7

.. Ntes 8

.. llustratis 8

.. ables 10

.. Crss-referees 10

.. Cpy Prdued a ypewriter 10

... eeral 4 ... Crretis, sertis, ad

Cmmets 4

.. peial Charaters ad iaritis,

ad N-ati ripts 7

. uthr-typeset Frmats

.. eeral 11

.. iret letri ubmissi 11

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iv MHRA STYLE GUIDE

.. Camera-ready Cpy

... eeral 11

... ypgraphi tyle ad ayut 11

. Order f Parts f a Bk 12

2 PN N

. Preferred pelligs 14

. iaritis 14

. yphes 15

. Qutatis 16

. Pssessives

.. eeral 17

.. Prper Names 17

. ruatis 17

. Plurals 18

3 N

. Plae-ames

.. ws ad Cities 19 .. Cutries 19

. ademi stitutis 20

. Persal Names

.. Celti Names 20

.. Freig Names

... eeral 20

... rasliterati f lavi Names 21

4 BBVON

. eeral 23

. itles 23

. Fttes ad dtes 23

. se f Full Pit 24

. meria tates 24

5 PNCON. Cmmas 25

. ashes 26

. Paretheses ad Brakets 27

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conTEnTS v

. Putuati i eadigs 27

. Putuati with talis 27

. Qutati arks 28

. llipses ad quare Brakets 28

6 CP. eeral 30

. itles ad igities 31

. vemets ad Perids 31

. itles f Bks ad Other Writigs 31

. Cmpuds 33

. eted Capitals 33

. mall Capitals 34

7 C. eeral 35

. Freig Wrds ad Qutatis 35

. itles f Bks ad Other Writigs 36

. itles f Films, usial Cmpsitis, ad Wrks f rt 36

8 DATES, NUMBERS, CURRENCY, AND WEIGHTSN

. ates 38

. Numbers 38

. ma Numerals 39

. Currey 40

. Weights ad easures 41

9 QOON N QOON K. eeral 42

. aguages Other tha glish 42

. hrt Qutatis 42

. g Qutatis 44

. Qutatis frm Plays 45

. Omissis 46

. Cpyright ad Permissis 46

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vi MHRA STYLE GUIDE

10 FOONO N NNO. eeral 47

. ethds f imitig Ntes 47 . Psiti ad Numberig 47

11 FNC. eeral 49

. Frms f eferee

.. eeral 49

50

5456

58

58

59

59

59

.. Bks

.. Chapters r rtiles i Bks.. rtiles i Jurals

.. rtiles i Newspapers ad agazies

.. heses ad issertatis

.. Plays ad g Wrks

.. he Bible

.. ausripts

.. Olie Publiatis

.. erdigs, Films, ad igital edia 62

... eeral 60 ... Olie rtiles 61

... Olie atabases 61

... Other ures 62

. ater eferees 63

. Citati by the uthrate ystem 63

. Crss-referees 65

. Bibligraphies 65

12 PPON OF NX. eeral 67

. dex tries 67

. he dexer 68

13 PPON OF NON

. eeral 69

. egth f the hesis 69

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conTEnTS vii

. Parts f the hesis

.. itle Page 69

.. bstrat r ypsis 70

.. able f Ctets ad ist f llustratis 70 .. Prefae, kwledgemets, elarati 70

.. ist f bbreviatis 71

.. ext 71

.. Ntes 71

.. ppedies 71

.. Bibligraphy 71

.. dex 72

. Preparati f the ypesript .. eeral 72

.. eadigs ad ubheadigs 72

.. Chekig ad Crreti 73

.. Crss-referees 73

.. llustratis ad ables 73

.. Number f Cpies 73

. Bidig 73

. Permissi t Csult ad Cpy 74 . Further eadig 74

14 F WOK OF FNC 75

15 POOF COCON 76

16NX 8

7

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INTRODUCTION

The MHRA Style Guide is intended primarily for use in connection withthe Modern Humanities Research Associations own books and periodicals,

and with the preparation of theses. However, it is hoped that it will also bewidely useful to authors, editors, and publishers.

The Style Guide is the successor to the MHRA Style Book, frst publishedin 1971 under the editorship of A. S. Maney and R. L. Smallwood, and

revised in later editions. This second edition takes account o comments and

suggestions made by users o its predecessor, the Style Guide o 2002,and we

are grateul or these. It has been updated, especially in order to take account

of the widespread use of electronic means of text preparation, submission,and publication. Some sections have been revised or expanded for the sakeof clarity and completeness, and new ones have been added; in this process,the previous Chapter 2 has been divided into a revised chapter on Spelling

and Usage and a new Chapter 3 on Names. Material that seemed redundanthas been removed.

Any comments and suggestions for amendments or additions will be

welcomed and may be sent to [email protected] Style Guide is also available online at www.style.mhra.org.uk.

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1

RER TERL FR

LT

1.1 TRDT

Ti cap a wi ppaaion o cop o iing an ubqun

pubicaion in an mium. an o i pincip ao o o om in

wic aic a ubmi o coniaion b jouna io ( 1.2.1).

Submiion o copy prepared uing a word proceor i preerred pracice, and

cop ppa uing a pwi i xcpion. o pubi qui

auo o upp cop in igia oma, uua a an mai aacmn o

on i. Ti cap i o win on aumpion a a

wi b uing a wo poco, aoug pcic guiin a poi o

hoe uing a ypewrier (ee 1.3.15). n hi chaper, yped mean prepared

on a boa (no ncai on a pwi) an pcip o

an om o a cop pouc in i wa.

1.2 EERL1.2.1 reerred Styles

Wn ppaing a x o pubicaion, auo ou a u accoun

o o o onibuo o nucion o uo o jouna o

erie. Thee wi peciy he orm in which arice or book ypecrip houd

b ubmi o coniaion, an oganizaion o cop in aic o

pubicaion (uc a poiioning o abac an ai o auo

afiation). Whie ome pubication have their own tye book or tye

, mo ba i o on a common gui o uc a i StyleGuide, wih addiiona pecic requiremen depending on he preerence o

i io, pubi, o pin. onibuo o HR pubicaion

The Slavonic and East European Review an The Years Work in Modern

Language Studies houd noe ha each o hee ha cerain convenion ha

if omwa om o ai own in i Style Guide.

ou x incopoa maia ci om o auo, nu

a i conom o ou own aou.

nc a x a bn accp o pubicaion, io wi noma a

he auhor o prepare a na revied verion o he ex, incuding correcion

o he ye o he work, in addiion o any ubanive reviion recommended

b a. a u agua, man pubi mpo ub-io o

nu a na cop i ppa o bo ping.

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3. PrePArING MAterIAl Or PUBlICAtION

1.2.2 EleCtrONIC SUBMIssIONwa a ou io wa compu oma, mia, an mo o

anmiion (.g. i, mai, upoa) a accpab i i inomaion

doe not appear in uppied guideine. The editor wi oten expre apreerence or a particuar word-proceor ormat (and graphic ormat

w appopia). i a uppi, ou b ab wi

auo nam, i o wo, an nam an ai o ion

o owa u. o a aoug conic ubmiion i nom,

auo a uua ao qui o poi a a-cop pinou. T a

cop ou copon xac o conic ion.

1.2.3 heCkINGT na ion o cop ou b cau cc bo i.

quotation houd be checked againt origina, and not merey againt

piou a o wo. uo a ponib o compn

and correcne o reerence. Enure ha no exraneou commen or querie

a mb in . Eio wi noma ga i ion o

an aic a na an ma u o accp ubani aaion o poo

o ma cag o auo cocion.

1.3 RERT F Y

1.3.1 eNerAlThe iniia ubmiion o an arice or monograph wi uuay be a hard copy

on, oug an conic cop ma ao b qui. Eio wi cicua

x in i om o a o . n ca o jouna aic o

connc pap n anonmou o a, auo nam wi a

o b omi om a pag xcp co pag (wic a wi no

). T na om o x, a a nca iion, wi noma

b uppi conica an a a cop. T io wi u a

cop o inica mino amnmn, o a inucion o p,

an o a pobab ng o wo wn ma up ino pin

pag. T p qui a pin ion o nu a a pa o

cop a pn in conic ion an o o an pobm

a ma ai wn wo-poco i con o p

yem. Where pecia characer or accen or non-Lain crip are invoved,

i i nia.

uo ou i mpaion o oign i na cop. Tincreaing capaciy o word proceor o manipuae muipe on, ype ize,

and page ayou enabe auhor o prepare hard copy o a andard maching

good ypography, bu many o hee efec are incompaibe wih ypeeer

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4 MHRA STYLE GUIDE

systems ad are lst versi. artiular, autmati umberig

lists, headigs, ad rss-reerees, i whih the wrd ressr lls i the

rret umber, shuld be avided as the des embedded i the muter

les are specic to the word processor and may be lost on conversion. Whereauthors wish to structure an article into sections, conventional headings

(see 1.3.4) should be used. I a specifc page layout is required, the hard

y shuld be atated ardigly r a exlaatry te rvided (see

1.3.2.2).

Hard copy should be clearly printed on one side only o good white paper

a stadard size, reerably 4 r meria letter size. he ages shuld

be umbered (see 1.3.8) ad jied with a li, t staled. uthrs shuld

retai a y the submitted versi, bth disk ad as hard y.

1.3.2 nSTRUcTIonS oR THE YpInG o CopY

1.3.2.1 GEnERAL

uble-saig (t allw r editrial rretis) ad e size a simle

tyeae shuld be used thrughut, iludig ttes r edtes ad

extended quotations. Margins o at least 2.5 cm should be let all round

ad the t quarter the rst age the text let lear, r a sub-editrs

additis. he rst lie eah aragrah (exet the rst aragrah a

hater, seti, r artile) shuld be ideted by e tab harater; d t

indent text by inserting multiple spaces. Do not adopt the convention o

startig eah aragrah ull let ater a extra lie-sae; the sae betwee

aragrahs shuld be the rmal lie saig. ext shuld be let-justied

but not ully justifed. The word processors automatic hyphenation must

be swithed f.

Use a seri ont such as Times New Roman to avoid conusion o characters

suh as uer-ase ad lwer-ase l, whih a lk almst idetial i

sas seri tyeaes suh as rial (I ad

l resetively).

1.3.2.2 coRREcTIonS, InSERTIonS, AnD coMMEnTSuthrs shuld make ay rretis t the wrd-ressr le ad submit

a ully revised versi eletrially ad as hard y. ditrs may eed t

mark corrections on the hard copy, and, i brie, these should be added legibly

i a rmiet lur at the arriate it i the text, s the tyesetter

can add each emendation to the le efciently. I a correction consists o more

than one or two sentences, or contains typographically complex text, it should

be rited a searate sheet aer ad als sulied eletrially, witheah wrd-ressr le learly amed ad the same veti used r

the amayig hard y, e.g. sert . t the arriate it i the

hard copy o the main text write Insert A attached. Comments or the editor

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5. PrePArING MAterIAl Or PUBlICAtION

may be made in the margin in penci or in an accompanying note. Thoe

o p, o inica a pcic pag aou, o inion o an

iuaion ( 1.3.12) o ab ( 1.3.13), o xamp, ou b win

on a cop, ncic, an ma b pac b i TYESETTERo RTER, o caicaion, o an xpanao no poi.

1.3.3 FONts ANd APItAls

The typeetter wi normay have avaiabe typeace in both upper cae

(ag capia) an ow ca, ac in oman, iaic, an bo ion; in

aiion, m ou incu a pogapica paa ma capia

on. Ti ou no b conu wi capia pin in a ma

type ize ince ma capita ont have been eparatey deigned. Thee

apab ma b n u:

LRE TLS sMAll CAPItAls ow ca

ITALIC CAPITALS italic small capitals italic lower case

BOLD CAPITALS bold small capitals bold lower case

LRGE CPITLS houd be typed a uch; text to be et in sMAll

CAPItAls houd be yped eiher a uch, by uing he word proceor ma

capia omaing fc, o in ow ca wi oub unining inmanuay on he hard copy (do no ue he word proceor doube-underine

acii).

Fo x o b in iaic p ( ap 7), auo ou u

word proceor iaic orm o a on, which can be auomaicay convered.

Do no p cop in oman p an unin i, a wa pacic

wn uing a pwi.

T bo om o a on ou no noma b u o mpai, inc

i i oo obruive. However, imied ue may be appropriae in ome conex

a an anai o u o iaic, .g. o igiging wo in couo xica anai.

Enure that a egibe ize o ont i ued o that uperior (upercript)

an inio (ubcip) gu an iaciica an puncuaion ma can

b ca n.

1.3.4 HeAdINGs ANd SUBdIvIsIONs

Do not type heading or ubheading in capita and do not underine or

iaicize hem, ince eiher mehod may conic wih he ye which he edior

wihe the printer to oow. No punctuation mark (other than quetion

ma) ou b u a aing o ubaing.

ajor ubdiviion within the text, i required, houd be marked by

increaed pacing. The r ine o a new ubdiviion houd no be indened.

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6 MhrA style GUIde

connin m o ignaing numb ubiiion i o numb a

cion an ubcion wi aabic numa an xp m in i,

ii b u poin, a in i Style Guide.

1.3.5 DAshes

Fo icuion o uag, 5.2. oug wo poco a acii

o indicae he hor dah or en rue (), he ong dah or em rue (), and he

xn a o 2-m u (), oowing pacic i commn:

Anenruleinnumericalspansshouldberepresentedbya pn wi no pac on i i

Anenrulelinkingtwolexicalitemsshouldberepresentedby wo pn wi no pac on i i

Anemruleshouldberepresentedbytwohyphenswithspaceoni i

A2-m u ou b pn b unpac pnccoing o pincip, xamp o uag gin in -an

coumn wi b p a in ig-an coumn:

193945 wa 1939-45 wa

noou ii no--ou ii

Som pop an incaing Som pop -- an incaing

numb po i numb -- po i

on, ao, Shirley on, ao, ShirleyVillette --- Villette

1.3.6 QUOtAtION ArksMany word proceor wi auomaicay conver raigh inge and doube

quoaion ma o ma quo ( an ), an i uncion ou b

ued when preparing copy or the printer. I thi eature i not avaiabe,

p a bacwa-aning ma (`) o opn ing quo an a ica ma

(') o co ing quo, an o oub quoaion ma p ing

quoaion ma wic.

1.3.7 RUNNING HeAds

Son aing ma b qui a a o pin pag a r page o he arice or chaper. preerred abbreviaed verion o he ie

cou b poi b auo on ubmiion o cop an inica a

op o pag o a cop.

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7. PrePArING MAterIAl Or PUBlICAtION

1.3.8 UMBerING O AGesEnure that a page o the hard copy (incuding note or reerence)

a numb concui in op ig-an con, an inica

oa numb o pag on pag. an pag a a o mo

uing iion, ni pin cop mu b numb.

1.3.9 TyPING ONveNtIONs

The baic ormatting o the text, particuary the diviion into page and

in, ou b o p. n paicua, o no u an o a

oc omaing ic aaiab on ou wo poco, uc a manua

pag ba an aiaion o pag imnion, o x na on wo

pag. Ti ma ac om iua apc o ou na cop, bu i wiaoi an n o p o cang oma o ou cop bo

i can b poc. pn on a commn in 2.3; o no u

auomaic hyphenaion. The reurn key (or paragraph marker) houd be ued

on a n o paagap an aing, o o ii in o ab,

i, o quoaion.

Doube pace houd no be ued in norma ex, and houd be eiminaed

rom your copy beore ubmiion. In particuar, type ony a inge pace

beween he end o a enence and he r characer o he nex, and oowing

majo puncuaion ma uc a coon an micoon.Do no ig-jui o cn an pa o x, a i wi inouc

aiiona pac wic a no ai iingui om p pac. Do

no u coou bacgoun o igig x.

1.3.10 SPeCIAl hArACters ANd DIACrItICs, ANd ON-LAtIN SCrIPts

your ex conain characer ha are no direcy avaiabe rom a andard

compu boa, ou ou conu io o pubi a o b

way o iner hem in your copy. The pecia characer e provided by majorwo poco a accpab o man pubi; ic o caing an

combining caac ou b aoi. Wn ou x conain pcia

caac o iaciic ini a pobmaic, igig inanc

on a cop, an inica in magin wo-poco caac

o ing o caac u o obain m. Som pubi pci co

or non-tandard character. In extreme cae, pecia character may be

indicated by hand on the hard copy, or repreented by peciay devied

code, wih appropriae indicaion in he margin. Where your ex conaina ignican numb o pcia caac, i i aiab o i m a on a

paa o pap, o ubmiion aong wi na cop.

phabet uch a Cyriic and Greek and the Internationa Phonetic

phabet (IP) may caue converion probem or typeetter, who can

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8 MhrA style GUIde

ugget a pecic method o producing the copy (e.g. through the ue o

nico-ba on). Fo aniaion o iic caac, 3.3.2.2.

iiona pobm ai wi o apabic cip (uc a abic an

Hbw) an non-apabic cip (uc a in an Japan). n auc ca, conu io a an a ag.

The oowing pubication contain much ueu inormation on copy

preparation and typeetting or anguage other than Engih, both thoe

uing Lain apab an o:

New Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors (xo: xo nii

, 2005)

The Chicago Manual of Style, 15 n (icago an Lonon: nii o

icago , 2003)

1.3.11 Otes

Footnote or endnote reerence number houd be inerted oowing any

puncuaion xcp a a, an a n o a nnc i poib:

[] compo.23

an ping pogam a ab o con ana oonoing

and endnoting aciitie o a word proceor, but it i recommended that

author check the guideine or author provided by the pubication, ordicu he ue o hee aciiie wih he edior or pubiher, beore preparing

an aic o boo o ubmiion. W aciii a unaaiab o

houd no be ued, noe houd be uppied in a eparae e, wih reerence

numb p a upio (upcip) gu in appopia pac.

T no wi noma b in p ma an a u o x

bu ou b poi b auo in u p iz wi oub pacing

(whether generated rom a word-proceor noting aciity or uppied a

a eparate text e) and numbered conecutivey throughout an artice or

cap, bu no ougou a wo boo o i.

1.3.12 llUstrAtIONs

T incuion o an iuai maia ou awa b icu wi

io pio o ubmiion. Fo a iuaion a a in copig,

author mut obtain, rom a intereted righthoder, written permiion

to reproduce in a pubication ormat (print or eectronic), incuding

conrmation o the credit to be printed acknowedging permiion to

reproduce. Top copie o permiion document houd be uppied with iuaion. T ponibii o pamn o co o poucion

ou ao b icu wi io a an a ag.

Increaingy, iutration can be uppied eectronicay and or mot

ypeeer hi wi be he preerred orma. The appropriae reouion, e

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9. PrePArING MAterIAl Or PUBlICAtION

oma, an man o ubmiion ou b icu wi io. i

recommended ha TFF or ES e houd be uppied, aved a a minimum

inpu canning ouion o 300 pi (o-p-inc) o coou, 350400 pi

or haone, 800 dpi or impe ine, and 1200 dpi or ne ine image. JEGimag a uua no commn o pining pupo, un a

aaiab a pin-quai ouion. iuaion ou b uppi a

paa , no mb wiin x, wi accompaning a cop

o nc.

Where iuraion are no avaiabe in eecronic orma, a cear origina

in bac in on wi pap o boa o in iuaion, an go bac

and-whie phoograph or haone, houd be provided. For a iuraion

inica ca on i o boo o jouna, auo

name, and the gure or pate number. Be careu to write very ighty inpenci on he revere o an origina or i may be poied. Some reducion may

improve denition, but exceive reduction may caue detai, uch a ne

in o co aing, o b o. oma oigina ou no b mo

an ou im ag, no ou i b ma, an na qui iz

o imag. gna inicaion o p iz o poucion, .g.

ha page, text width, aong with pecic grouping, e.g. gure 1 and

2 on ame page, houd be given in an accompanying note a a guideine

o p. pa o iuaion i o b omi, inica on an

accompaning poocop poion o b ma of. W i i no

poibe, indicate ighty on the revere o the origina or on an attached

pap oa.

The tye or reerencing an iutration within the text houd be

acertained rom the editor or guideine or author but i generay by

inertion o the phrae Figure []. reerence i neceary becaue an

iuaion i uni o oow an x immia, o cnica

aon. no Figu [] ou b a o magin o a

cop a a gui o p. Figu ou b numb in quncin aabic numa ougou an aic o boo.

The term pate i appicabe ony to page o iutration printed,

and numbered, eparatey rom the text; it reer to the page, not to the

iutration on it (o one pate may contain more than one iutration).

a ou b numb in qunc in oman numa an a nc

gin wiin x (a []).

uo wo a no u o inn amn o i iuaion

ou conu io bo numbing m.

Caption or iutration houd be uppied a a eparate e withaccompanying hard copy. cknowedgement o permiion to reproduce

iuaion, w appopia, ou b inica bow capion.

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10 MhrA style GUIde

1.3.13 TABlesTabe may not away convert atiactoriy rom word-proceed e.

T ou b ppa uing wo poco ana ab ouin

i poib, bu, i no, coumn ou b paa b ana abuaion.

T ou no b mb wiin x bu ou b i pac a

he end o he ex or uppied a eparae e, wih accompanying hard copy.

nc o ab ou b incu wiin x a an appopia

poin (Tab []), a, o cnica aon, i ma no b poib o

ab o b pin immia oowing an x. no Tab

[] here houd be added to the margin o the hard copy a a guide or

p. Tab ou b numb in qunc in aabic numa

ougou an aic, boo, o i.

1.3.14 rOss-reereNCesSince hey canno be naized uni he ex i ypee, cro-reerence wihin

an aic o boo ou b p a zo on a cop an ncic

in in:

S abo [o bow], p. 000, n. 0.

nerna cro-reerencing, i.e. cro-reerence o page wihin your own

ocumn, ou b aoi a a a poib; i i pab o co-o cap, cion, no, c. W inna co-ncing o a pag

i unavoidabe, he reevan page number in he hard copy houd be noed in

pnci in magin an uc co-nc ou b cau cc

an ma on poo.

1.3.15 OPy rOdUCed ON A TyPerIter Wie man conic pwi can pouc fc uc a unining, i i icu o pouc am omaing a on a wo poco.

Tex o be e in a paricuar on houd be marked (manuay i neceary)a oow:

aic x o b unin onc Smallcapitalstobeunderlinedtwice Capitalstobetypedincapitals,ortypedinlowercaseand

unin im

Italiccapitalstobetypedascapitalsandunderlinedonce. S ap 15, oo ocion, o an iuaion o connion.

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. PrePArING MAterIAl Or PUBlICAtION 11

1.4 THR-TYESET FRTS

1.4.1 eNerAl

W conom o p i an impoan concn, an auo ma b ao ppa p pag in na om in wic a o b pubi.

Thi may appy o enire monograph or o iem in neweer or coecion

or preprint o conerence paper. The author houd be guided by the

intruction o the voume or erie editor on iue o tye, uage, and

omaing, o nu coninc wiin oum an bwn oum.

For HR voume prepared by thi mean, author houd oow thi

Style Guide.

1.4.2 DIreCt EleCtrONIC SUBMIssIONSophiicaed word-proceing and dekop pubihing (DT) oware aow

auo o ubmi i conn igia a ma-up pag. Ti ma a

om o in oma o pogam u, o oScip o DF

e, which are ued by he priner o produce prining pae. away, i i

eenia o conu he priner abou e orma and mehod o ranerring

bo bginning wo, an auo ou i a ga o ma

o an aou a mnion in 1.4.3.2 bow.

1.4.3 AMerA-reAdy OPy

1.4.3.1 GeNerAlThe erm camera-ready copy (R) wa originay ued o decribe a prined

cop o x on ing pag a i u o poucion o m an

prining pae wihou urher inervenion by edior or priner, bu i i ao

now commony ued o decribe eecronic e ha are uppied a made-up

pag a o p. W conic o pap a o b uppi, i

i nia o conu pin abou quimn o ppaaion ocop bo bginning wo.

1.4.3.2 tyPOGrAPhIC style ANd lAyOUtriner wi oen now provide word-proceor ye/empae documen or

auhor o ue in preparing manucrip. Thee documen oow he priner

pogapica ing an aou quimn an DF o oScip

can b pouc om m. W pin R i qui, i ou b

no a cop i common ppa uing a pag iz ag an na

pin iz, o a i can b uc an ni o p inca.onin guiin ou b awn up, pcia i a oum ppa

in i wa i o om on o a i. T ma incu a gi pciing

wi an p o x aa; poiion o unning a an pag

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12 MhrA style GUIde

numb ai o x an i ocaion on an 4 pag; a pci

pac; p iz o x, quoaion, no, c., capab o ucion in

ca wiou o o gibii; o cap i an aing; an u

on wo ba an in an pag n.R houd be prined on high-quaiy whie paper, uing a aer priner,

and to the highet reoution in term o dot-per-inch (dpi) poibe.

pa o wo ou b pn in coc o ( 1.5 bow),

ac pag bing pin on on i on.

1.5 RDER F RTS F KBeore ubmiion o edior or pubiher, he ex o a book houd be arranged

in the order ited beow. uthor undertaking the typeetting o a book,

w a DT o b R, ou a ga o i i, an o wic

page (generay preiminarie) may be convenionay ypee in a erie wih

aning ma o an abi oma.

The ypecrip o a book houd be arranged in he order requeed by he

pubi. T oowing o i p o HR pubicaion:

Ha-i ( u i, incuing an ubi, o boo, an i o

i an oum numb in a i, i appicab; nam o

auo o no noma appa); o o i pag i uua ban

wn boo i pin o ma ca a onipicTi pag

Bibiographica deai (name and addre o he pubiher and priner, copyrigh

tatement, Internationa Standard Book Number (ISBN), Cataoguing-in-

Pubication Data, etc.); thi page may be et bank by the author and the

ai uppi b io an pubi

Dicaion o pigap ( o i ban)

onn i

Li o iuaion (gu, map, pa, in a o)

Fowo (b omon o an auo)uo pac

cnowgmn (i no incu in auo pac)

Li o abbreviaion and/or goary i hee are neceary o an underanding

o he ex; oherwie hey may be paced oward he end o he book, beore

bibiogap noucion (un i coniu cap o x) Tx ppnix o appnic o an nc (o wo x) ibiogap nx o inx

Few book wi incude everyhing ied above; ome iem may be requeed

a a a ag in poucion.

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13. PrePArING MAterIAl Or PUBlICAtION

T copig ou b inica u: innaiona copig mbo

(); name o hoder o copyright; year o rt pubication. The printer

nam an uua pac o buin mu appa on o a a o

pubicaion and may convenieny be combined wih he pubiher imprin.The preiminary page (preim), compriing a iem beore he main ex,

a uua numb in ow-ca oman numa; oug numb

a no pin on cain pag (a-i, i, c.), a coun in

qunc. abic numbing uua bgin on pag o x.

How, inc pag numb canno b a b pin uni

page proo are prepared, a he page o he ypecrip houd be numbered

in on (aabic) qunc ougou ( 1.3.8).

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2SPELLING N SGE

2.1 PEFEE SPELLINGSIn the case o verbs ending in -ize or -ise and their derivatives, the orms

in -ize, -ization, etc. (e.g. civilize, civilization) are preerred in MHRA

publications. This is also the preerred spelling o many other academic

publishers. However, all major British newspapers and most ocial andcmmrca bd rr -ise, -isation. It mrtat, wth a v bk

r artc, t b ctt.

Sm wrd mut hav th -ise , ..:

advrt cmr dv rach urv

adv cmrm trr mrv urm

ar dm xc c urr

chat d xrc rv tv

h Brth analyse ad t drvatv ha s ad t z.h rm disk, program ar ud v Brth cmut

ctxt; thrw, u disc, programme.

In case of doubt, the form given in the New Oxord Dictionary or Writers

and Editors hud mt ca b ud (but r dacrtc, 2.2).

2.2 ICIICSThere is great inconsistency between dictionaries (and sometimes within

th am dctary) a t th u acct ad thr dacrtc wrdbrrwd rm thr aua.

w ca ar, hwvr, car:

(a) Wh a wrd r, mr t, a xr t t t b r (ad

an objective decision is not always possible), all diacritics should be retained,

..:

aide-mmoire, ancien rgime, la mode, Auklrung, la belle poque, bte

noire, cause clbre, dj vu, minence grise, Fhrer, lyce, matre dhtel,

papier mch, pice de rsistance, pi, raison dtre, seor, succs de scandale,tt--tt

Such wrd ad xr ar t taczd ( a 7.2).

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15. spelling

(b) Wrd d - rta thr acct:

ba, ca, cch, cmmuqu, x, fac (a fac)

I uch wrd, ay thr acct ar a rtad, ..:mr, t, rt, rum

We recommend that, except as provided for in (b) above, diacritics should

b drd th ca wrd that hav ad t ruar Eh ua,

..:

chatau, crt, crch, cr, dbac, dbr, dcr, dumt, dtt,

echelon, elite, fete, hotel, matinee, naive, precis, premiere, regime, role, seance,

r

Fr th u acct cata, 6.6.

2.3 PENSHyphens should be used only when they have a specifc purpose. They

occasionally occur within the body of a word, particularly with re- followedby e (e.g. re-echo, re-enter), but they normally indicate that two or more

words are to be read as a single word with only one main stress. The examples

v bw hw rm that ar attrbutv ad hav a ma tr

and are therefore hyphenated, while predicative and other forms having two

ma tr ar t hyhatd:

a w-kw act th act ar w kw

a tth-ctury maucrt th tth ctury

Nvrth, t avd a rrat hyh ad whr thr

bty ambuty, rm uch a a late eighteenth-century novelist,

post-Second World War difculties, are to be preferred to a late-eighteenth

century novelist, post-Second-World-War difculties.In phrases such as pre- and post-war governments, pro- and anti-abortion

movements, eighteenth- and nineteenth-century literature, where two or

mr ara hyhatd trm ar cmbd, th frt hyh wd

by a ac.

dvrb d -ly ad thr yyabc advrb ar t hyhatd

t a w adjctv r artc:

a hhy cttu arumt

a rcty ubhd v

a hadmy bud vuma rquty ccurr mtak

a hthrt urczd cutm

vr cra quatt

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16 MHRA STYLE GUIDE

Collocations of certain monosyllabic adverbs (in particular ill but not well

see above) and a participle oten have only one main stress and are thereore

hyphenated even when used predicatively:

e is very ill-tempered.

uch a course o action would be ill-advised.

hese prejudices are deep-seated.

Note that, unlike the words early, late, north, south, etc., the prex mid-

always requires a hyphen (except where it orms part o a single word, as in

midnight):

he boat sank in mid-tlantic.

a mid-June midnight fight

a mid-sixteenth-century chairuntil the mid-nineteenth century

he presence or absence o a hyphen is oten signicant:

two-year-old dogs two year-old dogs

a deep-blue lake a deep blue lake

a vice-chancellor the vice squad

to re-cover to recover

sage shits over time and orms that were once entirely acceptable maynow seem odd or old-fashioned. Some words that used to be hyphenated

have now become so common that they are regarded as single unhyphenated

words:

battleeld, bookshel, paperback, subcommittee, subtitle

n short, i a compound is in requent use and is pronounced as a single

word it is usually acceptable to write it as one word without a hyphen. There

is considerable variation in the use of hyphens and it is impossible to formulate

comprehensive rules. he best advice is to use a good dictionary and to beconsistent.

2.4 QOONhe spelling o quotations is always that o the book or edition reerred to.

Note, however, that in quotations rom early printed books the orms o the

letters i andj, u and v, the long s ( or) the ampersand (&), the ironiansign (), the tilde, superior (superscript) letters in contractions, and other

abbreviations are normalized to modern usage unless there are good reasons

to the contrary, as, or example, in ull bibliographical descriptions.

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17. spelling

2.5 POSSESSIVES

2.5.1 GeneRAl

h v u ad dft ru ruary rmd by th

addt s rcdd by th atrh:

the courts decision, the doctors ee, the bosss daughter, Smiths elixir, no

aut, th chdr day ut

The possessive orms o personal pronouns hers, its, theirs, yours do not

hav a atrh.

In plural nouns ending in -s the possessive is represented by the apostrophe

a:

the courts decisions, the doctors ees, the bosses daughters, MPs

atat

2.5.2 PRopeR NAMe sh v rr am d a rucd -s r -z rmd

th rma way by add a atrh ad s:

Alvarezs criticism, Berliozs symphonies, Cervantess works, Dickenss

characters, in Inigo Joness day, Keatss poems, Dylan Thomass use oaua

French names ending in an unpronounced -s, -x, or -z also follow the normal

ru ad tak a atrh ad s:

aba cmdy, cart wrk, araux ty, Chrbuz v

h v am d -us a crm t th rma ru:

Claudiuss successor, HerodotussHistories, Jesuss parables, an empire greater

tha aru

However, the possessive o Moses and o Greek names ending in -es

(particularly those having more than two syllables) is usually ormed by

ma th atrh a:

under Moses leadership, Demosthenes speeches, Sophocles plays, Xerxes

cama

2.6NCIONS

Sm wrd ar abbrvatd by mtt th frt art th wrd. I uch

abbrvat ar cmm u, atrh dd:

bu (not bu); h (not h); th twt (.. 1920) (not twt)

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18 MHRA sTYle gUiDe

2.7 PLLSSm u brrwd rm r aua hav y th ruar Eh

ura, ..:

(Grk) mtr, mtr

(Lat) camu, camu; cu, cu; abum, abum; rum, rum;

muum, muum; rmum, rmum

(Itaa) cat, cat; brtt, brtt; ra, ra; ata, ata

Sm u, cay adtd rm Grk ad Lat, hav y th

r ura d, ..:

(Greek) analysis, analyses; axis, axes; basis, bases; crisis, crises; diagnosis,diagnoses; oasis, oases; thesis, theses (and similarly with hypothesis, parenthesis,

yth); crtr, crtra; hm, hma

(Latin) alumnus, alumni; stimulus, stimuli; addendum, addenda; datum, data;

ddratum, ddrata; rratum, rrata; cdx, cdc

(Grma) d, dr

Othr brrwd u may hav thr th Eh r th r ura. I

ra, th r ura cmm ad mr rma, r t may hav a

mr cazd , a th wrd Grk r Lat r:

ormula (ormulas in everyday usage, ormulae in mathematics); thesaurus

(thauru, thaur); mdum (mdum rtuam, mda r (ura)

means o communication); memorandum (memorandums, memoranda);

referendum (referendums, referenda); ultimatum (ultimatums, ultimata); corpus

(corpuses, corpora); appendix (appendixes for parts of the body, appendixes or

appendices for additional parts of a publication); index (indexes for alphabetical

t rrc, dc mathmatc)

Sm adtd Frch wrd may rta th ra ura -x, but -s aud:

adu (adu, adux); mu (mu, mux); tabau (tabau, tabaux)

S a 8.4 th ura r currc.

N atrh hud b ud br th ura d abbrvat

(whr th -s w ay uctuat), am, umbr, ttr, ad wrd

t rmay ud a u, ..:

P, POW, Ph..

th ry, th tw Grmay

th 1960, th twt, ad tw a ad e, th thr

hav ad hav t

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3NAES

3.1 PACE-NAES

3.1.1 Towns and Cities

Wh h Eglh m g m

(e.g. Basle, Cologne, Dunkirk, Florence, Geneva, Lisbon, Majorca, Moscow,Munich, Naples, Quebec, Salonika, Venice, Vienna), it should be used.Obl Eglh m (Francort, Leipsic, Leghorn, .) hl, h,be avoided. The orms Luxembourg, Lyon, Marseille, Reims, and Strasbourg

are now more widely used than Luxemburg, Lyons, Marseilles, Rheims, and

Strasburg Strassburg h mm.The ollowing are now the ocial spellings o certain Welsh names (even

in texts written in English) and should be used instead o the anglicized

m l mp l bk: Aberdyf, Aberystwyth,Betws-y-Coed, Caernarfon, Conwy (river and town), Dolgellau, Ffestiniog,Llanelli, Tywyn.

Th - hyph m h Newcastle upon Tyne,Stratord-upon-Avon hl b hk g k. Fhplace-names are regularly hyphenated, e.g. Colombey-les-Deux-glises ,Chlons-sur-Marne, Saint-Malo, except or an introductory denite article,

.g. Le Havre, Les Baux-de-Provence.Note the correct orm o the name oWashington, DC (comma, no

p).F m h pl pbl bk, 11.2.2

11.6.

3.1.2 Countries

Distinguish between (a) Great Britain (i.e. England, Scotland, Wales), (b)

h U Kgm (Egl, Sl, Wl, Nh Il), () h

British Isles (England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland, the Isle o Man, the Channel

Il).

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20 MHra stYLe Guide

N:

() h England hl b y h b;(b) h h m Britain h ql Great Britain

b xly h ql the United Kingdom h l b p bj h ;

() h h Ih m ire hl b Eglh h m hRpbl Il;

() h h Il h Chl Il p Egl,

B, h U Kgm.

The defnite article is no longer used in the names o the countries

Lebanon, Sudan, Ukraine (b the Gambia, the Netherlands).

3.2 ACADEIC INSTITUTIONS

Care needs to be taken to ensure that the names o academic institutions

are correctly given, e.g. Johns Hopkins University (not John), MagdalenCollege (Oxord), Magdalene College (Cambridge). Universities and colleges

h ml m m b lly gh, h h Uy

Caliornia and Caliornia State University, the University o York (England)

k Uy (T).

3.3 PERSONA NAES

3.3.1 CeLtic NaMesCare must be taken over the spelling o names in Mc, Mac, etc. (e.g.McDonald, MacDonald, MDonald, Macmillan, Mac Liammir); adopth m by h l q. All h m, h h

pllg p, lphbz hy bg h Mac.Likewise, distinguish between Irish names that retain their original orm

( Mille) h h glz (ODonnell).Welsh names in ap and ab are neither capitalized nor hyphenated. Names

hl g lphbz h m (.g. Daydd apGwilym, Dafydd ab Owain), modern names under ap or ab (e.g. ap Gwilym,

ab Owen Edwards).

3.3.2 ForeiGn NaMes

3.3.2.1 GeneraL

Wh glly p Eglh m ll m x (Horace, Livy, Ptolemy, Virgil), hy hl b .

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3. naMes 21

Names o popes and saints should normally be given in their English

m (Gregory, Innocent, Paul, St Francis o Assisi, St John o the Cross,St Thomas Aquinas).

Names o oreign kings and queens should normally be given in theirEglh m h x (Charles V, Catherine the Great, Ferdinandand Isabella, Francis I, Henry IV, Victor Emmanuel). Those names orwhich no English orm exists (Haakon, Sancho) or or which the Englishorm is quaint or archaic (Alphonse, Lewis or Alfonso, Louis) should retain

h g m. I h k y m

mh h m h pbl Eglh m m hh

not, in the interests o consistency it is better to use the oreign orm or

ll:

h g F III Al X

IV by XIII.

Sm van k l- l h Nhl (van der Plas,van Toorn) b glly plz Blgm (Van den Bremt, VanRyssel).

With reerence to the Prophet, use the orm Muhammad and notMohammed or Mahomet. Likewise, Muslim not Moslem or Mohammedan,

Muhammadan, .

3.3.2.2 transLiteration of sLavonic naMes

V ym x h l R h lgg

g h Cyll lphb. Cb jl, , . h l

o Slavonic studies should ascertain which system is preerred and conorm to

it strictly. The MHRA species that the Library o Congress system without

diacritics is to be used in all its publications in the Slavonic eld, namely TheSlavonic and East European Review, the Slavonic article and review sections

The Modern Language Review, h Sl The Years Workin Modern Language Studies, l lm h Pbl h RA, RA Tx D, RA Bblgph

. Th :

Dk, Chkk, Tl, Ehk

Russian and other Slavonic names reerred to in other contexts should,

h pbl, b g h m mm by h New OxordDictionary for Writers and Editors, even when this conficts with the Library

Cg ym:

Dky, Thkky, Tly, hk

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22 MHra stYLe Guide

N pl h, xp h Thkky, Ch- Th-

hl b (.g. Chkh) h h pm () hl b :

gl, ky, Ily (compare by Cg: gl, k, Il).

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4BBVON

4.1 N Since abbreviations increase the possibility o conusion and misunderstanding,

they should be used with caution. When writing or a particular publication,

use only those abbreviations which are likely to be familiar to its readers.

Never begin a sentence with an abbreviation, and avoid abbreviations as far as possible in passages of continuous prose. For eample:

he authors comments on page 47, line 20, seem particularly apt.

Here the words page and line, normally abbreviated in reerences, are given

in ull to prevent a disruptive efect in reading. Extensively used abbreviations,

other than common ones such as p. and l., should be clearly listed at

the beginning of a book or in an early note to an article.

4.2 Avoid inelegant or conusing abbreviations o the titles o literary works,

especially in the tet of your book or article. t is clearly necessary to avoid

requent repetition o a title, especially a long one, and discreet abbreviation

will from time to time be needed. his should normally take the form of a

short title, not initials: Alls Well, not AWEW. Repetition can oten be avoided

in other ways: e.g. the play, when it is obvious which play is meant. In notes,

and in parenthetical textual reerences in the main body o a book or article,

abbreviations are more oten appropriate, but they need not be inelegant andmust never confuse. Note, however, that abbreviated titles are standard in

some cultures, e.g. PMC for Poema de mio Cid.ee 10.2 on the avoidance

of repeated note references to the same work.

4.3 N FOONO N NNO

I possible, do not begin a note with an abbreviation which is normally printed

in lower-case characters (e.g., i.e., pp.). f this cannot be avoided, note

that c., e.g., i.e., l., ll., p., pp., remain entirely in lower case:

21 pp. 12739. not 21 Pp. 12739.

Other abbreviations, such as Cf., bid., or d., take a capital initial.

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24 MHRA STYLE GUIDE

4.4 OF F PON contracted form of a word that ends with the same letter as the full form,

including plural -s, is not followed by a full point:

r, Jr, me, r, rs, t, vols

but note the eception no. for talian numero. Other abbreviations take a

full point and are followed by a space:

M. Dupont (Monsieur), Pro. J. Jones, l. 6, ll. 2228, p. 6, pp. 10609,vol. xIx

In lower-case abbreviations or expressions consisting o more than one word,

there is a full point after each initial:

a.m. (ante meridiem), e.g. (exempli gratia), i.e. (id est), n.p. (no place [o

publication]), n.d. (no date [of publication])

Full points are omitted in capitalized abbreviations or acronyms for:

(a) standard works o reerence (italicized), journals (italicized), or series (not

italicized):

DNB, OED, ABELL, MLR, PMLA, TLS, B, P, PF, B

(b) countries, institutions, societies, and organizations (none of them italicized):

K, , B, B, N, CN, N, , , NCO

In bibliographical reerences, use MS, MSS (manuscript(s)). In normal prose

tet the word should be written out in full.

4.5 CN he two-letter postal abbreviations for merican states, e.g.:

C (California), (llinois), (assachusetts), N (New ork)

have largely replaced the ofcial abbreviations, though a ew o these, in

particular Cali. and Mass., are still widely used. The postal abbreviations,

which have no full point, should be used whenever it is necessary to include

the name o the state in bibliographical reerences (11.2.2, list o items,

no. 7). These abbreviations are given in the New Oxford Dictionary for

Writers and Editors.

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5PNCON

5.1 COCommas are used singly or in pairs to indicate signifcant groupings or

searatis wrds i the setee. Partiular te shuld be take the

llwig usages:

(a) Cmmas shuld be used t delimit arethetial r iterlated hrases,

ad us i asiti:

y ather, t t meti the rest my amily, elt the lss deely.

his bk, writte i 1505, wuld hage the wrld.

ate, the Flretie et, was br i 1265.

Note that a noun preceded by a defning phrase is not in apposition and

shuld t be elsed i mmas:

he Flretie et ate was br i 1265.

(b) Commas are used to delimit non-restrictive relative clauses, which do not

dee what reedes:

hse with a uiversity degree, wh have exeriee higher eduati, see

qualiatis i a diferet light.

he amily had tw ats, whih slet idrs, ad a dg.

N mmas are used i the rresdig restrictive relative lauses:hse with a uiversity degree wh have studied mediie see researh i a

diferet light.

The amily had two cats which slept indoors and one which went out at

ight.

(c) In an enumeration o three or more items, it is the preerred style in MHRA

publications to insert commas ater all but the last item, to give equal weight

t eah eumerated elemet:

he iversity has deartmets Freh, erma, aish, ad Prtuguese

withi its Faulty rts.

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26 MHRA STYLE GUIDE

he jutis and ad orwithut a reedig mma are uderstd as

likig the arts a sigle eumerated elemet:

he iversity has deartmets Freh, erma, aish ad Prtuguese,

Czeh ad Plish, ad uth.

Comedians such as Laurel and Hardy, Abbott and Costello, or Charlie

Chali

By the same riile a mma shuld be used bere a hrase suh as ad

s r et. at the ed a eumerati.

(d) Cmmas shuld t be used i their missi leaves the meaig the

sentence unafected. The mere act that a sentence has a complex subject does

t justiy the use a mma betwee the subjet ad verb. rdiglya setee such as

The team o editors responsible or the latest edition o the handbook has made

a sigiat umber hages.

requires mma llwig hadbk.

5.2

Priters use bth a shrt ad a lg dash. he shrt dash (e rule) is used t idiate a sa r a diferetiati

ad may be sidered as a substitute r ad r t (but see 8.1):

the gladFrae math; the 193945 war; . 81101

g dashes (em rules), te with a sae either side, are rmally

ound in pairs to enclose parenthetical statements, or singly to denote a

break i the setee:

me ele a ever ireasig umber delre this.

Family ad rtue, health ad haiess all were ge.

g dashes shuld be used sarigly; mmas, ls, r aretheses are

te mre arriate. Other utuati marks shuld t rmally be

used bere r ater a dash.

A very long dash (), known as a 2-em dash, is used to indicate ditto

i bibligrahies ad similar lists:

arlwe, Christher, Edward II

The Jew of Malta

Fr meas reresetig the diferet dashes i tyesrit, see 1.3.5.

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. pUncTUATIon 27

5.3 PN N BCK its strit sese, the term brakets meas square brakets, i.e. [ ], ad

shuld t be used with reeree t aretheses, i.e. ( ). wever, sie it

is widely misused, it is as well always to speciy square brackets, round

brakets (r aretheses), agle brakets, i.e. < >, r braes, i.e. { }, ad

avid the use the term brakets ale.

Paretheses are used r arethetial statemets ad reerees withi

a text. When a passage within parentheses alls at the end o a sentence

whih it is ly a art, the al ull it is laed utside the lsig

arethesis:

This was well reviewed at the time (or instance in TLS, 9 July 1971,

. 817).

When a complete sentence is within parentheses, the fnal ull point

should be inside the closing parenthesis. Parentheses may be used within

aretheses:

(is residetial address (1967) made this it learly.)

Square brackets should be used or the enclosure o phrases or words

which have been added to the original text or or editorial and similar

mmets:

e adds that the lady [rs Jervis] had sufered great misrtues.

d t thik they shuld have [two words illegible].

e swre t tell the truth, the ld [sic] truth, ad thig but the truth.

Fr the use brakets arud ellises, see 5.7. Fr the use brakets i

reerees t the ubliati bks, see 11.2.2.

5.4 PNCON N NPutuati marks (ther tha questi marks) shuld t be used at the

end o headings and subheadings. Punctuation marks should also be omitted

ater items i lists whih are i tabular rm (exet, urse, ull its

used t mark abbreviatis).

5.5 PNCON W C

There are italic orms o most marks o punctuation. The type style (roman oritalics) o the main part o any sentence will govern the style o the punctuation

marks withi r ludig it. the mai art a setee is i rma but

a itali wrd withi it immediately reedes a mark utuati, that

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28 MHRA STYLE GUIDE

mark will rmally be i rma. wever, i the utuati mark urs

within a phrase or title which is entirely in italics, or i the punctuation mark

belgs t the hrase i italis rather tha t the setee as a whle, the

utuati mark will be i italis:

Where is a strm mre brilliatly rtrayed tha i Crads Typhoon?

Edmund Ironside; or, War Hath Made All Friends, a lay that survives i

mausrit, we see this tehique i erati.

Kigsley llwed this with Westward Ho!, erhas his best-kw vel.

Wh wrte Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf??

t llw the ratie substitutig rma r italis i titles withi

italicized titles (e.g. Understanding Les Fleurs du mal: Critical Readings); insuh ases, qutati marks shuld be used eve i they d t gure i the

rigial, e.g. Understanding Les Fleurs du mal: Critical Readings.

5.6 QOON K

See Chapter 9. For the use o quotation marks with the titles o poems,

essays, et., see 7.3.

5.7 P N Q BCK qutatis, its idiatig a ellisis (i.e. the missi a rti

the text) shuld be elsed withi square brakets:

er equiries [] were t very avurably aswered.

his ratie makes it ssible t distiguish betwee its idiatig a

ellisis ad its that ur i the rigial, as i the llwig qutati

rm amuel Bekett:Will yu ever have de revlvig it all?

he rigial utuati is retaied whe it is ssible t d s:

Whe, i the urse huma evets, it bemes eessary r e ele t

disslve the litial bads whih have eted them with ather [], a

deet reset t the iis makid requires that they shuld delare

the auses whih imel them t the searati.

Outside the hut std bemused. [] t was still mrig ad the smke rm

the khuse rse straight t the leade sky.

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29. pUncTUATIon

Whe the begiig a setee is mitted, the rst wrd llwig the

ellisis a be aitalized eve i it des t have a aital i the rigial:

Fr the rest the eveig, v geleld sidered his resse. [] e uld

just igre the artile altgether.

(In the original, the passage abbreviated ends And fnally, he could just

igre the artile altgether.)

Oe may als idiate a hage ase i square brakets:

rs Beet elt that [t]his was ivitati eugh.

[] yug ma large rtue had take Nethereld.

ee t 9.6 missis withi qutatis.

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6CAPITALS

6.1 NALInitial capitals should be used with restraint. In particular, adjectives deriving

rom noun kng n re n mny e no zed (u ee6.3):

Alps, alpine; Bible, biblical; Satan, satanic (but Satanic with reerence to Satan

hme)

C mu, however, e ued or he n eer o enene nd orthe names o places, persons, nationalities, the days o the week, and months

(u no or he eon o he yer). They re o o e ued or he e olaws, plans, wars, treaties, legal cases, and or specifc institutions and other

organizations (the Modern Humanities Research Association, the Poetry

Book Cu). C re ued o or unque even nd erod (he Food,

he Iron Age, he Pen evo, he eormon, he nghenmen, heFrench Revolution, World War II, the Last Judgement) and or parts o books

when reerred to specically (Chapter 9, Appendix A, Figure 8, Part 11).

Nme o he on o he om re zed ony when reved(N.) or when they indicate a specic area (the North [o England], South

America) or a political concept (the West). The corresponding adjectives

are capitalized when they are part o an ofcial name (Northern Ireland)

or when hey reer o o one rher hn merey o geogrhareas (Western Europe) but not otherwise (northern England). Middle

zed n uh fxed exreon dde (ern), dde Age,dde ngh.

onre re oen nonen n her ue or non-ue o ordjeve, ver, nd noun dervng rom nme o eoe or nguge.We reommend h e ued n uh e:

Frnohe, m, In, Lne

Note, however, that anglicize, anglophone, rancophone, romanization,

etc., are not capitalized, nor are arabic numerals and roman type (but theAr nguge, he omn he).

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31. capitals

6.2 TITLS AN INITISCapitals are used or titles and dignities when these appear in ull or

mmedey reedng eron nme, or when hey re ued efy,u no oherwe:

The Archbishop o Canterbury and several other bishops were present, but

Bho Werore w no.

When, er fr u reerene, or wh uh reerene underood, e ued nomeey u wh ef on o n ndvdu, he rened:

The Arhho oke fr.

A word or phrase used as a substitute or, or an extension o, a personal name

o ke n :

he Iron uke, Ared he re, he rk Ldy o he Sonne

6.3 OVNTS AN PIOS Capitals must be used or nouns and adjectives denoting cultural,

philosophical, literary, critical, and artistic movements and periods when

hee re derved rom roer noun:

Cren, Chomkyn, Chrn, rn, Freudn, Ponm

They should also be used or literary and other movements when the use

o ower-e n mgh ue onuon wh he me word n moregener ene:

oe o he omn hoo nove wh rghorwrdy romn o

This covers the use o capitals when terms such as Conservative, Democrat(ic),

Indeenden, Ler, Non(), eun, So() reer o efpolitical parties or movements, e.g. the Independent Labour Party, the Social

nd Ler emor, u no oherwe, e.g. mn o onervve (orer) vew.

For movemen nd erod wh he refx neo nd oher omound,ee 6.5.

6.4 TITLS OF BOOKS AN OT WITINSIn most modern European languages except English and French, and in Latin

nd rnered Svon nguge, zon n he e o ook,series, articles, essays, poems, etc. ollows the rules o capitalization in normal

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32 MHRa stYlE GUiDE

prose. That is, the frst word and all proper nouns (in German all nouns) take

n n , nd oher word ke ower-e n:

La vida es sueo; El alcalde de Zalamea; Il seme sotto la neve; De senectute;Autorenlexikon der deutschen Gegenwartsliteratur; Obras clssicas daerur orugue

In English titles the initial letters o the rst word and o all nouns,

pronouns (except the relative that), adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and

uordnng onjunon re zed, u hoe o re, oevedeterminers (my, etc.), prepositions, and the co-ordinating conjunctions

nd, u, or, nd nor re no:

(books) Put Out More Flags; How Far Can You Go?; The Man Who Was

Thursday; Alls Well that Ends Well; Pride and Prejudice; A Voyage towardsthe South Pole; (ere) A So ory o he Weh Lnguge; (oem) TheFaerie Queene; The Pone Sheherd o h Love

The fr word o ue oowng oon zed:

Strange Music: The Metre o the English Heroic Line

The Wild Card o Reading: On Paul de Man

u or, nrodung n ernve e er em-oon, no:

All or Love; or, The World Well Lost

English works with oreign titles are normally capitalized according to

he ngh onvenon rher hn h o he nguge o he e:

Religio Medici; Porr dune Femme; L Fg he Pnge

In French titles it is normally only the initial letters o the frst word and o

proper nouns that are capitalized. But i the frst word is a defnite article, the

oowng noun nd ny reedng djeve o ke n n :

Le Mdecin malgr lui; Les Grands Cimetires sous la lune; Un dbut dansla vie; Une tnbreuse afaire; Du latin aux langues romanes; Nouveau coursde grammaire; Histoire de la littrature ranaise; A la recherche du tempsperdu

owever, or reon o ymmery, re omeme ued eewhere:

Le Coreu e e enrd; Le Rouge et le Noir

nd e onng o omee enene do no ke ddon :

Les dieux ont soi; La guerre de Troie naura pas lieu

Czon n he e o newer nd journ nonen. Inparticular, in Romance languages, initials o some or all nouns and adjectives

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. capitals 33

are sometimes capitalized, e.g. Le Bien Public, Il Corriere della Sera, Dernires

Nouvelles dAlsace, El Pas, La Repubblica, Revue de Linguistique Romane.

The e roedure o do he reerred ye o eh uon.

6.5 COPONSC houd e rened er he refx n hyhened omound ormuh :

anti-Semitism, neo-Aristotelian, non-Christian, post-Darwinian, post-

Imreonm, re-Coumn

Boh r o he omound re zed n Pre-hee.

The ollowing unhyphenated orms, uncapitalized or capitalized ashown, re reerred:

neo, neooon, neorem, neohoNeoonm, Nononormm, Preor

Archaeologists and historians, when reerring to prehistoric eras, usually write

hem one word, zed when noun u no when n djeve:

eore he Neoh, neoh e

In titles and headings, all parts o the compound are normallyzed:

Anglo-Jewish Studies, Non-Christian Communities, Seventeenth-Century

u, Po-C Lerure

owever, ony he refx zed oh r re eeny one wordn hyhened omound ormed wh re-:

emory e-ehed

6.6 ACCNT CAPITALS Accents should be retained on capitals in languages other than English,

e.g.:

e oyen ge, re, e ure, on

However, the French preposition may drop the accent when capitalized

(A bientt! See you oon!).

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34 MHRa stYlE GUiDE

6.7 SALL CAPITALSSm re ey degned , he hegh nd vu wegho which approximate to those o lower-case letters. They are normally

ued or romn voume numer, o ode, roeon nd demqufon, aD, bc, cE, nd bcE. They o rovde n ernve oitalic and bold type in the typographic treatment o subheadings. For urther

gudne on romn numer, ee 8.3.For the presentation o small capitals when preparing copy, see 1.3.3

nd 1.3.15.

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7C

7.1 NAvoid the use o italics or rhetorical emphasis. Any word or phrase

individually disussed should, however, be in italis, and any interpretation

o it in single quotation marks:

e glosses pale as ened land, park.

t may also be desirable to use italis to distinguish one word or phrase rom

another, as, or example, in 23 pril not 23rd pril.

7.2 FON WO N QOON

Single words or short phrases in oreign languages not used as direct

quotations should be in italis. iret, aknowledged, or more substantial

quotations should be in roman type (in small print or within single quotation

marks). For the setting o quotations, see Chapter 9.

Foreign words and phrases which have passed into regular English usage

should not be italicized, though the decision between italic and roman

type may sometimes be a ne one. n doubtul instanes it is usually best

to use roman. The ollowing are examples o words which are no longer

italiized:

avant-garde dilettante milieu role

lih ennui par exellene salon

debris genre per ent status quo denouement leitmoti rsum vie versa

ee also 2.2 and the New Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors.

Certain Latin words and abbreviations which are in common English

usage are also no longer italiized. For example:

., e.g., et al., et., ibid., i.e., passim, viz.

xeptions are made o the atin sic, requently used within quotations (see

5.3) and thereore conveniently diferentiated by the use o italic, and ocirca

(abbreviated as c., see 8.1). ee also 11.3 on the use o suh abbreviations.

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36 MHRA STYLE GUIDE

7.3 OF BOOK N O WNtalis are used or the titles o all works individually published under their

own titles: books, journals, plays, longer poems, pamphlets, and any other

entire published works. However, titles such as the Bible, the Koran,

and the almud are printed in roman, as are titles o books o the Bible

(see 11.2.8). itles o series are not italiized, e.g. heory and istory o

iterature. he titles o hapters in books or o artiles in books or journals

should be in roman type enlosed within single quotation marks (see 11.2.3

and 11.2.4). The titles o poems, short stories, or essays which orm part o a

larger volume or other whole, or the rst lines o poems used as titles, should

also be given in roman type in single quotation marks:

hophile autiers rt; Keatss Ode on a reian rn; helleys usi,When ot Voies ie; Joyes he ead; Baons O uperstition

The titles o collections o manuscripts should be given in roman type without

quotation marks (see 11.2.9). The titles o unpublished theses should be given

in roman type in single quotation marks (see 11.2.6).

As recommended in 5.5, titles o other works which appear within an

italicized title should be printed in italics and enclosed within single quotation

marks:

An Approach to Hamlet

In the citation o legal cases the names o the contending parties are given

in italis, but the intervening v. (or versus) is in roman:

Bardell v. Pickwick

7.4 OF F, C COPOON,N WOK OF

Titles o flms, substantial musical compositions, and works o art areitaliized:

The Great Dictator; Il trovatore; Elijah; Swan Lake; Beethovens Eroica

Symphony; Tapiola; Die schne Mllerin; Goyescas; The Haywain; The

Laughing Cavalier; psteins Christ in Majesty

esriptive or numerial titles suh as the ollowing, however, take neither

italis (exept in a reerene to a publiation or reording: see 11.2.11) nor

quotation marks:

Beethovens Third Symphony; Bachs Mass in B minor; Mendelssohns Andante

and herzo; Piano Conerto no. 1 in B fat minor

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. ITALIcS 37

itles o songs and other short individual piees (like those o poems; see

7.3) are given in roman and within single quotation marks:

Who is Sylvia?; La Marseillaise; Mercury, the Winged Messenger rom

olsts The Planets

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8

DATES, NUMBERS, CURRENCY,

AND WEIGHTS & MEASURES

8.1 DATESD houl gin in h orm 23 April 1564. Th nm o h monh

houl lwy ppr in ull wn h y (23 not 23r) n h yr.

o inrnl punuion houl u p whn y o h wk i

mnion, .g. Friy, 12 Oor 2001. i i nry o rr o in both Old and New Styles, the orm 11/21 July 1605 should be used.

For dates dependent upon the time o beginning the new year, the orm

21 Jnury 1564/5 houl u. hn rrring o prio o im, u

h orm rom 1826 o 1850 (not rom 182650), rom Jnury o rh

1970 (not rom Jnuryrh 1970). n iion o h r, bc, bce,

n ce ollow h yr n ad pr i, n mll pil wihou ull

poin r u:

54 bc, 54 bce, 367 ce, ad 367ih rrn o nuri, ll o h, inluing ad, ollow:

in h hir nury ad

n rrn o , n s wihou n poroph houl u:

h 1920 (not h 1920)

n rrn o nuri h orinl houl pll ou:

h inh nury (not h 16h nury)inh-nury rm

n giing pproim circa houl ri c. ollow y

p:

c. 1490, c. 300 bc

8.2 BES

umr up o n inluing on hunr, inluing orinl, houl wrin in wor whn h on i no iil. Figur houl u

or olum, pr, hpr, n pg numr; u no:

Th on hpr i longr hn h fr.

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. dates, NUMbeRs, cURReNcY, aNd WeIGHts aNd MeasURes 39

Figur r lo u or yr, inluing ho low on hunr ( 8.1).

owr, numr h ginning o nn n pproim numr

should be expressed in words, as should hundred, thousand, million,

illion, ., i hy ppr whol numr:

Two hunr n ory-n pg wr wrin.

Th fr roy ou f houn ook.

Sh li n wro houn yr go.

Words should be preerred to gures where inelegance would otherwise

rul:

k or niny olir n ri nin hunr n niny.

In expressing inclusive numbers falling within the same hundred, the last twofgur houl gin, inluing ny zro in h pnulim poiion:

1315, 4447, 10022, 10408, 193339

hr our-igi numr o no ll wihin h m hunr, gi oh

fgur in ull:

10981101

D o lipn houl gin in ull, .g. 19131991. Dpn or

the Christian era should be stated in ull since the shorter orm could bemiling:

Th Fir Puni r (264241 bc) (not 26441 bc)

Numbers up to 9999 are written without a comma, e.g. 2589; those rom

10,000 upwr k omm, .g. 125,397; ho wih n or mor igi

k wo or mor omm, pring group o hr igi ouning rom

the right, e.g. 9,999,000,000. However, where digits align in columns, in

opy uh l or oun, omm mu oninly inlu or

omi in ll numr o 999.

8.3 OA EAS Th u o romn numrl houl onfn o w pif purpo: (a) large capitals for the ordinals of monarchs, popes, etc. (Edward VII), and

or mjor uiiion wihin ;

(b) small capitals for volume numbers of books (journals and series take arabic

numrl), lo or h o ply, or ook or ohr mjor uiiiono long pom, nol, . ( 11.2.7), n or rin oumn.

() mll pil or nuri in om lngug ohr hn Englih (xvI

il, iglo xvII); howr, in Cyrilli rip lrg pil r u;

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40 MHRa stYLe GUIde

(d) lower case or the preliminary pages o a book or journal (even i the

originl u pil), whr h r numr prly, n or minor

subdivisions within a text; inclusive numbers are written out in ull, e.g.

iiii no iiii.

8.4 CECor houl u o pr impl um o mony ourring in norml

pro:

Th mnurip w ol or igh hilling in 1865.Th rprin o wny-f poun or ory uro.

Th w hr hunr rn.

Names o oreign currencies should be given in their English orm where

on i in ommon u, .g. mrk or uhmrk (not uh rk),

[Swedish] crown, etc. Note too the use of English plurals such as drachmas,

pnnig (but [lin] lir).

Sums of money which are awkward to express in words, or sums occurring

in iil l, ., my wrin in fgur. Briih urrny or

1971 houl hown in h ollowing orm:

Th mnurip w ol or 197 12. 6. in 1965.UK decimal currency should be expressed in pounds and pence separated by

ull poin on h lin, no y omm:

12.65 (no 12,65 or 12.65p)

Sums below one pound should be shown thus (without a ull point ater

p):

84p, 6p

Th m onnion pply o um pr in uro, ollr, or yn:

250, $500, $8.95, 25, 2000

hr i i nry o piy h rrn i o h Amrin, Cnin,

or some other dollar, an appropriate abbreviation precedes the symbol

wihou ull poin or p:

S$, C$ (orCn$), A$ (orAu$), Z$

In most cases, abbreviations or (Swiss) rancs, Scandinavian crowns,or pre-2002 European currencies ollow the gure, rom which they are

separated by a space, and are not followed by a full point, e.g. 95 F, 250 Kr

(BF, FF, SwF, DKr, NKr, SKr where it is necessary to specify Belgian, French,

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. dates, NUMbeRs, cURReNcY, aNd WeIGHts aNd MeasURes 41

Swiss, Danish, Norwegian, or Swedish currency). However, the abbreviation

D or h rmn mrk pr h fgur n i pr rom i y

p, .g. D 8.

Th nm o ohr urrni r wrin ou in ull:

350 uo, 500 p, 20 roul

8.5 ETS AD EASES n non-iil on pr wigh n mur in wor:

ough phil o lunum n n oun o rni phrmy wo

mil rom Chpi.

In statistical works or in subjects where requent reerence is made to

hm, wigh n mur my pr in fgur wih ppropri

riion:

Th priory i iu 3 km rom h illg o Emhll. The same 13 mm capitals were used by three Madrid printers at diferent im.

o h mo uh riion o no k ull poin or plurl s:

1 kg, 15 kg, 1 mm, 6 m, 15 m, 4 l (lir), 2 , 100 l, 10 oz

u, o oi miguiy, u in. or inh().

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9

QUOTATIONS AN

QUOTATION AKS

9.1 NAQuotation marks should normally be reserved or indicating direct quotations,

de wrd, r r herwe hghlghg wrd r phre. Avd

the practice o using quotation marks as an oblique excuse or a loose, slang,

r mprece (d pbly ccre) wrd r phre.In quoted passages ollow the original or spelling, capitalization, italics,

d pc (b ee 2.4, 5.3, 5.7, 9.3, d 9.4).

Pre mre h ry wrd gle prgrph r

vere mre h w le re cdered hr ,

d re be reed 9.3 belw. All her hld be reed

as long quotations, as in 9.4 below. I, however, several short quotations

cme cle geher d re cmpred r cred r herwe e

exmple, my be pprpre re hem geher lg .

9.2 IN ANUAS OT TAN NISQ lgge her h glh re reed he me wy

he glh (ee 7.2). Ule here re pecl re he crry,

he rm mrk reg lgge ( ec.) hld be

rmlzed glh ge.

9.3 SOT QUOTATIONS

Shr hld be ecled gle mrk d r wh he m ex. I vere clde le dv, h hld

be mrked wh pced prgh rke ( | ).

Balzacs amous observation, Je suis en train de devenir un gnie, has generated

mch cepcl cmme.

I had seen birth and death | But had thought they were diferent, muses Eliots

We .

For a quotation within a quotation, double quotation marks should be

ed:

r re reple h er le ly d We m d hg b wh

he lke! .

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43. quotations

I a short quotation is used at the end o a sentence, the nal ull point should

be de he clg mrk:

be rd wh Seve cll lle jdc levy.

This rule applies even when a quotation ends with a ull point in the original,

and when a quotation orms a complete sentence in the original but, as

ed, egred wh eece rdc r cmme wh

erveg pc:

We ler ce h Brke hd h kd bey whch eem be

hrw rele by pr dre.

Fr whch re eher errgry r exclmry, pc

mrk hld pper bh bere d er he clg mrk:

The pe llwed by chrd demdg wll m y Ame?.

Why de Shkepere gve lclm he bl e Oh, by whm??

The l ll p hld precede he clg mrk ly whe

the quotation orms a complete sentence and is separated rom the preceding

pge by pc mrk. Sch my be errped:

Wlde d, e d e he erm he hd lredy hdde here.

Sme dded: Well, I hpe y bh ejy yrelve. Hardys Satires of Circumstance was not well received. The gloom, wrote

y Srchey h revew , eve releved by lle elegce

dc.

I h l exmple, he cmm er glm llw he mrk

here cmm he rgl. Cr:

I r, r beer hg h I d, Cr er, h I hve ever de.

ere he rgl h cmm er I d. B whe he ed

e mrk r exclm mrk, llwed by cmm:

Wh hk y bk? d he.

Whe hr llwed by reerece prehee, he l

pc hld llw he clg prehe:

e me he efec be e delbere (p. 29).

There is no reason to doubt the efect o this secret humiliation (Book 6,

Chper 52).

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44 MHRa stYLE GuiDE

9.4 ON QUOTATIONS

Long quotations should be broken of by an increased space rom the

precedg d llwg le ypecrp. A lg hld ever

be ed he mddle eece he m ex: reble

expec he reder crry he ee eece cr everl

le legh.

Long quotations should not be enclosed within quotation marks.

A quotation occurring within such a long quotation should be in single

quotation marks; i a urther quotation occurs within that, double quotation

marks should be used. Foreign orms o quotation marks (see 9.2) should not

be preerved le here re pecl re r dg .

Pre , cldg he r le, hld be deed; verequotations should ollow the lineation and indentation o the original. These

lger hld be dble pced d hey hld be mrked by

vercl le he mrg dce h hey re be pred he rm

whch drd r he pblc ccered. T he ypeeer,

lg hld be mrked wh ecrcled e vere r pre

in the margin i there is any possibility o doubt. When printed, a long

my be dghed rm he m ex by eg mller

size, indenting it, or a combination o the two. The preparation and marking

he ypecrp he mer decrbed wld, hwever, be ble ry lkely yle prg.

g hld rmlly ed wh ll p; eve hgh he

rgl my e her pc, here eed (excep r e

mrk r exclm mrk) preerve h he ed .

Avoid interpolations indicating source that introduce square brackets

he peg le lg , e.g.:

This play [writes Dr Johnson, reerring toCymbeline] has many just sentiments,

some natural dialogues, and some pleasing scenes, but they are obtained at theexpee mch cgry.

The need or any such ormulation can be eliminated by some such rephrasing

he llwg:

eerrg Cymbeline, r Jh wre:

This play has many just sentiments, some natural dialogues, and some

pleg cee.

A reerence in parentheses ater a long quotation should always be placedde he clg ll p, d wh ll p w (ee he

r exmple 9.5).

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45. quotations

9.5 QUOTATIONS FROM PLAYSWhere a quotation from a play is longer than about forty words, or two lines

v, g ( 9.4). W pg

p w x pv, g

pp pk g .

W g p k v, p

k p w

g. W x g, p

p g p p

g w pp .

Most academic publishers have well-established conventions that should

be observed when preparing a typescript. The following rules apply to MHRAp w p pp.

Prose quotations are set full out with the speakers names in small capitals,

w p w p. S

p . Sg w x

in italic type within roman parentheses. If a stage direction immediately

w pk , p pg x p

g , g p. Sg w

occupy a line on their own are indented further than the text, and set in

italic type without parentheses. No extra space is inserted between speakers.T xp:

brassbound I w p ww p. D

g g j?

lady cicely (gaily shaking out the fnished coat) O, gg

J, I gv p. Y j

v g; g 5000 , g.

She holds the coat up to see whethe